NES HIGH SCHOOL,BHANDUP (W) MUMBAI-78

STD IX SCIENCE --B

NOTES
CH:-9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Question 1:

1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in coloum ‘B’ and
explain their impact on the environment.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’

1. Harmful waste a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings
of fruits.
5. Urban waste e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
ANSWER:

1. Harmful waste c. Radioactive material

2. Domestic waste d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
3. Biomedical waste e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
4. Industrial waste b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
5. Urban waste a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
Question 2:

Complete the statements using the given options and justify those
statements.
(Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is
.................. .
b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular
area is .................. .
c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about
.................. .
d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called
.................. .

ANSWER:
a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important
is geographic favourability.
b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular
area is weather.
c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think
about climate.
d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are
called observatory.
Question 3:

Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.
c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather
forecasting and disaster management.
d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.
e. How will you register individual your participation in solid waste
management?

ANSWER:

a. The following first aid should be provided to victims of disasters:

• Airway: If a person faces difficulty in breathing, raise the chin or hold

the head in backward sloping position, so as to keep the respiratory
passage open.
• Breathing: If the person has stopped breathing, give artificial
respiration mouth to mouth.
• Circulation: If the person is unconscious, first give mouth to mouth
respiration. If the person doesn't revives, perform CPR (cardio-
pulmonary resuscitation) by pressing the heart hard using both
palms. Repeat these two steps alternately after every 15 minutes.
• Bleeding: Cover the wound with an antiseptic pad and apply pressure
for 5 minutes using thumb or palm.
• Fracture: Immobilise the fractured part using any wooden rods, rulers
etc.
• Burns: Hold the burned part under cold and flowing water for at least
10 minutes.
• Sprain, Twisting and Contusion: Let the person rest, apply ice pack
on the injured area, then massage it gently and keep the affected
area elevated.
b. The scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management are:

Incineration: Incineration is a process of solid waste disposal in which the

waste is burned at very high temperatures, resulting in reduction of weight
and volume of the waste, and decrease in toxicity of hazardous
components of the wastes. It is a prefered method for disposal of
biomedical waste.

Landfill sites: Industrial solid waste can be disposed off in an eco-friendly

manner in lanfills. Landfill are basically large dug outs which are used to
dump the wastes. These landfill areas can then be converted into a
playground or a park, once the site is full.

Pyrolysis: It is a method for the solid waste management. It is the

chemical decomposition of solid waste by heat under high pressure and the
end products of pyrolysis are used to produce steam and electricity.

Composting: It is a method which is used for management of organic

wastes. It is a process in which organic waste material is decomposed in
pits to release nutrients.

Vermicomposting: The process of making compost from kitchen garbage

using earthworms is called vermicomposting.

c. Weather forecasting and disaster management go hand in hand. Weather forecasting

helps in predicting the weather of an area for the next 2-3 days. Any kind of
unfavourable changes which could occur in the near future are predicted by the
meteorological department. For example, if there are any chances of cyclones, dust
storms or heavy rainfall, the authorities can be informed prior about these developments
and the required measures can be taken. The fishermen are alerted by the concerned
agencies about heavy rainfall, or high tides so that they do not enter the sea during that
time. If we know that a disaster may occur during a definite period of time, disaster
management can be helpful in reducing the loss to lives and property. The disaster
management teams and the local people can be informed about it and the required
precautions can be undertaken.

d. e-wastes refer to the electronic wastes, that include old and discarded electric
appliances, such as computers, TVs, refrigerators, cell phones, electronic toys, batteries,
etc. Most of the electronic wastes are generated in cities, however, due to faster rate of
development and improved lifestyle, now small towns and villages are also contributing
to e-waste generation.
e-wastes are very dangerous and polluting as they contain many harmful substances,
such as plastics, lead, cadmium, and mercury. These substances are not just non-
biodegradable, but they also result in several life-threatening diseases, including cancer.
Many of these harmful metals can enter the food chain and result in bioaccumulation.

e. Solid waste management can also be practiced at individual levels. We can segregate
our kitchen wastes into biodegradable and non biodegradable waste. Fruit and
vegetable peels, leftover food etc. can be used to create compost which can then be
used in plants, parks and fields. Non biodegradable waste need not go into waste rather
it can through the process of reuse and recycle. For example old glass jars and bottles
can be used as planters, or pen holders etc. Things which can not be reused or recycled
can be considered wastes. We should also try to use less of plastic bags and more of
jute bags for our daily chores. Use of disposable products should be avoided as they
add to the menace of waste disposal.
Question 4:

Write notes.

Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic

waste, Principles of first aid.
ANSWER:

a. Meteorology: The branch of science that deals with the study of earth's atmosphere
and majorly focus on the weather processes and forecasting is known as meteorology.
Weather forecasting is made depending on the various variables like temperature, air
pressure, winds etc. as they vary with time. Storms, lightning, rainfall etc. are also
studied under meteorology. Predictions made by the meteorological department is
important to citizens, aviation services, farmers and various other organisations. There
are various models which are used weather prediction:

• Mathematical Model: In this model, supercomputers are used to

analyse complex data collected from observations and to find the
optimal solution.
• Holistic Model: In this model, the output from other models are also
taken into consideration and then collectively final prediction is made.

b. Climatic factors: Climate is defined as the average conditions that are

expected at a certain place over a number of years. Climate remains
constant for a region and does not change continuously. It influences our
lives in terms of our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as
our occupations. Climatic factors are factors which affect the climate of a
region for example, direction and speed of wind, temperature, atmospheric
pressure, clouds, rainfall, humidity, visibility etc. These climatic factors are
important in development of infrastructures like high scrapers, bridges,
airport runways etc.
c. Monsoon model: For the first time, a model predicting monsoon was
developed in 1877 by H. F. Blanford, the then founder of IMD. This was the
first prediction of its kind and the parameter which was chosen to for this
prediction was the snowfall in Himalayas. In 1930's, the then director of
IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker established a relationship between Indian monsoon
and the various worldwide climatic factors. It was Dr Vasantrao Govarikar
who finally developed the monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide
climatic parameters and this model was in use from 1990 to 2002.

d. Industrial waste: Industrial waste is the waste that is produced from

industries during the manufacturing process. For example pieces of metals,
plastic, chemicals, etc. Industrial wastes are also a major source of
environmental pollution. They lead to air and water pollution. The fumes
which are generated from industries are highly poisinous and directly effect
the respiratory systems of animals, humans and birds. The industrial waste
materials are rich in toxic substances and heavy metals such as mercury,
lead, copper, and cadmium. Mercury is a toxic substance, which exhibits
the phenomenon of biomagnification when it enters the ecosystem via food
chain. Since these chemicals cannot be decomposed, they keep on
accumulating at each trophic level. The maximum concentration is
accumulated at the top carnivore’s level. This increase in the concentration
of pollutants or harmful chemicals with the increase in trophic level is called
biological magnification.

e. Plastic waste: Plastic is something which we use on our daily basis and
has become an inseparable part of our lives. Despite its various uses, one
of the major disadvantages of plastic is that it is an environmental
pollutant. Plastic is considered non-biodegradable because it is made of
very long polymer chains, which take quite a long time to degrade.
Moreover, none of the saprophytes contain enzymes to digest plastic and
obtain its nutrients. Since, plastic is non biodegradable, its proper disposal
is also important or it may lead to problems like choking of sewage system,
resulting in overflow of drains and death of animal by consuming plastic
bags.

f. Principles of first aid: First aids are the emergency measures to be

followed at the time of disaster before the medical help arrives. Basic
Principles of First-Aid are:

• Airway: If a person faces difficulty in breathing, raise the chin or hold

the head in backward sloping position, so as to keep the respiratory
passage open.
• Breathing: If the person has stopped breathing, give artificial
respiration mouth to mouth.
 • Circulation: If the person is unconscious, first give mouth to mouth
respiration. If the person doesn't revives, perform CPR (cardio-
pulmonary resuscitation) by pressing the heart hard using both
palms. Repeat these two steps alternately after every 15 minutes.

Question 5:

Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with

explanations, in your own words.
ANSWER:

Climate is defined as the weather conditions which have prevailed in a region over a
long duration of time. Climate plays an important role in determining the our basic needs
like the type of food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. For example,
people living in colder rgeions would eat food which liberate more of heat to keep them
warm whereas people living in hotter areas food eat food which have cooling properties.
From this one example we can understand how important climate is for all the living
beings on this earth. The type of vegetation, animal, birds, insects which are found in a
region is determined by its climatic conditions like polar bears are found in polar regions
(arctic and antartic) whereas camels are found in desert areas. These are just few
examples which explain the importance of climate. We have often read and heard about
global warming and its disastrous effect on the climate. Any effect on the climatic
conditions of a region would directle effect the existence of living beings in that region.
Question 6:

Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of
transporting patients.
ANSWER:

The following methods can be used for carefully transporting patients:

1. Carrying piggy back: This method can be used for transporting patients who are
unconscious.
2. Cradle method: It can be used for transporting children and under-weight victims.
3. Pulling or lifting method: It can be used for carrying an unconscious patient through
a short distance.
4. Human crutch method: This method is useful, if one of the legs is of the victim
is injured. The victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
5. Carrying on two-hand chair: This method can be used for those patients who
cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
6. Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is implied when support is needed for the
part below the waist.
7. Stretcher: If a conventional stretcher is not available in an emergency, then a
temporary stretcher can be made using bamboos, blanket, etc.
Question 7:
Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste
ANSWER:

a.
Weather Climate
1. Weather is
defined as the
state of the Climate is defined as the average conditions that are
atmosphere on a expected at a certain place over a number of years.
current day at a
current time.
2. Weather
forecaste is done
on daily basis Climate forecast is done over a long period of time
depending on for example 30 years. This means that the climate of
the air pressure, a region can be forecasted the basis of average
temperature and weather over 30 years of time.
other similar
factors.

b.
Biodegradable waste Non-biodegradable waste

(i) Biodegradable waste can be (i) Non-biodegradable

degraded or broken down waste cannot be degraded or
into simpler, harmless broken down into simpler
substances by living substances by living
organisms. organisms.

(ii) Breakdown of these wastes
enriches the soil such as plant
and animal wastes.
Therefore, such wastes are
beneficial for the soil.
(ii) They do not break down and
cause soil pollution. For e.g.
plastics, glass, etc. Such
wastes are harmful for the soil.