PROCEEDINGS of the TWELFTH SOUTHEAST ASTAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE and the YOURTH DSTERS ATION AT CONFERENCE OX TROPIC AT SOUS BSL ae Steen Tan | AAT NB 3 ice Dei O2 30K MOLT SE Ouro nicest g AS ENOTIT UII CL civ aavociwy MASS OIE CHIE SOP MME AST 251. VEGCOMECLINIG 51 SMcupTesPROCEEDINGS of the TWELFTH SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE and the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TROPICAL SOILS KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA 6 ~ 10 MAY, 1996 VOLUME 2 Organised by ‘THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIA & — SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETYPREFACE The Twelfth Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference (12- SEAGC) is being held concurrently with the Fourth International Conference on Tropical Soils (ICOTS-4). This step was taken at the request of the Technical Committee 25 of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Volume 1 of the Proceedings contains all the papers submitted and accepted for both the 12-SEAGC and ICOTS-4. A total of 97 Papers were accepted from authors of 21 countries. Out of these, 87 papers are for the 12-SEAGC and 10 papers are for the ICOTS-4. Volume 2 of the Proceedings contains all the discussions in the various Sessions held during the two Conferences. In addition, it also includes the Keynote Lecture, the Professor Chin Memorial Lecture and 9 invited Special Lectures. The Organising Committee would like to record its appreciation to the various Sponsors and Supporters for their financial contributions, and also to thank all those who have assisted in the organisation of the two Conferences.Twelfth Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference Fourth International Conference On Tropical Soils Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 6 ~ 10 May, 1996 General Committee of The Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society T.A, Ooi (President) A.S. Balasubramaniam (Secretary) Z.C. Moh S.B. Tan E.W. Brand W.H. Ting S.L. Lee C.D. Ou JC. Li S.Sambhandharaksa K.Y. Yong S.F. Chan A.W. Malone C.A.M. Franks (Editor) Conference Organising Committee T.A. Ooi (Chairman) W.H. Ting (Advisor) James T.F. Wong (Hon Secretary) S.F. Chan (Editor) C.A. Neoh Allan Loh B.E. Yeoh H.Y. Ooi L.B. Chua Nik Ramlan bin Nik Hassan Bujang Kim Huat Keizrul Abdullah Jamilus bin Hussein C.H. Lee T.T. ChiamConference Sub-Committees Technical Papers & Publication Chan Sin Fatt (Chairman & Editor) Goh Teik Cheong (Assistant Editor) ‘Ting Wen Hui Faisal H. Ali Gue See Sew Nik Ramlan b, Nik Hassan Bujang Kim Huat Technical Visit Lee Chee Hai (Chairman) V. Manogaran Neoh Cheng Aik Leong Lit Cheong ‘Oh Yong Ching, Eugene Gue See Sew Chua Lee Boon Fam Jet Then Goh Teik Cheong ‘Tan Yean Chin Registration Yeoh Beng Ee (Chairman) Yeoh Hin Kok Cheong Chee Lip Conference Hall Management Chua Lee Boon (Chairman) Fam Jee Ten Kong Piow Beng Jason Olivo Tan Chee Kian Sivabalan R. Rajah Foo Fook Min Finance Neoh Cheng Aik (Chairman) Leong Lit Cheng Azhar b. Hj Ali ‘Abdul Rahman Aziz Khairiah bt, Mohd. Taib ‘Treasury Allan Loh (Chairman) Publicity Keizrul Abdullah (Chairman) Abdullah b. Isnin Maslina bt. Abdul Kadir Social, Tours And Accompanying Persons Programme Ooi Huey Yann (Chairperson) Sally Chan Elaine Chan Yeap Ai Ee Reception, Accommodation & Transpotation Nik Ramlan b. Nik Hassan (Chairman) Khairah bt. Mohd Taib Mohd Shukor b. Malek Tan Swan Kiau Balasubramaniam Opening & Closing Ceremony T.T. Chiam (Chairman) Rangash Natarajan 6Reporters of Technical Sessions Chan Sin Fatt (Chairman) Goh Teik Cheong Goh Teik Lim Tan Yean Chin Wong Koon Yuin Ooi Lean Hock Affendi Abdullah Nithiaraj R. E.G. Balakrishnan Lee Eng Choy Mat Barhan Harun Mardiana Shatiee Liang Kee Ming Chin Jhin Thiam Saaidin b. Abu Bakar Yah Kem Chui Fauziah Ahmad Exhibition Bujang Kim Huat (Chairman) Y.S. Chen Emcee Ashari Ali Guntor Tobeng James T.F. Wong Ooi Lean Hock Lee Chee HaiJo.oH vows ker Bupersa = ervey, ive faeg oH 00, puoutey oe uous 48104 ues oA soneg Ho of ex $110: 5} nya ig 00m 30 rT wonoz40 sq ‘ores $09 0F1N Ye 'y aunLSET WOBaS| woweuernsoes sv od rer] pueig nea xa: euowoy 0] pueung arid: 10u40 ‘aye80s ‘8 una WoSaS) TaunLDH Wises) ab SarBsTREREG woye8og SUISIA TWOINHORL s10s Wwouces'»Nowssze]_ ANOMBYSD ONISOTD oc | sxouvoNno4.a20 0 7 eons || a srenoua aNNOHD 2 NOS: Worss05 ‘9 sunNLDaT WORas) warese5 NouveRsaLovsen9 106 NOS: waae | wane su ae ae | Faunlon Wwioaas| "BunLDT WeONaA "32M ONDA NINO] worse coo 6 aunLDaT TWOSGS] $s sunIDaT WIN | aWWE WNL ‘SUnHL san. SWWVeSOdd ot a ‘SRILESN SSLIMNOD] “Wwalan39 89¥39] Ob 2 SuNLDST WOsas| Nouwusiogy at topseg 1 BUNLDET WD] ‘BunLOaT BLONABD| “ANOWSESO ONNAO)SPONSORS Concrete Engineering Products Bhd Ho Hup Sdn Bhd 1M Corporation Bhd Pilecon Engineering Bhd Sandvik (M) Sdn Bhd SSP Geotechnics Sdn Bhd ‘Transfield Projects (M) Sdn Bhd SUPPORTERS Arup Jururunding Sdn Bhd Bachy Soletanche (M) Sdn Bhd Industrial Concrete Products Sdn Bhd KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia Syed Muhammad, Hooi dan Binnie Sdn Bhd Menard Geosystems Sdn Bhd Perunding Hashim & Neh Sdn Bhd Sealand Drillers (M) Sdn Bhd Soils & Foundation Sdn Bhd UE Construction Sdn Bhd L&M Piling Sdn Bhd CONTRIBUTORS Acer Consultants Sdn Bhd Larut Consolidated Bhd ‘Tactcom Technical Engineering Sdn Bhd Pembangunan Brisdale Sdn Bhd Talam Corporation Bhd Test Sdn BhdA.P. van den Berg B.V. Bauer Technologies (S) Pte Ltd Biaxis Corporation Freyssinet PSC (M) Sdn Bhd General Soil Engineering Sdn Bhd Hogentoglers Co, Ine Intan Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd Keller (M) Sdn Bhd Ken Saintifik Sdn Bhd Menard Geosystems Sdn bhd MS Instruments Sdn Bhd EXHIBITORS NGI Services (M) Sdn Bhd PE Geoproducts Sdn Bhd Pilecon Geotechnics Sdn Bhd Polyfelt Geosynthetics Sdn Bhd RST Instruments Sandvik (M) Sdn Bhd Soil Dynamics (M) Sdn Bhd Syarikat Cahaya Kejayaan Sdn Bhd ‘Techniques Geosystems Sdn Bhd Testconsult Malaysiaa 12TH SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE “= 6-10 MAV 1996 \7 KUALA LUMPUR orca orenne oy: pes (G BERHORMO SATUK LAW HIENG DING Dr WH. Ting, YB. Datuk Law Hieng Ding & Dr TA. Ooi ‘The Minister viewing. the exhibition Dr TA. Ooi, Chairman of Conference Organising CommitteeConference participants Conference participants Conference participantsDr Za-Chieh Moh Dr Woo Siu Mun.fa! Mr ¥.C. Chan & Mr L.B, Chua Prof Raymond N. Yong3 g & 3 2Prof. S.L. Lee Mr. James TF. Wong Secretary of Conference Organising Committee Prof. K.Y. Yong Prof. G.E. Blight 20TABLE OF CONTENTS Organising Committee Programme Sponsors, Supporters & Contributors Exhibitors Photographs PART 1 TWELFTH SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE KEYNOTE LECTURE ‘The Importance of Suction in Soil Mechanics J.B. BURLAND & AM. RIDLEY CHIN FUNG KEE MEMORIAL LECTURE Role of Geotechnical Engineering in Hong Kong’s Port and Airport Developments EW BRAND, SPECIAL LECTURES Development of Ground Improvement Techniques in the Bangkok Plain |AS. BALASUBRAMANIAM, DT. BERGADO, BY, LONG, S. ASHFORD & NOPPADOL P Soil Improvement in Large Reclamation Projects VICTOR CHOA Instrumentation for Underground Construction Projects ZA-CHIEH MOH & RICHARD N, HWANG Some Aspects of Deep Excavation in Taiwan SIU-MUN WOO 27 5 n 93 13 131mensional Finite Strain Consolidation — A Review TTHIAM.SOON TAN A Comparison of Some Methods for the Design of Piles Through Embankments HG, POULos. Foundations in Karst Marble in Hong Kong Yc. chan Micropiles S.F. CHAN & WAL-TING Fate of Toxic Pollutants in Contaminated Soils and Sediments: ‘Threat Assessment and Abatement RIN. YONG REPORTS ON DISCUSSIONS Session on Soil Characterisation Session on Ground Improvement Session on Deep Foundations Session on Foundations in Limestone Areas Session on Environmental Geotechnics ADDITIONAL PAPERS* Some Methods to Reduce Wall Movement in Deep Excavation SIU-MUN WOO & KUANG -HSIUNG LEE Water Retaining Structures on Dolomitic Terrain in South Africa FRIEDRICH VON M WAGENER & PETER A. NEFF * Duet} row published in Volume 2 143 169 201 2u 227 241 251 267 273 217 281 287 foreseen circumstances the following papers which are suppose tn be published in Volume 1 ofthe proceedings arePART 2 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TROPICAL SOILS General Report GE. BLIGHT & AB, FOURIE REPORT ON DISCUSSIONS Session on Tropical Soils LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 299 301 307 309 317PART 1 TWELFTH SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCETwelfth Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 6-10 May, 1996, Kuala Lumpur The Importance of Suction in Soil Mechanics J.B. BURLAND Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom ‘AM, RIDLEY Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom SYWOPSTS For a fully saturated soil, the pore water preeoure u may be thought of ase ‘reference Pressure’. The difference in magnitude between an external stress ¢, applied through che boundaries 9£ a soil elenent, and u ie that portion of ¢ which is transmitted tmough the sclid phase of the soil.” ‘This ditference (o - u), which nay be thought of as the net applied stress, fontrols the mechanical behaviour of the sofi ‘and is termed the effective stress ov Tt follows chat changes in a-and changes in u giving the sane change ino" reaulte in identical soil behaviour For partly saturated soils both air and water exist in the pores. The pore water pressure u, is less than the ambient air pressure u, and the difference (u, " u) ig termed the mattix auction & Tn this paper it is shown by means of ‘simple mechanistic models anid the results of experiments that, for partly saturated coils, changes in guction usually give tise to conpietely difterene behaviour from changes in the externial stress o.” For this reason it ia not possible to study properly the behaviour of partly saturated soils without being abla co measure suecion Moreover ¢be magnitudes of suction that can develop in a desiccated soll can be very large indeed (10Mea or more) "ao that Ae is often a dominant variable. Therefore the ability to measure a wide range of boll suct ions is crucial to the study of partiy saturated soils. Recently significant advances have been nade in the seasurement of suction and it can be expected that the study of partly eaturated soils will ake rapid progress within the next few years. Examples ave given in the paper of the crucial role Chat suction plays in the behaviour of partly gaturated soils both in terms of volume change aad shear sevength. Recently attempts have been made co apply elastic-plastic concepts to model the stress-strain behaviour of partly saturated soils. In principle this approach Looks very promising but great care ig needed in assuming the uniqueness of yield lines and velastic’ surfaces as these appear £0 be Significantly path dependent. In particular the equivalence of changes in applied stress ani suction, even for so called “elastic” behaviour, requires careful experimental evaluation 2. TRopuctIoN mechanics that it had been assumed chat it must, Classical soil mechanics developed around the also. apply to partly saturated solls. fully saturated sediments which predominate in Understandably, the idea that the principle wes tewperate climates. But for vast areas of the only valid for the. special case of” fury world ‘the soils are partly saturated and their saturated soils proved highly controversial ‘but behaviour differs from their fully saturated is now generally accepted {Fredlund and Rahardjo counterparts ina number of important ways. That (1993), Wheeler and Kazube (1985) and Wheeler is a good enough reason in i IE for studying 11896) | the behaviour of partly satur d aoiis. Secondly, when the genior author went to ‘There is another important reason. Saturated cambridge to work on the than newly developing soils are a special case. It is always unwise to Critical State concepts, the ideas of *yicid” and extrapolate fromthe particular to the general as "plastic flew’ in soils were evolving and there it can be very misleading. In contrast, a study was such debate about the particulate behaviour of the ‘general can often throw new Light on aaociated with thie. fas underetanding of Particular cases. Particulate behaviour gained from the study of partly saturated colle proved most valuable in ‘The senior author experienced two examples of Geveloping the Modified Cam Clay model (Burland the above when he ‘began his research career (1987); Roscoe and Burland (1968) ) working in” partly ‘saturated co:le for" hie Master's degree. Firstly, it became clear very Hopefully this paper will be of both practical early on that partly saturated soils exhibited and” fundanental’ interest, particularly to behaviour that could not be explained in terms of geotechnical engineers working in South Bast Asia Tergaghi’s principle of effective strasa (Gurland and with tropical soils. Much of the. work (2962). ‘We had becone So used to-accepting chia referred to a not new but St lo often uostul to principle as the corner stone,of saturated soi] return to the basics 22. MECHANISTIC REPRESENTATION OF SOILS It is helpful in introducing thie subject to consider tue propositions. Inevitably they are oversinplifications but they assist in clarifying the basic mechaniane involved in the mechanical behaviour of soils "Soils are frictional." particulate and essentially This proposition inplies that all soils are wade up Of discrete pavticles and sliding between Particles is primarily controlled by friction. There is mich evidence Co suggest that for the fajority of soils, including clays, the particles Gre in direct contact. The ‘particles may be Considered to be incompressinie and the area of Contact between them negligible. It is inportant hot to confuse interparticle friction with the angle of shearing reoistance @' which is a function of a large munber of factors including shape, angularity and packing of the particles. Ie ig well known that bonds can develop batwoen particles and this phenomenon gives rise to the Becond proposition, Proposition 2: "Resistance to compression, swell and shearing is enhanced by interparticle Bonding." An Amportant corollary ta thie proposition is SRemoval of such bonds can give rise to compression or swell, and a reduction in Shearing resistance." Proposition 2 is of particular importance in understanding the mechanical behaviour of partly Saturated solle aa it will be shown that the presence of water in the form of menisci at Darticle contact. points acts like bonds between the particles As will be discussed later, soils generally consist of very complex arrangenents of particles. These arrangenents are generally Peferred to ac the ‘fabric’ of the soll. it is Clear from the study of the fabrics of soils that Grrecoverable compression and distortion mainly Tesules fron slip between grains 3. MECHANISTIC BEHAVIOUR OF FULLY SATURATED SOILS Pig. 1 shows an aggregation of grains for a fully’ saturated “granular aterial “acted on by total stresses o,, % andy, with a positive pressure acting th the pore water. " Folicwing Tereaghi (1936), the total principal ctresses are fade up of two parts: [i] che water pressure u which acts in the water and the solid in every Girection with equal intensity ae shown and (11) the balance #-u (the effective stress) which "has Sts seat exclusively in the solid phase of the soll? (Terzaghi (1936!) According to Terzaghi "all measurable effects of a change of stress, sich ae compression, Gkotortion and a change ‘of shearing resistance, Gre exclusively due to changes in. effective Stress. This the two variables g and u have 28 Figure 1. Wodal of a loose fine silt been replaced by the single variable o” (= o-u) « a trenendous advantage. Clearly changes in ¢ and D give rise to identical effects There are two very important features to note about the above statement of Terzaghi’e effective stress principle fa) Tt waye nothing about the way the atreases are tranemitted through ths "solid phase’, e. if gives no information about the stresses at contact posnts. Thus effective stress is got an intergranvlar Strees. Te simply ‘has its gest an the solid phase of ihe soil” {b) Similarly st says nothing about the aistribution of pressure within the pare fluid, particularly adjacent. to a. clay particle ive, within the diffuse “double Tayer. Tho pore water pressure is simply the pressure veasured through a porous ip, which ig much Larger than the soi? grains: Figure 2. illustrates schematically _ the compression of a loose silt due to an increase in filvround sevess with the pore water pressure held constant. A normal. force P and a shear force facta at each grain contact point. 2 view of the large monber of contact pointe for each grain, relative aisplacenent between graine Gan only take place ae a teault of slip ac grain Sontact poines: For a grain to be in equilibrium Under ita contact forces the reiationsnip 7/P = jimiet be satisfied at every contact paint, where i Te the coseticient of friction of the material Composing the grains, When che elenent of the granular soil shown in Fig. 2 is subjected to an increase in all round stress applied through its boundaries at constant pore, water pressure it will undergo sone Berecoverable decrease in volume. ‘This can only Secu asa result of slip at grain contactsFigure 2 (neglecting crushing) with the ratio T/P =m at a number of points. Therefore an increnant in Gil-vound boundary stress mist induce increments Sf ghear ae well ae normal contact forces between grains. Tf, inctead of increasing 9, the pore Water pressiire u had been reduced by the sane Grount the soil would have. behaved in” an identical manner, Clearly a change in u will be equivalent to change in 9 in it effects on the grain contact forces ‘The mechanistic behaviour resulting from grain contact slip leads directly to the concepts of ‘yiela' (i.e. irrecoverable strain), yield point, yield locus and quasi-elastic. small. strain Benavicur- ali of these being conteal to Critical state soil mechanics. For example Fig 3 shows the all-round compression of a normally Consolidated reconstituted Kaolin. Tt can be seen from Test 110 that, if the sample is Subjected to a stress Increase AB followed by an Sdent ical fae reduction BC, then an ifrecoverabie reduction in void ratio occurs given by the vertical distance between A and C. Blong the virgin compression line AB, grain slip, ig occurring. However along the svelling path BC vory little grain elip occuva. If the stress is again increased ‘througs 5 to E it can be seen that initually the behaviour is reversinle and it Se only shen ‘the stresses approach B” that significant irrecoverable strains again begin co Gevelop and the sample rejoins the virgin compression Line. Point D represents a "yield point’ which separataa guall atrain quasi-elastic Eehaviour from plastic behaviour, Por ehe larger unloading cycle experienced by sample Tie te can be seen that the yield point D' is not nearly so well defined. Te would appear that during Unloading to C’ some grain slip has occurred due tS swelling and when Feloading vaxes place grain slip begine fo occur before the maximum previous Stress B" has been reached. This type of Behaviour can be accounted for within” the Frarework of plasticity but requires more sophistication. 29 nose saturated silt subject co increase in all-round stress very similar behaviour occurs during changes in deviator stress. Pig. 4 shows the resulte of an Undrained triaxial test. on. a normally Sonsalidated reconstituted Kaolin in the which the deviator stress hae been cycled. For the Snail load cycle aCbE a well defined yield point existe at D with litele grain slip occurring below it. However for ene much larger load cycle Hig, grain elip hae occurred during unloading and there is no clear yield paint on reloading. Tt Appeara chat as the streaues are increased again the onset of grain elip takes place gradually. in the framework of Critical state soit mechanics ‘the above concepts of "virgin Compression line’, "yield point’ and ‘qual Slatic Line’ are generalised Ua ‘state boundary Surface’, "yield locus’ and ‘elastic surface Respectively in a three-dinensional space of Geviator stress q, mean normal stress p', void yatio eas shom tn Pag. 5 de 5 [ e Eee bon ome sd Pigure 3. Iestropic compression and swelling tests on saturated KaolinFigure 4. undrained triaxial test on normally consolidated saturated Kaolin I can be concluded that for anali unloading from a state of yielding, the grain contacta are stable and can gustain increases of stress with only small volumetric and shear strains which probably result from grain distortions. However above ‘certain combinations of stress (the yield locus) "grain slip. begins to develop” and izrecoverable otraine then take place 4. som, suction The phenomenon of surface tension reculte from intersblecular forces acting on the molecules ae the ‘surface of a liquid. Molecules inthe interior of a Liquid are acted on by equal forces in all dizections whereas chose at the surfsee experience a resulcant force towards the interior bf the Tiquid ae shown in Pig, 6 If a solid surface is in contact with the Liguid, powerful molecular and physico-chemical forces’ ‘net between the “solid and liguld molecules. Th the case Of a clean glass Capillary tube projecting out of pure water there isa resultant upward force on the water atthe Liguid/giase intartace and the water in the tube will “rise above the lavel of the free water Surface as shown in Fig. 7. Thi is known ae capillarity and for eaitiibeium to exist’ the pressure difference across the Meniscus must be Siven by. Ba anR, where u, = ambient ai presoure ul Water pressure just beneath the surface tension © radius. of curvature of the meniscus which is equal to the radius of the capillary’ cube a 30 i ate Hae R , oO nahi con ie ste at Figure 5. Normally consolidated state boundary Burtace showing “elastic wall”, yield Line AF and yield locus A'F* The above equation implies that, for = fine capillary tube, the water will be in a state of Tension when u, is equal to atmospheric pressure However, Lf thd capillary tube ie fine enough for the wolécular ana physico-chemical forces at the Liguid/solid interface co predominate, the actual state of stress in the liquid may be difficult to assess, ‘Noverthcless, ag will be shown later, capillary water can generate very high tenoile Stresses in free water which La ih contace with i 4.1 Matein suction in the above expreseion the term (ih -u) is Known as the matrix suction S (Aiechsson (2964) | For a ‘soll in equilibrium with the atmospheric air pressure, u, is the stress measured through @ porous tip chat is maxing intimate contact with the soll water, If the ambient air preaure u, is increased, u, will increase by the sane ancunt and the matrix. suction will not change. This Fesult forms the basis of che ‘axis translation Technique’ in which che ambient air pressure on a sample is increased ‘until’ the pore water Figure 6. Surface tension results from intermolecular forcas acting on the molecutes in the liquid surfaceUg meniscus. Uw Figure 7, Capillarity pressure becones positive and can be measured Using standard techniquea |i11f (1956)). “However sone caution should be exercised in making uae of this ‘technique because changing the absolute water pressure may affect air coming into and Sut SE solution. Therefore this vecknique may not De Valid for experiments involving wetting. and/or Grying processes. More research is needed on this important ropic 4.2 Total suction Fig. § shows a capillary tube with the top sealed by a flexible container such that the ait pressure’ above the weniscus is equal to that above the free surface. Av a given cenperature the “amount of energy required for a water molecule to eacave from the neniscu® will bes function of the curvature of the meniscus and the concentration ‘of salts in the solation. One indleator of thie energy is the equiidbevur relative hunidity /P, in the enclosed space and another is the total suction. The total Suction 1g the sum of the matrax auction $ (which is related to the curvature of the neniscus) and the osnotic pressure 1 [which ie relaced to the concentration of salts in the solution). Under equilubedun conditions the Zelative humidity and the various components of mare related though che equation Sc Soe IRD gd 1 (open points) the Suction meagurenents show soma scatter busDepth -m Eqibeun 0 rote 2 Figure 28. Water content and suction profiles at Geite in Wenbley (Chandler er al, i982) increase steadily with depth. ‘The suctions are consistant with what would be expected tor Samples extracted from an overcansolidated clay with hydrostatic ground water conditions (i.e, no Besiccationl. This profile ie confirmed by ‘the water contents which reduce steadily with depth Being @ little greater than the plastic limit Tn contvast borehole 2 (black pointe) shows a water content profile that is 2-38 less than that Of borehole i down to a depth of about 50 where the moisture contente for the two boreholes Converge. The corresponding suctions are about iscKPs higher in borehole 2, but these also converge below Sm depth... Thus borshole 2 shows Very clear evidence of slight desiccation, which Un teflected both in the water conten: and the Suction profiles with the latter providing mich Slearer evidence: Fig. 29 shows the moisture content and suction protiies close to a house on London clay that wae Being “atfectea by the presence of a row of Lonbardy poplar ‘tress’ (well known as causing Significant desiccation)” in spite of having previously been underpinned toa depth of 3m. The suction profile. shows near hydrostatic equilibrium values near the surface with suctions increasing rapidly to almost ss0kra at a depth of About Jn. Only se abou 6m depen do the measured Hicciona fall to values close to the anticipated equilibrium values. These measurements | show Significant desiccation below the underpinning and explain the continuing foundation sovenence The water ‘contenta are consistently below the Plactse limit but would have been aiftscult co Interpret on their on As a result of the new capability in suction neagurenant, U.. practice in the identification De desiccation hae inproved dranatically over the Tat few yeaa. Howaver engineers are etill faced with the problem of the quantitative prediction of heave. ‘There ie much confusion Sbout the most appropriate test mechods, Recent Fesearch at Inperial college has demonstrated the key vole that the stress path plays in such 41 Figure 29. water content and suction profiles at B site in Hendon (Chandler et al, ies2) 11, EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SWELL AND COLLAPSE OF A COMPACTED EXPANSIVE CLAY The purpose of the study was to assess the differances between three standard experimental procedures for predicting the swell of partly Boturated claye. The material used for this Study was compacted high plasticity black cotton Slay. from Kenya, the details of which are given by Schreiner ct al (1994). The. tests were Cheried ot in @ suction controlled oedoneter with lateral strses, messurament (Schreiner (1388)) Fig. 20 shows the reaulta of the evelling tests using three procedures known “double oedonever Jennings and Knight” (1957). In thia test one sanplo is soaked ata low otreas and then loaded Eouche Final estimated vertical stress in che field. The second sample is loaded to this stresa at ite natural moisture content. The predicted eval ie derived trom the difference in Noid ratio between the two samples under the Final vertical stress. "For procedure 2 the sample is icaded to the final estimated vertical Stress at ite natural moisture content and then Soaked (Holt and Gibbs (1956)). The increase in Noid ratio during soaking is used to predict the buell- Procedure 3 was ouggeated by sullivan and Secleizana (1369) and coneiste in soaking. the sarple without allowing volume change so as to Reasure the swelling pressure. The vertical Berese 1g then decreased until it is equal to the final estimated vertical stress inthe field, It canbe seen from Fig. 30. that the three procedures give drauatically different resulte. 5 the well, Test introduced by Te As instructive to look at the results in terns of stress patho. Fig. ila) is for procedure 1 and repeate Pig. 30. Fig. 31(b) Shows the changes in radial boundary strese as fhe suction = reduced from A to B during coking under low vertical etres” The associated Vola ratio changes ave chown in Pig. s1(c)~ It can be Seen that ae the suction decreases and swelling fakes” place the radial stress. initiallyProcedure 1 applied vertical stross (KPa) Figure 30. Results of swelling tests on compacted high plasticity black cotton clay from Kenya uoing three procedures Schreiner, 1988) increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases sharply, This sharp decrease in radial stress coincides with a significant increase in void ratio. Pig 32 shows the stress paths for procedure 2 The “behaviour is vexy ‘similar fo that of Procedure 1 but the reduction in vadial stress is ot so large and the increase in void ratio is smaller. "Tt can be seen from Fig. 32h) that, a8 the suction is reduced trom D to P, the radial Stress rises to a maximum at © and thon reducee For procedure 3, the behaviour during soaking at constant Volume Se of particular interest and is shows in Fig. 33(b). Sr can be seen that, ae the suction reduces from @ to a, both the vertical and the radial swelling pressures increase initially, ‘reach peak values inthe vicinity of H and then decrease. sharply. There ig a strong similarity between the resulta shown in Fig. 33 ana those obrained by Selina, Alones and Geng (1895) shown in fig! 29. It would appear that, ence the water content of the clay packets’ las increased toa. certain value, distortion takes place resulting in a reduction of the confining pressures. Tt is evident from the results 30 to. 33 that the nehaviou “of” expansive compacted clays is highly stvese path dependent and is dominated by the influence of suction Changes on the soil fabric. A cest designed te predict swell needs to reproduce accurately the Appropriate changes in applied stress and suction given in Fige in the correct. sequence or it is likely to be Significantly in error, Moreover, changes in applied stress muse not be seduned. to. be SGuivalent to changes in suction ag the two have entirely different effects on the fabric of the Bost a2 (a) (b) 88 8 8 applied etross (kPa) © to00 2000 3000 ‘matrix suction (KPa) “000 © s000 2000 —se00 ‘matrix suetion (KPa) 000 Stress paths and void ratio changes ms for procedure 1 (Schreiner, 2986) 12, EXPERIVENTAL STUDY OP THE COLLAPSE BEHAVIOUR OF A LOOSE COMPACTED CLAYEY SAND The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress paths experienced during the collapse due to wetting of a loose partly saturated soil lunder onte-dinensional conditions. The work was carried out at imperial College by Maswoswe (2985). ‘The ‘Soil tested was a low plasticity clayey" sand typical of many natural “occurring collapsible soils. Testing was carried out in a stress path triaxial apparatue fitted with a high air ehery stone in the base pedestal and pore air pressure Control through the top cap (axis ‘translation(a) void ratio & oo» applied vertical stress (kPa) 0 82 (b) applied stress (kPa) 3 0 $000 ‘2000 3.000 ‘matrix suction (kPa) Bus (c) us : 3 © tom a000 08 aon matric ston (ke) Figure 12. strese paths and void ratio changes Lectniquel. Te samples were fitted with a sechangem ‘the sample was placed in the triaxial machine and the The testing procedure was ag follows. pore air pressure (4! and cell preesure (a) were Faised simltaneously te a convenient Level 20 that the initial matrix suction S could be Reasured, The vertical stress ¢, was then slowly raised without allowing pore water drainage and maintaining ixD conditions with u, constant. Once the required value of m had bien reached che sample was alloved to slowly wet up maintaining IxD conditions with (0,-u,) constant.” Tats was B wef gts i - ae : (a) ess (ote ose wl ow mm 309400 applied vertical etross (kPa) ge gow 5 Ea (b) Eom © 1000 260 30m 4000 ‘matrix suction (KPa) gf = 3 i (c) ral az © tooo ano 9em0 4000 matrix suction (kPa) Figure 33. stress paths and yoid ratio changes for procedure J (Schreiner, 1988) carried out by increasing the pore water back pressure in gall incvenents, The back pressure fas shut off between sncrexents allowing the Suction to equalise throughout the eanple. Afeer each inereent, measurenenta Of iq, ty ty and ¥, were wade together with the vertical’ stain of the sample. Typically this ‘stage of the test took thres ‘to four weeks. once ‘the sample had becone fully saturated it was subjected co an, undzained compression test te failure Fig. 34 shows the results of a typical test plotted as void ratio versus log get applied Vertical stress (o,-u)- The black pointe are for Ehe suction controlled triaxial est which is compared with standard cedoneter tests on a.4 Trost Tests 07S Oedoneter Tests Voie ratio 7to ve yoy Lgen 4 Figure 36, One-dimensional collapse on wating of 2 loge ciayey sand sna suction Sontrolled triaxial teat, compared With sedometer vesta on the dey. and Saturated material (Magwoowe, 1985) partly saturated sample and a sample soaked at Eero stress. It can be geen that during initial Compression the triarial specimen lies close co the oedometer. loading path for the partly Saturated sample while after collapse. {path BC) the triaxial specimen approaches the fully saturated osdoneter compression curve Fig. 35 (a) shows the measured stress paths for the triaxial test. The black points are for the saxinun shear stress. lo, - 3,)/2 versus the average net applied stress (6, +"ojhe/2 while the open poines are for (9, - o,)/2 versus the average net applied stress pls the suction (12, + a)ye/2 sia Also shown ia the fully saturated She Gimerisional normally consolidates K, compression Line The initial suction is given by distance AK and the “stress” paths AB represent the behaviour during IxD compression. The associated volune Changes are given by the path A'BY in Fig. 3515) Ar point B” soaking under ixD conditions 1s Conmenced and the measured stress paths nove Siong the lines ac converging at C where the Guction is zero, The associated ‘csllapse" volunetric strains are given by the path BC) in Fig. 35b).. Tt should be noted that the Final Stresses 1!2 on the noreally consolidated f, Line Moreover the “asilapse’ behaviour ie a continuous controlled process reflecting the gradual Feauction in suction. In this sense the word Scollapse’ is inappropriate and it is more a Swetting induced compression’ ig. 36 shows che undrained effective stress path for che sample following collapse. The Shape of this pach is identical to that for a 1xD normally consolidated sample of the material The undrained behaviour ie brittle reaching a peak strength at Dwell below the critical state Failure line for whicn g/, 30". This behaviour ip typical of x, consolidated low plasticity soils and tay be compared with the results for young and aged specimens of Magnus clay shown in’ Fag. 37, “the finding that, following soaking, a low wy su cn 3 | piset Peers E a El Aelumesic stain AV (1 Figure 35. Stress paths and volunetric strains for the one-dimensional compression (Rb); followed by soaking (BC), of & partly saturated loose clayey and “waswoswe, 1985) plasticity material exhibits brittle undrained Behaviour may have significant implications for the stability of slopes in such materials. This behaviour suggests a triggering mechanism for Yain-induced flow ¢lides. Consider an elewent A In a slope of partly saturated collapsible soi in Fig. 38. “The total stress acting on the @lement 42 given by point A in the stress path ‘Siagran. It can be seen that point A Liew above the undrained peak failure Line, “ Since the haterial is partly saturated it will possess a fiction $ and the value of {a + 9)/2 4 8) will Tie to the right of Aat A". It is important to enphasiae that the suction & ie not an effective Stress but it does have a significant stabilising influence Tf wetting up occura, point A will venain fixed {negiecting changes in bulk density) but point A’ will move to the left as the suction Feducea, hus, “uring normal seasonal vetting and arysng, point A’ will move to the left and to che right Fespectively. “provided A" remains to the right Of the peak undrained strength Line the material Should ‘be stable. If, however, the material becones suddenly inundated due, say, toa heavy Zaingtorm, point A” may move to the Left of the Undrained strength line and even to the left of point A if positive pore pressures develop. Tn This condition the material will be highly