Ms Manisha
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Nursing
SGT University, Gurugram + As members of society, people have
a A
to act and behave in accordance with Vy ,
some specific manner. A re
They are always engaged in some sort of actions and
interactions in the society.
When the actions of the individual or individuals are
influenced by the actions of other individual or
individuals in a society and he in turn is exposed to
their action that is called * Interaction or mutual activity is the
essence of social life.
Interaction between individuals
s occurs in the form of
Social processes refers to forms of
social interaction that occur again
and again. * Social Interaction refers to the process by which people
mutually or reciprocally influence one another’s attitudes,
feelings, and actions.
* There are three situations for social interaction:
1. Person-to-person (P to P)
2. Person-to-group (P to G)
3. Group-to-group (G to G) “Social interaction is the “
general process whereby two
or more persons are in
meaningful contact as a te
result of which their behavior
is modified, however
slightly”.
(Ace. to Eldredge and Merril) ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Social processes are the ways in which individuals and
groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish
relationships and pattern of behavior which are again
modified through social interactions. The social processes means the characteristic ways in
which interactions occur
Social processes means the various modes of
interaction between individuals or groups including
cooperation and conflict, social differentiation and
integration ete. * Social Process — refers to the recurrent and patterned social
interactions or responses of individuals to one another
which have attained stability.
“The term social process refers to the repetitive form of
behaviour which are commonly found in social life”.
- Horton and Hunt
“ The social processes are merely the characteristic ways in
which interaction occurs”.
- A.W Green TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES (Contd...)
*\ COOPERATION
* ACCOMODATION
* ASSIMILATION
» COMPETITION
*\CONFLICT
* ISOLATION
y WAR “Co-operation is a form of social interaction wherein
two or more persons work together to gain a
common end”. TYPES OF COOPERATIO
It is characterized as spontaneous
and involves mutual give and take. Examples : In
families, friends.
It is characterized as a deliberate
contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights
and obligations of members. Examples : Workplaces,
political parties, different countries. INFORMAL COOPERATION FORMAL COOPERATION DIRECT
COOPERATION-
Under the direct
cooperation, the individuals
knowingly perform the
identical function or activity
together for common goals.
fe
INDIRECT
COOPERATION —
In this type, the individuals
do unlike tasks together
towards a common end. i) Primary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
primary groups such as
the family, friends
group. All the
members work
together for their
betterment.
Example — Playing,
worshipping,
celebrations etc.
ii) Secondary
Cooperation:
It is found in secondary
groups such as __
Government, iftlustry,
trade union and church
formal and
specialised.
Example - Workers in
an industry/Factory/
Hospital. Each may
work in cooperation
with others for his own
wages, salaries,
promotion, profits and
prestige.
iii) Tertiary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
the interaction
between the various
big and small groups to
meet a particular
situation.
Example-Two political
parties with different
ideologies may get
united to defeat their
rival party in an
election. 2. ACCOMMODATION
* It is a process of getting along inspite of differences.
* The term accommodation refers particularly to the
process in which man attains a sense of harmony with
his environment”.
* It is resolution of conflicts which generally means
adjusting oneself to the new environment. ¢ The term refers to the process in which man attains
a sense of harmony with his environment.
(Maclver)
* Accommodation is a process of developing
temporary working agreements between conflicting
individuals and groups.
(Horton & Hunt) Park and Burgess classified accommodation
in the following two categories:
b
3 if,
Nat i. Adjustment with New Natural Conditions
ona a
) rn ii. Adjustment with New Social Conditions: CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOMMODATION:
» It is a universal process.
> It is a continuous process.
> It is the natural result of conflicts.
» It may be a conscious or an unconscious activity.
> It is used to reduce the conflict between persons or group as|
an initial step towards assimilation.
» It may only provide a temporary solution.
» It is essential for peace & harmony in society. TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
CO-ORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION —
This is a form of
accommodation where both
parties are equally popular
or strong. They
accommodate with each
other leaving behind the
competition.
SUPERORDINATIVE
AND SUBORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION —
This is a form of
accommodation where one
party is strong or weak than.
the other. METHODS OF ACCOMMODATION
. Coercion.
. Compromise. j .
. Arbitration and
conciliation( third
party mediation). METHODS OF ACCOMODATION (Contd...
4. Toleration.
5. Conversion.
6. Rationalization. ASSIMILATION
J : ‘ fe J
‘ iy % ay 4
me 3._ ASSIMILATION
It is the process by which an outsider,
immigrant or subordinate group become
indistinguishably integrated into the dominant
host society. DEFINITION: ASSIMILATION
“ Assimilation is tHe fusion or blending of two
previously distinct group into one”.
or
“ Assimilation is the process whereby persons and
groups acquire the culture of another group.” | joccurs
when an ethnic minority sacrifices
its own culture to integrate
into society.
G ). 2 { C
¥
if
f e
) FORMS AND LEVELS OF ASSIMILATION
* The process of assimilation takes place mainly at
three levels:
Y Individual
“Group
¥ Culture CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSIMILATION:
> Positive or associative process
> Universal process.
» Slow and gradual process
>» Continuous process
> Unconscious process
> Two way process TYPES OF ASSIMILATION Cultural assimilation is the process in which one
group integrates into dominant culture and society One group learns the language of larger group
aSicle elu!
HELLO
9°@? Structural assimilation is a
process that occurs in the
implementation of the new
poli he national schools,
political parties etc. COMPETITION COOPERATION WHY
COMPETITION
LP
5
4
a."
=>!
, os
“as
‘C ies
Ss LIMITED REWARDS COMPETITION : DEFINITION
“Tt is the struggle for possession of
rewards, which are limited in supply,
like goods, status ,power and love
anything”
-Horton & Hunt
4
“ The striving of two or more persons *
for the same goal, which is limited
so that all can not share it”
- Biesanz IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION
¥
¢ CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITION
Universal
Impersonal or personal
Continuous
Dynamic
Constructive or destructive
Governed by norms, rules and regulations
Found in all fields
Sometimes results in negative results TYPES OF COMPETITION
* Personal Competition - When two
competitors contest for election to
office, it is called personal competition
In this competition, competitors know
each other.
* Impersonal Competition - When
contestants are not aware of one
another’s identity as we find in
university or civil service examinations,
it is called impersonal competition. SOME FORMS OF COMPETITION:
Social Economic Political
competition competition competition Ch eg
ore is a deliberate
Be to oppose,
resist or coerce the
Remote Conflict is a form of emotionalized and violent
in which the major concern is to
as means of securing a given goal or reward.” Conflict is
&
happens because of DEFINITION : CONFLICT
“Conflict is the social process in which
individuals or groups seek their ends
by directly challenging the antagonist
by violence or threat of violence.”
(Gillin & Gillin)
“Tt is the deliberate attempt to oppose,
resist or coerce the will of another or
others.” (A.W. Green) CAUSES OF CONFLICT
ual differences
Cultural differences
Social changes
Clash of interests NATURE OF CONFLICT
Universal process
An conscious and deliberate action
Its personal and direct
An individual process
Temporary and intermittent
Disintegrative or dissociative process TYPES OF CONFLICT
(Acc to Gillin & Gillin)
. Personal Conflict : Intrapersonal & interpersonal
. Racial Conflict
. Class Conflict
. Political Conflict
. International Conflict
‘
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fonriag// RA it =a
ec) Perso
a a Conflict is 4 ¥
isaconfict —_fONTlict bet
with oneself. Ley ete) ian Ke
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