UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL NORDESTE

FACULTAD DE MEDICINA - CÁTEDRA INGLÉS II

Apellido y nombres:…Larre Eduardo Nahuel………………………………………………………………….. L.U.N°:…………

41054………………………………………………..

TRABAJO PRÁCTICO – -ING FORMS

PSYCHOSIS

Psychosis is a medical term that describes symptoms people have when they experience, believe or view things around them
differently from other people.
People with psychosis might see or hear things that others may not, or believe things other people do not. Some of them describe it as a
"break from reality". The thoughts going through their head and the emotions they feel may overwhelm their ability to act in a normal fashion.
They may believe that the false beliefs or perceptions flooding their minds are, in fact, reality. This can cause them to make poor decisions or
engage in dangerous actions. Psychosis may occur as an independent disorder or as a symptom of another mental illness.
Signs of Psychosis
Spotting the signs of psychosis may be difficult for those in the midst of a psychotic break. Family members, friends and co-workers
may be the first to observe psychotic episode symptoms. When that occurs, the person experiencing psychosis may not believe when their
loved ones express concern or recommend seeking help. Once a psychotic episode ends, the people who compose the patient’s support
system may be better able to reach out to them in ways not possible while the psychotic break was controlling their mind and actions.
Signs of psychotic break can include:

 Hallucinating: Seeing people, places or objects that do not exist in reality or cannot exist in the manner in which they are seen.
Hallucinations can also include auditory experiences — hearing people or incidents that are not currently with the person or occurring.
 Delusions: Succumbing to beliefs not grounded in reality. Delusions may present in confusingly opposite ways, ranging from becoming
suspicious of everyday occurrences or people patients normally trust to believing themselves to be something they are not or have
powers they do not actually possess.
 Disordered reasoning: Talking about or acting and thinking in a disorganized manner, including jumping between thoughts that are
unrelated, equating beliefs that are actually divergent or making little to no sense in what they share with others verbally or in written
form.
 Extreme anxiety: becoming enormously worried over situations that do not exist in reality or because of unreasonable fear and suspicion
of others. This can lead to an inability to concentrate due to experiencing obsessive beliefs that distract from normal life activities.
 Catatonia: After a psychotic break or episode, the patient’s mind might become so overwhelmed that they slip into a state of
unresponsiveness. This may be the result of their body’s instinct to protect itself from dangerous thoughts and actions during an episode
or can trigger independently as their psychosis deepens.
Causes
There is no single cause for experiencing psychosis. Researchers believe genetic, biological and environmental factors all play a part.
Genetic causes: If you have a relative with psychosis, you are more likely to experience the condition. 15 out of 100 people with a
parent who has psychosis will experience it too. People who have two biological parents with a psychotic illness are even more likely to
experience it.
Brain Chemicals: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Too much dopamine can lead to hallucinations, delusions and disorganised
thinking. Scientists do not know exactly what causes the increase in dopamine in the first place.
Childhood experiences: There is some evidence that abuse or trauma in childhood can lead to experiencing psychosis at some point
in your life. Research has compared people who experience psychosis with people who do not. There was a higher than average rate of
abuse in childhood in the people who experience psychosis compared to people who do not.
Birth complications: People who had complications at birth have an increased risk of developing psychotic illnesses. These
complications can include being born prematurely or lacking oxygen at birth.
Drugs: Using street drugs increases the risk of experiencing psychosis. However, this may depend on whether you have a certain
type of gene that makes you more vulnerable to these effects. Researchers think that a particular ingredient in cannabis (known as THC)
can trigger psychosis. New types of cannabis, like skunk, have a lot more THC.
Stress: When you are stressed, your brain releases a chemical called cortisol. This can increase the risk of psychosis. Some people
are more likely to develop psychotic symptoms in stressful situations than others.

Phases of psychosis
 A psychotic episode caused by a mental illness usually happens in three phases. The phases may not be easy to identify while they
are happening. The length of each phase may vary from person to person.
The first phase is called the prodromal phase. Not everyone will experience this phase. This phase occurs before the development of
psychotic symptoms. There are vague signs that “things are not quite right.” The person may have a range of mild symptoms that gradually
appear and shift over time. They may have some symptoms of psychosis that come once in a while and then go away. Changes in feelings,
thought, behaviour and the way they see their surroundings may occur. But clear psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, or thought
disorders) have usually not yet started. The person may see shadows or other things that do not exist, but they are aware that they are not
real. The prodromal phase is hard to identify. This phase can last for years and may never progress to a psychotic illness.
Phase two is called the acute phase. The person has clear psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and confused
thinking at this stage. This is usually when others notice the psychosis. The individual may not seek treatment because they do not realize
there is a problem. Loved ones should help the young person get the treatment they need as soon as possible so they can recover sooner.
Phase three is called the recovery or residual phase. Recovery takes time and does not happen all at once. While symptoms are
treatable, recovery does not always mean the illness is gone or that the symptoms all go away. Some symptoms often remain; the person
learns to deal with them and moves on with their life.

Mental health treatment for psychosis

Psychosis caused by a medical condition is treated by treating the medical condition. Other types of psychosis are treated for the
underlying mental illness that caused the psychosis. Intensive treatment must be started early. Delaying treatment can lead to long-term
disability, problems in school, job loss, damage to relationships, involvement with police, jail or prison time, or even suicide. Treatment must
be started as soon as a problem is noticed.
The best treatment includes more than medication and therapy. It includes education for the young person and their loved ones,
cognitive remediation and social skills training. It may also include vocational and educational rehabilitation. Loved ones may need to
advocate the young person with the treatment provider and the health insurance plan. They may need to insist that all necessary services
are provided as part of the treatment plan. Treatment may start with hospitalization, or it may be outpatient. Hospitalization can keep a
person in danger of harming themselves or someone else safe until the crisis has passed. Intensive treatment for psychosis can begin in the
hospital.

Read the questions and solve the tasks accordingly.

1- People suffering from psychosis often feel they are out of reality because they experience or believe things the rest of the people around
them do not. TRUE – FALSE
2- It is very unlikely for psychotic people to be at any kind of risk. TRUE – FALSE
3- Psychosis may be either a disorder itself or another mental illness symptom. TRUE – FALSE
4- Read the following experiences by people suffering from psychosis and classify them into the types described in the text:
a- Mary just got obsessed with the weather and seemed to worry in excess; she thought a storm was coming every time a cloud appeared
in the sky. Extreme anxiety
b- James thought his whole family had turned against him. He didn’t want to take his medicine because he believed his mother was
poisoning him. . Delusions
c- Tim looked exhausted. He just stayed in bed and seemed to be lost somewhere else. Nothing motivated him. Catatonia
d- Mr. Johnson reported things said to him, like orders he received from voices in his head. It was terrible. Hallucinating
e- We were at the office and Sue started behaving in a very strange way. It was impossible to follow what she said. Disordered reasoning

5- In Spanish, mention 4 causes of Psychosis.

 Causas Genéticas
 Experiencias de la infancia
 Estrés
 Drogas

6- Mark TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) as appropriate.

a- Hallucinations can be caused by an amount of dopamine lower than necessary. TRUE - FALSE
b- People who experienced abuse or trauma in their childhood are less likely to develop psychosis in the future. TRUE - FALSE
 c- Under stress, not all people will tend to develop psychotic symptoms. TRUE - FALSE
d- Psychosis resulting from a mental illness usually presents itself in clearly identified and relatively fixed phases common to all patients.
TRUE - FALSE
e- The prodromal phase is the most common among psychotic patients. TRUE - FALSE
7- Read the following features, and state what phase they belong to:
a- Some symptoms may remain …………. recovery or residual phase ………………………
b- This phase is not present in all cases of psychosis ………………. prodromal phase …………………
c- Although the patient may not be aware of the symptoms he/she experiences, people around him/her can clearly identify the psychotic
crisis ……………… acute phase …………………
d- Symptoms and signs seem to be rather vague and inconsistent ……………… prodromal phase ……………………
e- Treatment is required as soon as possible ………… acute phase ………………………………
8- Read the following statements about treatment and fill in the blanks with an appropriate –ING form from the list:
TREATING – DELAYING – UNDERLYING – EDUCATING
a- When psychosis is a symptom of another mental illness, doctors will have to treat the ……… UNDERLYING ……….. disorder.
b- Long-term disability and other types of problems may be the consequence of ………… DELAYING …….. treatment.
c- Treatment often involves medication, therapy, and …… EDUCATING ………….. the patient and their loved ones.
d- Depending on the patient’s symptoms, ……… TREATING ……….. psychosis may require hospitalization.
9- Decide which of the two paragraphs best summarises the article.
a- Psychosis is a medical term that describes symptoms people have when they experience, believe or view things around them
differently from other people. There is not a single cause for psychosis and the best treatment includes more than medication and
therapy.
b- Psychosis is a medical term that describes symptoms people have when they experience, believe or view things around them
differently from other people. Typical examples of psychosis include hallucinations, delusions and cognitive experience.
10- The sentences below are all taken from the text and contain -ing forms. Decide which of the following is the most suitable Spanish
equivalent in each case.
1. Modo progresivo (verbo estar + conjugación terminada en -ando, -endo)
2. Función nominal: sustantivo o infinitivo
3. Preposición + -ing en inglés = infinitivo o modo progresivo en español
4. Que + verbo conjugado
5. Función adjetiva
6. Vocablos que contienen -ing en su ortografía

a. They may believe that the false beliefs or perceptions flooding their minds are, in fact, reality. (……4……….)
b. Spotting the signs of psychosis may be difficult for those in the midst of a psychotic break. (………2…….)
c. Hospitalization can keep a person in danger of harming themselves or someone else safe until the crisis has passed. (………3…….)
d. It includes education for the young person and their loved ones, cognitive remediation and social skills training. (………2…….)
e. Once a psychotic episode ends, the people who compose the patient’s support system may be better able to reach out to them in ways
not possible while the psychotic break was controlling their mind and actions. (………1…….)
f. This may be the result of their body’s instinct to protect itself from dangerous thoughts and actions during an episode or can trigger
independently as their psychosis deepens. (………6…….)
g. Other types of psychosis are treated for the underlying mental illness that caused the psychosis. (………5…….)