Forming a business and understanding intellectual property resources

UWM Entrepreneur Training Program

October 15th, 2008

Chris Moander

Moander Law Firm

www.moanderlawfirm.com

chris@moanderlawfirm.com

414-292-5306

Tonight’s discussion and this document are intended to assist entrepreneurs and
business owners in understanding Wisconsin business entities and the basics of
intellectual property. This is not a complete guide and I make no warranties on its
contents, nor should it be considered legal advice.

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 Your company’s trusted advisor, your attorney

Money is (almost) always tight for an entrepreneur. The tendency is to save and scrimp at
every turn, a tactic that generally serves one well. In my experience, cost is the most common
reason business owners do not consult an attorney when forming a business. And it makes sense.
Until you examine the long term costs to your bottom line.

Preventing future problems is one of the most important reasons to have a lawyer do your
formation structuring and your intellectual property protection.

Preventative measures:
1. Ensuring your business is compliant with the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions.
Failure to follow these rules can result in dissolution of your company or other nastiness.
2. Developing infrastructure on which your company will run. The example here is an
operating agreement in an LLC - without one, there is no formal organization as to authority
inside the business, as well as mechanisms to handle disputes arising between members.
3. Avoiding problems with the IRS and other Federal law. The reality is that Washington may
have regulations you need to follow and those regulations are not always clear or easily
understood (naturally). Having been present for IRS audits before, they are not fun and
should be avoided at all costs.
4. Ensuring that your copyright, patents, trademarks, and intellectual property generally are
properly protected. If your IP is not secured and it gets stolen (misappropriated), you may
have little recourse if the proper “registration” was not done.

My point here is that the costs of not doing these things can easily amount to 10x the cost
of doing them on the front end.

Once you decide you want a lawyer, what should you be looking for? What signs indicate
that an attorney is well-suited to help you out?

Finding that right lawyer - your trusted advisor:

1. What does your gut tell you? Does the lawyer fit your personality? If you don’t like the
lawyer’s demeanor and attitude, keep on hunting.
2. Does the lawyer listen to you? I don’t mean “hear” you, I mean actually understand what
problem you are facing? Consider that a lawyer who asks a lot of questions about what you
are saying is really working on fleshing out all the details and that is a good sign.
3. Does the attorney respond to your phone calls and emails? Bear in mind that in our instatn
gratification culture, it is easy to get frustrated when you don’t get an immediate response, but
your attorney should be communicating with you regularly.
4. If you ask your lawyer a question and the lawyer answers “I do not know, but I will find out.”
The law is absolutely huge in its breadth and depth. No lawyer knows it all and, even if they
worked with it 6 months ago, they may have forgotten some of the details and will refresh
themselves. The practice of law relies more on researching and confirming answers than on
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 raw memory. A lawyer who admits that he or she does not know something is an honest
lawyer.

Phew! You found the attorney that suits you well. Now, as the client, how do you work
well with your attorney? The following ideas work generally, but I will point out some specifics
for intellectual property and business lawyers.

Communicating with your attorney:

1. Honesty. Honesty. Honesty. Your attorney has a very serious obligation to you and is bound
to secrecy by the attorney-client privilege. It is essential that you tell the attorney everything
you can; it is the attorney’s job to sort through the facts and distill them down to the things
that matter legally. Even if you feel that fact is irrelevant or embarrassing, share it.
2. Keep your paperwork and documents organized. Financials, schematics, whatever
paperwork has a bearing on your legal matter, the lawyer must have access to this
information. For example, for an attorney to file a quality patent application, the attorney
needs all the information you have on your patented idea, down to the infinitesimal details.
Other benefits to document organization include:
• Reduced legal bills due to less time spent sort through a pile of paper
• Deeper trust between you and the lawyer because you show that you take your business
very seriously.
• Your business will run more smoothly because you are organized.
3. You promptly respond to information and paperwork requests.
4. And be honest.

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 Wisconsin Business Entity Basics

You took the time to develop a business plan. You mastered your business skills, like
finance, operations, and the like. Now what? You know the what corporations, LLC’s, and
partnerships are, but now it’s time to select one, an entity, for your company. How do you do it?

Before any entity can be properly selected, a business plan is an absolute essential. Without a
roadmap for your business, neither you nor your attorney analyze your entity needs effectively.
This is especially the case when you may have various funding sources, such as a VC firm or even
family, available.

Basic Factors to consider:

1. Limited liability - do you, as an interest holder in your company, want to avoid liability for
your company’s debts and other liabilities (I bet the answer is universally “yes!”)
2. Tax issues - would you rather have taxes “pass through” to you and other interest holders, or
would you prefer the business itself get taxed while you pay income and other taxes?
3. Formalities in running the company - corporations must follow rigid state and federal
regulations requiring significant paperwork. LLC’s, LLP’s and sole proprietors face much
reduced numbers of regulations and requirements.
4. Transferability of interests - stocks in a corporation are easily sold (depending on the market)
at stock exchanges and the like. More time and effort is required to sell membership interests
in an LLC.

After playing around with the four primary factors (but no means all the factors) used to evaluate
the ideal business entity, we can take a look at the primary types of business entities available in
Wisconsin. Let’s start with Limited Liability Companies, also known as LLC’s.

The Wisconsin LLC:

The LLC is a very unique business form, one designed with flexibility (a hallmark of modern
business) in mind and formed under Chapter 183 of the Wisconsin Statutes. The LLC is also
considered a “hybrid” of partnerships and corporations. Like a corporation, the member’s
liability is limited to that of his or her initial capital contribution, meaning the LLC members are
not liable for the LLC’s debts and other liabilities. Further, LLC members can freely transfer
their interests, subject to any operating agreement and state and federal regulations, but may be
subject to capital gains tax on that sale. Like a partnership, taxes (if the members elect) “flow-
through” to the individual members who pay income tax on the earnings, but the LLC itself is
not taxed. Overall, a very nice arrangement for a growing company.

In terms of growth, something on all business owner’s minds, an LLC is particularly cool. If the
LLC grows to the point where it is fit to be incorporated (think IPO), the LLC can be converted
to a corporation with no negative tax consequences. Yes, you read that correctly - no negative
tax consequences. Along with flexibility, LLC’s are designed to grow as necessary.

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
LLC’s are easier to run from an administrative standpoint because members have the option of
creating a member-managed LLC or a manager-managed LLC. Member managed LLC’s are
just that - the members outline how authority is allocated among them in terms of rights and
privileges of each member and internal structures used to govern the LLC, such as committees.
Now, I cannot emphasize this enough, the LLC’s operating agreement is the key instrument in
running an LLC effectively. The operating agreement is, in a sense, the blueprint of your
company because it outlines how management will function inside the company. Everything
from initial contributions to the mechanics of dissolution (if necessary) are structured inside the
operating agreement. I can say, without a doubt, the lack of an operating agreement is the single
most significant mistake a startup or even growing company can make.

Eventually, the honeymoon ends, business realities set in, and personalities clash, events a quality
operating agreement can handle effectively. Issues of member death or disability can topple an
LLC that lacks a quality operating agreement. Wisconsin law leaves it up to LLC members to
prepare for such possibilities and assumes members will act accordingly (install an operating
agreement). Operating agreements are expensive on the front end, especially when highly
detailed. However, the actual costs of not implementing an operating agreement include
litigation expenses, loss of business, and shattered relationships, both personal and professional.

As noted in a recent Wisconsin Lawyer article, appellate opinions concerning LLC’s are
uncommon, mostly due to the youth of the entity (LLC laws became effective on January 1,
1994)). Therefore, many LLC-related issues are yet unsettled by the courts, meaning that LLC’s
exist in a kind of “legal limbo.” That being said, LLC’s are certainly alive and well in Wisconsin
and no signs indicate that LLC proliferation will end any time soon. Of all the business entities
in Wisconsin, I consider LLC’s to be the most suitable entity for the entrepreneur or small
business owner.

Pros:
1. Limits member’s liability to capital investment
2. Flexible management structures (member-managed or manager-managed)
3. Pass-through tax treatment, if elected
4. Ability to convert to a corporation without adverse tax consequences

Cons:
1. If more than one member, can be expensive due to need for an operating
agreement
2. Loss of a member due to death or incapacity can end the LLC, absent proper
operating agreement
3. Statutory and caselaw is still new and not well settled.

S Corporations

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
S Corporations is taxed as a partnership to avoid the double taxation issue faced by C
Corporations, but has to meet various requirements to keep that status. The basic elements of an
S Corporation are as follows: (1) less than 75 shareholders who are non-aliens, estates, or various
defined trusts; (2) other corporations, LLC’s, or partnerships cannot be shareholders; (3) there is
only one class of stock; and (4) all allocations must be proportionate to ownership interests. The
S Corporation has lost its allure recently due to the LLC’s popularity and utility, but it is still
suitable for use for various businesses.
Pros:
1. Unlike the C Corporation, shareholders get flow-through taxation (no double
taxation).
2. Shareholder liability limited to the capital investment.
Cons:
1. Stringer statutory requirements, meaning an S Corporation can lose its status
easily.
2. Can only issue one class of stock.

C Corporation
The classic business entity. It is an artificial, legal person created under Wisconsin law (Chapter
180) that can own property and sue in its own name. Shareholders are only liable for their
capital contributions and cannot be held liable for the debts and liabilities of the corporation
itself. However, the transferability of stock is heavily regulated (think Securities and Exchange
Commission).

Setting up a Corporation also requires completing several specific formalities, such as: holding an
initial meeting of incorporators during which bylaws are created; official naming of the Board of
Directors by the incorporators in the Articles of Incorporation; annual meetings of stockholders
(including proxy voters). The real rub of the corporate form is that, because it is considered a
legal person, it pays taxes separate from its shareholders, who get taxed on any income they
receive. This taxing issue is in stark contrast to that of the LLC or S Corporation. The
corporation is a rather elaborate entity and so I do not recommend it to people just starting a
business, particularly because LLC assets can be converted into corporate assets without negative
tax liability.

Pros:
1. Long history of presence in the law, so legal issues are well-settled.
2. Shareholders are liable only for capital investment.
3. Perpetual existence - the business can live forever.
4. Owners (shareholders) do not need to participate in the transaction of business
(the role of the board).
Cons:
1. Unbelievable amount of regulation - consider the Crash of ’29, Enron, Sarbanes-
Oxley - some of which combines civil and criminal penalties.
2. Formalities, per the statutes, are rigid and must be scrupulously observed.
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 3. Double taxation (booo!)
4. Distributing any property is usually a taxable event, so taxes are as severe as the
regulations.

Partnerships:
Partnerships are born when two or more people carry on a business for profit. Wisconsin has two
types of partnerships, general and limited. General partnerships are a bad idea for most people
because they offer no limitation on liability, which exposes the partners to liability for all the
partnership’s debt, obligations, and liabilities. Limited parthershipsPartnerships, like LLC’s,
allow flow-through taxation, but the partnership must still submit an annual informational return
to the IRS. General partnerships require few formalities (no filings with DFI) and often only
require a partnership agreement that meets the terms of § 178 (general partnerships) and § 179
(limited partnerships) of the Wisconsin Statutes). I strongly advise against partnerships due to the
liability exposure. There is a reason that most partnerships today are law firms...

General Partnership
Pros:
1. Few formalities
2. Cheap to start
3. Minimal regulations and flow-through taxation.
4. Like LLC’s operating agreement, a well-drafted partnership agreement can
handle most internal issues effectively.
Cons:
1. Each partner has unlimited liability for the partnership’s debts and liabilities.
2. Because each partner can legally bind the partnership, extreme caution must be
taken in selecting partners.

Limited Partnership:
Pros:
1. Limited partner can get the benefits of the partnership with liability limited to
initial capital investment.
2. Even absent a partnership agreement, death or loss of limited partner will not
stop partnership.
3. Flow-through taxation.
Cons:
1. Formalities can be rigorous .
2. Observing formalities can be costly.
3. Limited partners do not get to participate in management.

Close Corporations:
These organizations have been dying off for decades because they are a pain to manage,
especially shareholder rights and have been largely stripped of utility due to the S Corporation
and LLC. Specific formalities include: (1) unanimous, written agreement between shareholders;
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
(2) no more than 50 shareholders of any class of stock; (3) extremely limited ability to transfer
stocks. Disputes inside Close Corporations often result in the corporation’s destruction. There
are no compelling reasons to use this entity.

Pros:
1. Flexible due to being closely held - “keep it in the family” management structures
are common.
2. Limited liability and perpetual existence
Cons:
1. Issuing new stock is complicated (new shareholders have to agree to the original
shareholder’s agreement)
2. Limit of 50 shareholders

Sole Proprietorship:
Bad idea, forget about it. Unlimited liability is not worth it the cheap pricetag. I am not going to
both listing pros and cons.

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 Getting a handle on Intellectual Property

Intellectual property (“IP”) is a bundle of rights held by an individual, group, or entity over
abstract properties. Examples include music, movies, signs (as in “Coke” or “Disney”), and
inventions. Unlike real property or goods, IP is often intangible in that you can always hold in
your hand or build a house upon it. But one this is certain - IP has very real value, other wise the
RIAA would not be so upset about online tunes.

There are 4 forms of IP that a business owner must understand:

1. Copyrights
2. Trademarks
3. Trade Secrets
4. Patents
Each has its own unique quirks, but overall, these categories cover a lot of the intangibles of your
company.

Trademarks:
Trademarks are designed to do two things: protect the goodwill generated by your company and
protect your consumer’s ability to distinguish your products/services from your competitor’s.
Your trademark will cause a consumer to associate certain qualities and recollections with your
business - in other words, the meaning of the mark to the mind of your customers. Thus the
economic value of a trademark can be enormous. A good example is the Nike Swoosh, which is
recognized all over the globe and therefore Nike gets the benefits of people recalling what
company the Swoosh represents. Certification and Collective marks, those used by trade
associations and commercial groups, can also be protected as they, too, reflect qualities and
recollections of patrons.

A protectable trademark must be distinctive (to a degree) from all others in the marketplace.
Generic, descriptive, and commonly used terms are not enough. Trademarks that are “fanciful”
are protectable. For example, Kodak or Exxon - the terms themselves lack inherent meaning, but
were created to brand a company’s products. “Arbitrary” terms are also protectable. Examples
include Amazon.com and Apple Computer - the terms do have inherent meaning, do not
describe the products offered, but have acquired secondary and unique meaning to the public.
You can also protect “suggestive” terms, those terms that suggest but don’t describe the product
or the product’s characteristics. Suggestive terms can be tougher to distinguish than other
protectable trademarks because they require the consumer to use their imagination to connect
the goods/services to the appropriate use (thus a good deal of proof is necessary to support
protectibility). For example, Greyhound is a suggestive trademark because it implies that the bus
service is fast, like a greyhound.

A business does not need to register a trademark to get protection from infringement. First use of
the mark and continual use of the mark are enough to establish rights to the mark, especially
with the use of the ™ symbol in subscript with the mark. However, registration is always
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
important to formalize rights and let the world know the mark is yours. In Wisconsin, trademarks
are registered with the Secretary of State for a nominal fee. Protection is effective for ten years,
but renewal applications must be received by the Secretary of State within 6 months of the
expiration date. Protection of the trademark through the state is limited. Better protection is
offered through the U.S Patent and Trademark Office, although the process is more costly and
complicated. USPTO protection announces to the whole world that you own the mark and
secures protection across the U.S.

Aside from registration, it’s important for your attorney to verify nobody else uses your mark or a
mark that is very similar. This is where the real costs of trademarks appear. Good trademark
research is not cheap, but as usual, it’s imperative to the protection of your work. You don’t want
to start using a mark and build up a customer base only to get sued two years down the line and
have to alter your now well-known mark.

As a trademark holder, you have some specific rights. One is the ability to sue for infringement.
Infringement means that someone is, in some form or another, interfering with the use of your
mark - they are potentially tapping into your customer’s goodwill. In infringement cases, courts
usually look at factors such as whether your opponent uses its mark in the same geographical
area, if goods/services are similar, and the strength of each mark (uniqueness). Another right is
the option to sue for trademark disparagement - basically, another entity is ripping on your
trademark and goods/services under that mark through misrepresentations of fact. Finally, you
also have the right to remedy trademark dilution should your mark be “famous” (it’s not always
clear what constitutes a famous mark) - if a competitor is devaluing your mark by using their
own, you might be able to recover damages.

Trademarks, in my personal opinion, are the most valuable intellectual property you can own.
Trademarks are signs of quality or experiences that stick in the minds of your customers for a
very, very long time - they are marketing at its finest. What’s more, trademarks accumulate value
of time and that value can be sold with a company - all your years of hard work in customer
service can yield volumes of extra cash when a business is finally sold. Trademarks are a
worthwhile investment.

Copyrights:
A copyright is simply the right of an author to prevent others from making copies (or other uses)
of the author’s original works during the term of the copyright protection. The author gets the
right to sell his or her work for the statutory period of time, to the exclusion of others.
Copyrights usually apply to literary, musical, or artistic expressions, but do not apply to things like
facts or non-trivial alterations in a prior existing work.

The key for a copyright, under the 1976 Copyright Act, is that the idea needs to be fixed into a
tangible medium, it needs to be an original production of the author,, and possess a non-trivial
element of originality (read: changing a name, title or phrase is not enough). Understand that
the idea itself is not protectible (hence the need to get the idea in a tangible format). Once both
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
of these events occur, protection begins, but affixing of the copyright symbol (©) to the work and
federal registration of the copyright allows the author to fully secure full protection.

So what rights do you get when you secure a copyright? Under the Copyright Act, you get:
1. The right to reproduce the work.
2. Prepare derivative works (think movie sequels)
3. Distribute copies or phonorecords to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by
rental, lease, or lending
4. Regarding literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion
Regarding literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial,
graphic, or sculptural works, display the work publicly.
Further, you can license each right individually, instead of the bundle format possessed by the
author.

However, there are some limits on the authors rights, the most notable is “Fair Use,” which may
be asserted after applying the following elements:
1. The purpose and character of the work (satire is often used here)
2. The nature of the work (again, satire)
3. The “amount and substantiality” of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a
whole (the more the protected work is sampled, the less likely Fair Use applies).
4. The “effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of ” the copyrighted work (if the
sampled section of the protected work is pulling market share from the original, Fair Use
won’t apply)

So, how do you get full protection? You register the copyright, which can be done at any time
during the existence of copyright in any work, published or unpublished, by filing the proper
application form, the statutory fee, and one or two complete copies of the work, depending on
whether it has been published. This is when your attorney shoulders the load. The attorney
should fill out all the paperwork and make all the proper filings to preserve your work.

In general, a copyright endures for a term consisting of the life of the author plus 70 years. In
the case of an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a work made for hire, the copyright
endures for a term of 95 years from first publication or 120 years from its creation, whichever
expires first.

Trade Secrets:
The Coca-Cola formula. The Colonel’s Secret Recipe. Both are well-known as “trade secrets”
and it also well-known that both are valuable and aggressively protected. So, what is a trade
secret and what does that definition potentially mean for your business?

Wisconsin has adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, which defines a trade secret - trade secret
law is state-based, unlike other forms of intellectual property law. In simplified form, a trade
secret is:
Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
• information (formula, pattern, program, etc) from which your company gains specifically
identifiable economic value by virtue of not being known by competitors, and
• you put reasonable efforts into keeping that information secret.

Reflecting on Coke’s formula, you can see that it’s formula provides the company with economic
benefits because nobody else can reproduce the exact flavor of Coke absent the trade secret
formula. Further, the formula is revealed to only a few Coca-Cola employees. Thus Coke has a
trade secret.

The primary problem businesses run into with trade secret law is the second prong - reasonable
efforts to maintain secrecy of the trade secret. Courts judge reasonableness based on the nature
of the secret so a business generally has no way to predict what protection measures will be
sufficient in the court’s eyes.

Employees are the main issue in most trade secret matters; Watergate-esque break-ins are not the
real concern. Two major employee-centered problems arise: (1) whether your employees (new or
not) are misappropriating the trade secrets of another business/former employer and (2) whether
current and ex-employees misappropriating your trade secrets. The former subjects you to
potential liability and the latter causes you to lose money and potentially need to litigate the
matter. For clarification, misappropriation occurs when somebody (most likely an employee)
“takes” a trade secret (usually from an employer) and uses it without the owner’s consent.

When new businesses begin hiring, it is a great idea clarify to extreme degrees that no employee
should bring in either ideas, documents, etc from former employers to use at the new job. Inquiry
into any non-compete or non-disclosure agreements the employee signed with a prior employers
and, contrarily, may have employees sign new non-compete and non-disclosure agreements to
protect the company’s own trade secrets. Trade secrets require constant tending, like a child.

Patents:
***Because I am not a patent attorney, patents are not my strong suit.

Patents protect inventions by excluding others from practicing the invention for a particular
period of time. There are three types of patents under our current federal law:
1. Utility patents are granted for functionally useful inventions, including processes, machines,
manufactured products, and compositions of matter. The term of a utility patent is 20 years
from the date of filing.
2. Design patents are granted on ornamental designs for an article of manufacture. The term
of a design patent is 14 years from the date of issue.
3. Plant patents are granted on new varieties of plants that have been asexually reproduced.
The term of a plant patent is the same manner as a utility patent.

To acquire a patent, the invention must be:

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
• Original - the first person to to invent the idea or if the idea has been around for less than a
year before you apply
• Useful
• Patentable subject matter
• Novel
• Not obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA)

To ensure you have a patentable idea, your patent attorney will perform a patent search where he
or she will look for existing patents that predict yours or render yours obvious to a person skilled
in the art. If your invention passes muster, the patent attorney will need you to do some work
before he or she can prosecute your patent. One is a written disclosure by you detailing the
conception date of the idea, including drawings, schematics, and procedure descriptions of how
the invention is assembled and used. Next, you need to reduce the invention “to practice,”
meaning creation of a prototype. If you can’t afford to build a prototype, the attorney can still
file the application.

The application for a patent contains the following:

1. A specification, which is a written description of a preferred embodiment of the invention
2. Drawings showing the preferred embodiment of the invention when the nature of the
invention is such that it can be illustrated
3. Claims that define the scope of the invention sought to be protected;
4. An oath or declaration of the inventor
5. A filing fee

The role of the patent lawyer is to draft, with extreme precision, the specification element of the
application, including drawings. You can examine patents online (http://www.uspto.gov/) to see
exactly what the specifications looks like.

General IP issues:
What happens if someone steals your trademark, trade secret, copyright, or patent? The first
two, if your rights are secured, allow you to sue for misappropriation - use of protected
information for your own economic benefit. You are likely familiar with misappropriation from
the Napster/P2P issues that have been raging for some time. There are also infringement suits
that can be filed that are roughly similar to misappropriation, but apply to patents, trademarks,
and patents. Another remedy is an injunction to stop the infringing or misappropriating party
from doing harm to your company regarding the IP at issue. It is worth noting that most statutes
that grant the right to sue the bad guys also allow you to recover attorney’s fees.

Other tools to consider using when dealing with IP include:

• Non-disclosure agreements with employees, business partners, etc.
• Non-compete agreements with employees
• Licensing agreements with vendors and such

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.
 Chris Moander is an independent attorney who works with growing
businesses and entrepreneurs in the Milwaukee Metro. Chris handles
transactional work ranging from formation to contracts, secured
transactions to loans. He also helps businesses with litigation matters
and collections concerns. Chris enjoys Packer Football, quality micro-
brews, and learning (and using) modern technology.

Moander Law Firm, P.O. Box 170253, Milwaukee, WI 53217

www.moanderlawfirm.com
414-292-5306

Please note that nothing contained herein should be considered legal advice nor does it establish an attorney-client
relationship between the author and the reader.