crn. 2-NORMULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT HORTICULTURAL CROPS PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P. Definition * Horticulture ~ is derived from the Latin words, “Hortus’- meaning garden, and *Colere™to cultivate, * Horticultural crops ~ are annuals and perennial ‘species which are grown under a system of “intensive” culture which 8 they Cont. + Annuals — plants that complete is ife cycle in. perenni Joss than 1 ear and must * Perea be planted again. part that lives + Biennials~a plantthat for more tan requires 2 growing seasons fo complete its life cyte; vegetative growth occurs the first year and the reproductive growh the second year, than the plat es. Groups According to Manner of Utilization ee 1. Olericuttural or Vegetable Crops consists of a broad range of erops including: + Cucurbits, = Root/bulbftubers, and* Onions (Allium cepe), + Gariie (Allium sativum), + Tomato (Lycopersicon esculenturn), + Eggplant (Solanum melongen), + Cabbage (Brassica oleracese), «= Sitgo or Yard Long Bean (Vigna sesquipedales), = Winged Bean (Psophocarpus fetragonolobus), « Bitter Gourd or Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), » Watermelon (Citrulus lunatus), and » Pechay (Brassica napus) are the it species. 2/9/20 2. Pomological or Fruit Crops ' consumed fresh z cr in processed Po’ form. ol cont = Mango (Mangifera indica), = Banana (Musa spp.), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Papaya (Carica papaye), Lanzones (Lansium domesticum), Rambutan (Nephellium lappaceum), Pummelo (Citrus grandis), Durian (Duro zibethinus) and Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) are the diverse group and major species of fruit crops in the Philippines. 3. Omamental Crops * includes a wide variely of species ‘grown for the cut flower industry and decorative purposes. * Orchids (Dendrobium and Vanda), * Rose (Rosa spp), * Chrysanthemum (C. morifoliam) and * Gladeolus (Gladeolus spp.) are the major flower species in the Philippines.4, Plantation Crops A For industrial processing * Coconut (Cocos nucifera), = Coffee (Coffea spp.), = Cacao (Theobroma cacao). = Abaca (Musa textiles), and ‘= Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) are the major ‘crops in the Philippines. Cont. B. Spice producing crops — ‘= Black Pepper (Pioer nigrum), and * Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia). ot. C. Aromatic or Essential Oil producing crops — = Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and * llang-ilang (Canage odorata). 5. Medicinal or Biocidal Plants cont. Native species which have been clinically tested to have medicinal properties are : * *Lagundi" (Vitex negundo), = "Yerba Buena’ (Mentha cordifora) and ‘+ Sambong)"lakad-bulan'(Blumea balsamifera)..is very difficult to come up with a single, acceptable, all ‘encompassing definition of vegetables. + The definition of the ‘word “vegetables” are generally based on their us ort. = Avegetable could thus be defines as = an edible, ELI RX * Source of calories. , ae ae * Source of minerals. plant or portion : it eaten with a ine staple as a main rce of fiber. course, oF as + Provides a variety and supplementary appeal to diet. ond, cooked or raw. aad Plant Parts Utiized as Vegetables: * Leaf cabbage, lettuce, * Root radish cart mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato, + Fruit cucumber, * Bulb—onions and garlic. eggplant, tomato, * Tuber — potato. Pepper, watermelon, 1 Stem-bamboo shoot, 00rd, okra, sweet corn, ‘asparagus, ginger, taro, _chayote. = Flower— cauliflower and broccoli.Plant Parts Utilized as Vegetables: Plant Parts Utilized as Vegetables; * Leaf cabbage, lettuce, * Leaf ~ cabbage, lettuce, * Root = radish, carrot, mustard, spinach, celery * Root ~radish, carrot, rustard, spinach, celery. ‘weet potato, Fruit eveumbs leant potato. « Fruit~ cucumber, = Bulb onions and garlic eggplant, tomato, * Bulb ~ onions and garlic, ‘eggplant, tomato, «© Tuber = potato, pepper, watermelon, © Tuber ~ potato, Pepper, watermelon, c-feonits barrio sheot gourd, okra, sweet corn, * Stem=bamboo shoot, Gourd, okra, sweet corn, §, _chayote e 1s, ginger, taro, chayote. asparagus, ginger, tar sparagus, ginger, ee nae ei * Flower — cauliflower and broccoli broccoli. Plant Parts Utilized as Vegetables: Plant Parts Utilized as Vegetables: * Leaf cabbage, lettuce, * Root radish, carrot, ‘mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato, * Fruit—cucumber, + Bulb—onions and garlic. eggplant, tomato, * Tuber —potato, Pepper, watermelon, * Stem=bamboo shoot, 90Ud, okra, sweet corn, asparagus, ginger, taro, __chayote, * Flower ~ cauliflower and broccol * Leaf-cabbage, lettuce, * Root - radish, carrot, mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato, * Fruit—cucumber, * Bulb-onions and garlic. eggplant, tomato, * Tuber— potato, Pepper, watermelon, ' Stem ~bamboo shoot, gourd, okra, sweet corn, asparagus, ginger, taro, chayote. * Flower cauliflower and broccoli. Classification of Vegetables According to Method of Culture: * Crops belonging tosame group have same general culture and are subject to similar pests and, diseases, 1. Leafy vegetables crops used mainly for their leaves whether eaten raw or cooked. © Lettuce, * Mustard, = Amaranth, = Kangkong, * Celery and * Pechay.2. Cole Crops, Crucifers, and Brassicas ier ropa belonging } to cabbage * Chinese cabbage, + caulthower, and + Broce 3, Cucurbits 4. Pulses and Legumes - Ho members of the Ks: re F * Compes, * Sweet pea * Soybean, * Edible podded 5. Root, Bulb, and Tuber Crops Thank You+ Leaf cabbage, lettuce, mustard, spinach, celery. + Root - radish, carrot, suet potas. * Fruit—cucumber, = Bulb—onions and garlic. eggplant, tomato, = Tuber potato. pepper, watermelon, = Stem bamboo shoot, 904", okra, sweet corn, * Leaf—cabbage, lettuce, Root - radish, carrot, mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato, * Fruit cucumber, Bulb — onions and garl eggplant, tomato, ‘Tuber ~ potato. pepper, watermelon, ‘Stem—bamboo shoot, _-90U"d, okra, sweet corn, * Leaf—cabbage, lettuce, + Root radish, carrot, mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato. + Fruit cucumber, * Bulb—onions and galc. eggplant, tomato, + Tuber—potato. pepper, watermelon, + Stem—bambeo shoot, 900"d, okra, sweet cor, asparagus, ginger, taro, chayote. = Flower ~ cauliflower and broccoli aspara: taro, chayote. asparagus, ginger, taro. _chayote. SPreGN5, INGE Front caulffower and * Flower— cauliflower and brocesl broccoli Plant Parts Utilzed as Vegetables: Plant Parts Utlized as Vegetables: * Leaf—cabbage, lettuce, Root -radish, carrot, ‘mustard, spinach, celery. sweet potato. = Fruit-cucumber, Bulb—onions and get.” eggplant, tomato, “uber —potato. pepper, watermelon, Stem—bamboo shoot, 900d, okra, sweet comm, asparagus, ginger taro. chayote. * Flower—caulfower and broceo Classification of Vegetables According to Method of Culture: = Crops belonging tosame group have same general culture and are subject to similar pests and, diseases. 1. Leafy vegetables crops used mainly for theirleaves whether ‘eaten raw or cooked. Lettuce, Mustard, ‘Amaranth, Kangkong, Celery and Pechay.[ 2. cote crops, crucifers, and 3. Cucurbits Brassicas belonging crops belonging tocabbage tocucub fey fea to which the family cucurbits and gourds belong. * Chinese cabbage, and * Brocoli 4. Pulses and Legumes 5. Root, Bulb, and Tuber Crops members of the crops mainly used Legumineseae for their roots or family ‘underground stems. * Cowpea, * Onions, = Sweet pea * Garlic, * Soybean, * Potato, * Edible padded = Sweet potato, oe = Radish and * Other peas end > beans. Careot. — + 6. Solanaceous Crops Thank You crops belonging te Solanaceae family. + Tomato, * Eggplant and * Pepper.cron 2 HORTICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT LAND PREPARATION PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P. Objective # Improve soll structure Distribute weeds and to make root ‘crop residues evenly penetration over the field and = Improve field incorporate them into topography in order the sol to facilitate irrigation = Obtain good recovery and drainage. of fertilizer nutrients. = Control weeds. Factors to be considered in preparing the land: 4. Climatic factors «= Each factor plays a 2. Soll very important role in 3. Tools, implements _ the success of land and equipment preparation. 4. Availabilty of labor.The Operations Clearing Plowing Harrowing Leveling Plot /Furrow construction + Land preparation may include several operations depending on the situation. eagge a. Clearing the field b. Plowing * Clear the area of weeds, humps, rocks, and other debris by using bolo, scythe, and ‘other tools, needed. = Aclean area will make planting, = The first operation in preparing the land and may bbe done by hand with a ‘traditional hhoe, by an animal-drawn plow, or by @ tractor. d. Leveling * Leveling facilitates water Management and weed control. a. Afirst rough leveling is done to the lower the higher parts of the field from which the soil i be spread to the a eeb.A second more precise leveling is, done after plowing ‘and flooding (optional). = Rakes are usually enough, as the higher parts and lumps move toward lower areas,2/2/20: oononet Tho Elan Patton (CPdn.2 — Horticultural Crops Production ry ot a tno a ee ? — Stature rom estat mee ce otis a on tn rns Smet rin np 1, frecaelreansen 5s ue cre the Cmte bern Sma en Sats sr sn an ng ng Senay coke sora senate eet nyo org Setemveniee ame 5S Benefits * Improved safety + Higher equipment avaabty * Lower detec rates = Reduced costs wthank you... « Increased production agility and flexibility + Improved employee morale + Bete asso tization * Enhanced enterprise image to customers, Supple, employees, and management L‘enum 2- HORTICULTURAL GROPE PRODUCTION MANAOEMENT Soil Analysis, Macro Nutrients + The process + Nitrogen ‘of determining . he SOIL SAMPLE aaa Ane, COLLECTION daticioney of Pear the soil. * Zine = Calcium PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P. Sore « Manganese URI NG PAGSUSURI NG LUPA ‘Ang lupa ay nagtataglay ng mga 1. Physical soil . ‘elementong Analysis. Ang pinapag- Analysis. Mga nagsisilbing aralan ng pagsusuring pagkain ng ito ay ang mga pisikal halaman upang na katangian ng lupa mga kemikal na Ito ay lumago, tulad ng estruktura ng —_katangian ng lupa. mabuhay at lupa, texture, porosity, — Halimbawa ng makapamunga kulay ng lupa, atbp. Pagsusuring ito ay ang ng maramni. pag- aaral sa pH ng lupa, taglay na sustansya, at iba pa. APAT NAURI NG PAGSUSURI NG LUPA GAMIT ANG STK: ‘Pagsusuri ng Lupa sa Pagsusuri ng Lupa taglay na Nitrogen (N) sa taglay na ‘Pagsusuri ng Lupa sa_-_-Potassium () -#Pagsusuri ng Soil PH ng Lupa‘Ano ang Soll pH? + pH — potential of Hydrogen + Ang soil pH ay tumutukoy sa antas ng pagiging acidic 0 alkaline ng iupa. 01234567 B90 1219 415 | acdc S alkaline eutal ee MGA HAKBANG SA PAGSUSURI NG LUPA GAMIT ANG STK: 4. Pagkuha ng 3. Kemikal na sampolng lupang —_pagsusuring lupa susunin. gamit ang STK. 2. Pagbibigay 4. Pagpapakahulugan impormasyon sa resulta ng tungkol salupa at —pagsusuri at pananim. pagbibigay ng ekomendasyon. PAGKUHAAT PAGHAHANDA NG LUPANG. IPASUSURI = Ang lupa ay = Ang pagialagay nagtatagley ng mga rng abono ay clementong kinakailangan nagsisibing pagkain upang mas ‘ng halaman, lumago at = Subalt hindi ito sapat_ —-miatamo ang sa pangangailangan mataas na rg halaman upang potensyal na ani ‘matamo ang mataas fag halaman, na ani. PAGKUHAAT PAGHAHANDA NG LUPANG IPASUSURI PARAAN SA PAGKUHA NG LUPA: + Ang dam at uri ng abon: Halagay ay malalaman lamang sa pamamagitan ng pagpapasuri ng lupa sa mga LGU Municipal Agriculture Office o kaya sa Soils Laboratory .TANDAAN: ang pagkuha ng sample na ipa a dapat Pagkatapos ng Ani lamang. 22. Haft hatin ang lawak ng inyong bukirin ayon, ‘sa lugar na iba-iba ang: /3. Bago hukayin ang lupa, alisin muna ang mga 'tuyong dahon, bato, dumi ng hayop at iba pang kelat sa ibabaw rito. 4, Sa pamamagitan ng pala, humukay sa lupa ng paghugis “V" na ang lalim ay humigit kumulang sa dalawampung (20) sentimetro. * llagay ang birnpat ia iupa satimbao malinis na lagayan na may dalawang (2) sentimetro ang kapal at imang @) sentimetro. ‘ang lapad.ssa flim at iwasang 5. Gawin maf ito sa sampung ibat- ibang lugar (a as | fiyaking walang mapapasamang dumi laiong- lalo ‘na upos ng sigarilyo. 7. Maglagay ng isang Kilong durog na lupa sa isang malinis na supot.CPdn.2 — Horticultural Crops Production + There are many different types of personal PPE protective equipment required for a variety of farming tasks + PPE not only helps rotet farmers fom Imminent eatin ecards but io boosts “— : productivity. Hage Se vim Different types of Personal Protective * Youmay otinow tis rs pment i f rape 2. Equipment in Ferming among the leeding = “et avses of ight oes m= be among fermers and ae ranchers Sm ec + The gt protective t syewwar can easiy Prevent eye juries by SESSA Upto 00% Body protection Ct. psn + Anumber of ¥ 5 veces, camino demand protective ire farmers clothing like long wear chemical. cling Ika ong wear a chemical- Pants, socks and walrpreat paris, sock waterproof coveral, [if = vale ‘ possibly along with a jj\) “> fe cling is pica chemicalresistant | i ‘woven fabric and pestlde mings ie he Pesticide mixing eae ee Pesticide-froe. involved.Cont, Hed at ec tn ‘and load chemical solutions. This, is where disposable chemical reeistant gloves come in, although they are required by specific pesticide labels, not all. With that ‘ald, even if label does not ‘demand disposable chemical resistant gloves, Its a good idea + The majority of pesticide-related accidents occur through the hands, patioulary as farmers mix : Head and neck protection + Headwear needs to be = The human head is ‘waterproof and made ‘highly absorptive and from a washable rp esiy eur do to ai lepine roca nf 8 father or fbi, Increase the Baseball caps ar Sone straw hats do not BE protection forthe provide the protection ‘head typically nctudes hard hats, bump caps oases ‘chemical ‘and chemical resistant a Jrovleckianse, ‘e hats with an added i f ie wide brim do. Hand and foot protection eran a et pn : * Withoutthe proper ‘footwear, farmers can ccaclly suffer from foot injuries due to burns from pil, sipping, electrical shooks or compression Injuries. Laterdrubber insulated footwear, etc. are all designed to protect {farmers from all kinds of ‘eee thm sa ete ath and sty hazards. Respiratory protection Ct. Rey psn swivieraees + Wile working wth highly volte + The KNOS protective face mask, “yi = pesticides and fumigant forexarple, has been i products, as most farmers do, recommended by WHO, a re a) i the right level of respiratory: lightweight and breathable - ae protection ie val. From ait NIOSH 85-spproved mask ‘purifying respirators to protection ‘which complies with CDC fromnazardous vapors to dust uidelines for exposure control masks which protects the lungs Sind offers a highly level of from smal petcls, there are fon in enclosed spaces. any diferent types of personal Infact, ie highy-fitereficiency protective equipment on the ‘ofes protection against 95% of | = market o protect the lungs from particles which are as.small ac i «variety of on-the-job hazards. (0,3 microns,Steel tape > mersusing consisting of nacrow strip (loth or metal) ‘marked in inches ‘or centimeters and used for ‘measuring. lengths PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P.. F ary square Dsquare refers tothe tool's primary use of measusing the acenacy of a ight angle (60 degrees) Dy a susie ist check its seaightness oz correspondence © 22 ajining suckace > wsed for masking and measuring a piece of wood Ruler > measure distances . and/or to mie . straight lines Be ‘Machinist's square © Meter stick Penetslmorkers! > used for dowsing equivlent of a ty stg ins and ay squue sensing lengthseens Weight scale >Messutiog inserament for determining the weight or mass of, an object Soil ph tester Tm meronre the soll pH of the sol (acy and alkalinity of soll)222 Carpentry Tools Antonio P. Padayao, Jr. Hammer » used to pound nails into an object. » pull nails out of objects, » and for other uses when hitting or pounding is necessary. » used to cut something, » to cut down small trees, Nails fi pieces of wood, = ‘materials to wood, =o ts Smoothing PlaneSteel Tape 6 Piece Wood Chisel Set ant i j » a sharp wood chisel can » used for measuring the | i wi ened ight 1 dese ee eres like === j ae Boooire Pencil Try square ek » ase for marking, Cat’s pawCUTTING TOOLS Ae Pruning Shear + alto called hand pruners or secateurs ‘are trong enough to prune hard branches Centimetres thick PADAYAO ANTONIO JEP eel, { ateraee ng. tome | ‘ranging and nature Pruning Saw Garden Axe * dati ica = Ss = ae - a se sb s Sed may high ‘branches: in hae am wc are aa Ff to harvest ‘toreach . timber tt ae Bg nd or en designed to quickly bite into and saw ‘away branches Bow Saw aT oe en Nae i emp =a metal framed crosscut saw in the shape of a bow with 2 coarse wide blade s used for straight or curved cuts Budding knife 9)Chainsaw Hedge shear Brush Cutter Sharp Bolo ~~ —Pick axes having, one pointed tp, which is asec ac trees | ‘concrete and other very hed surfaces. DIGGING TOOLS + The chisel (or spade) tip is used for jensscamd chipping up softer materials, like PADAYAQ, ANTONIO JR.P asphalt, or compacted soil. + Heads and handles cas fe Baugh separately \ Grubbing Mattock ree haoee + A tach or device F ‘or digging holes for planting of the stump below seedlings. ground, rere an + The wider blade ¢, toosens soi. ‘Tree Planting Shovel Round-Mouth * Along mpering 2 Sheed: blade shape v + Used toe makes it posible shoveling up to dig outa deep, heavy matesial stnight-sided bike rubble, and hole suitable for is also sometimes fence posts, sed for digging,Saquase-Mouth Shovel + Is chiefly us foe sing sand nd cement particule in concrete nuthing, when the stright edge of the Thea can be ase €9 mix the constituents together Aspading fork has thick ‘useful for working with soft soils. ‘2/2202 bar used for various purposes, including as a post hole digger, ‘to break up or loosen hard or compacted materials.4) Trowel > breaking up eart, ‘TRANSPLANTING . Be Fs > digging, sani foie $ especialy for planting and weeding, PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P- > mixing, in fertilizer or other additives, and > transfecting plants to } Sharpshooter Concave Hoedad short f Blades Seeeiey wel j Dents thes shazpshooter opens i casly and helps keep 1 deep, nterow hole, the soil from zeiling ven in hard, cocky the hole while ou soil place the seedling in the hole Kaife > Used for breaking vp root balls when pulled from containers. > Also for euting down the side of containers when the stock doesn't comezyepeve ... THANK YOU...DADA ANTONIO EE Hoe - used to keep weeds down in vegetable garden ‘A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural tool used to move small A Hand cultivator is used for secondary tillage Arake is used to 8 ete, and, in gardening, for loosening the soil, light weeding and levelling, removing lead graze fiona iawn 7 ganden ork spacing fork, digging fork is used for loosening, lifting and turing over suit i gardening and farming, it can rake out stones and weeds and break up clods it is not so easily stopped by stones, and it does not cut through weed roots or root crops. Trowel — used to weeds from a garden. Also used to hill up t Soilayer PADAYAO, ANTONIO JR. P. A sickdle is hand harvest erops like rice, wheat, msize, barley, putes and grass ete. Sugarcane tite for threshing com by one hand, cousisiag of a benboo, ea wooden staff or handle, te atthe end of which ome stouter and shorter pole for cub, clled a swingle ‘or swipple, is hung so as to swing feel "B, ltseparates the gran from theic husks A flail is an instrument ‘Fruit Picker -a tool need tm hareest orchard fruit such as apples, pears and ‘Peaches; sometimes called a fruit gatheres, ‘or current of airso that ‘the lighter particles, the chaff, are separated or blown away, so that only the grains cemain,- Pruning shears also called hand ‘pruners, are used for harvesting, fruits ox cut flowers, Acsleve, octet a device fo eparting ranted ements for tiowened matedal or for Chazacteng the parce Sie dstbuton of sample, ppclly using a 7 woven seteen such a8 a pe Neh oeosSHOP/ PLUMBING ‘TOOLS PADAYAQ, ANTONIO JR. P. [eee # The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made irom iead. * Aplumber is someone who installs or repairs piping systerns, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters and backflow preventers. Sometimes known as a "toilet jack” or "electric > Used to remove clogs jin plumbing thet ‘cannot be loosened ‘with « plinger eee Ce hu the pivot point into ae ea S sections when the and sinks when pliers are fully = ae all opened plugged up. Planers Snake - #7 Pless - Used t0 ae), ee > Possibly developed from tongs u sed to hhandle hot metal.Teflon ape is designed to coat the threads of plumbing, > i Dote puwides seasonally petmanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in plumbing, systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such ws food cans, roof Hashing, ran gutters and automobile radistors. Soldering ‘Tosch_is_used_in plumbing, in electronics and metalwork from flashing to jewelry. are for a aad turning nuts, bolts, cap screws, plugs and various threaded part. | ON Hacksaw - used for cutting material ‘eas as metal or fis... Pipe Wrench - Used for turning soft iron pipes and i fittings with a rounded surface. > Can be bought to repair broken wrenches. | Tube Cutter - A cutter, any tubing cutter, is likely jo waa to “Spica?” when attempting to cut at the Targest diameter it will handle > Using . tubing cutter to cut copper pipe to a very simple process,2/2/2! Adjustable Wrench - This tool provides temendous leverage and sp. ‘The sink auger consists of (Mascon scent rie tate a oat Beata Vranas oe feat dae rnin ore cs ae en Sit ag iT ane Toilet Auger (dso “The flange plunger called closet auger or or ball unger is a vrterdoset age) specially shaped > “Chset auger’ as plunger used to it's also known, is a cleat clogs in toilets specialized by the applications phimbing tol used of vacuum and the force of warez to dear clogs ia Faunet Valve Stat Wrench The faucet valve seat wrench is a simple tool used to remove the faucet body valve seat 50 itmay be replaced. ™ ‘The valve seat reseating tool is also called a valve seat a Soe ee ef @ >it a used to wesc de wie @ 6 om i fe toe ore g Si * seat or decide not Faucet varve Feeseatng Joo, eFen ey oF wrench ; Race (also known by various A stubby screwdriver other synonyms) is Ee Ba is a tool used to C= tot of hexagonal face aco 4 teem, led in oss-section used 10 eve bolts areas that cannot be and screws that have a reached easily by 4 Ihexagonal socket in segular sceewdrives. the head (internal wrenching hexagon = weeeers avy | | THANK YOU...FABM ESUIRMENT AND IMPLEMENTS Padayao, Antonio Jr. P. Farm Equipment —_ Rice Transplanter BeHand Tractor Rice Reaper |e | Rice Reaper| Combined Harvester and Thresher2/2/20 Com Sheller Disc Plow Com Sheller # g 4 & i Disc Plow(fa2/9/2 Seeds i : _ CRDN,2 ~- SEEDS * Aseedisan undeveloped dormant plant, ‘svally with reserve food supply and protected bya | paDaxAO, ANTONIO JR. 2. seed coat. a ‘oq crit’) Cont. Parts of a Seed * eresuls from EE rete “The seeds of plants Ey theunionof aggercenaee\ consist of three basie i malerucleus Sweaitivecats ye structures: Net | = pane rain j r 2. Seed coat/Seed female or egg ty covering, rucleusin the 2. CotyledoniStorage ovary ofthe sede TissvefEndosperm, Finer oom taate san and L ae 3. Embryo i | 1. Seed coat/Seed covering 2. The Cotyledon/Storage Tissue/Endospenm + Provides the eee mechanical a * Stores food and protection forthe isdigested by embryo, making it i the embryo asit possible tohandle Ff . grows. the seeds without arene injury, and thos : eranan peer “= the young plant eee can make its long periods of time. Bis. y oer iced + Haye very thick andhard.rec [ms rigs 8 3. The Enbryo + testepeg : m plant inside the seed dorman’), * Results from co the union of i male and female gamete doring fertitzatin. Parts of the Embryo Me = = : ‘the stem, * = Pre : eyes fon 2/9/2 Characteristics of a Good Seed Four Critical Factors that Affects Seed Germination ‘A seed wcll begin to grou (germinate) when conditions Anside ond outsige the seed are suitable, 1. Nate = Water helps soften the = Wateris necessary for seed coat. + The seed absorbs moisture and swells and the embryo. begins to grow by cell division,2. Bempenaitiire + The temperature at ‘which the germination occurs may range * Some seeds ike cabbage, germinate bast at low temperatures whereas others, ike okra and «cotton, require warmer emprratures * Germinating seed also * Seeds planted in scl reed oxygen. saturated or covered * Dormant seedsaiso by Water may suet Fequirecxygen butrot because they have Smiche absorbed water, but fallto germinate because they donot {get enough oxygen eau Uy gl jn kN ved able 2/9/2¢ 4, GD * Seeds of some plants * Lettuce, for example, Pre-Conditioning of Seeds to Stimulate Germination ‘4. Mechanical Scarfcation. fave speci requires exponure te = kibeaetecci tng equivetonnis fox light. Impervious seed coat. fenton + SES the Proceso breskng, Satcing or mechanical akring the {eed covering tomoteit permeable to water and a oe me sendpaper citing net proceed othe = Although some ee, ponte scarifcation probably the seed covering seeds are injured. secur doing Secu pea arvestingentraction Betweenthejewecfa. saat i andceanin, oe aresinple Simple and sermiaton of most eareaie effective with many Fardceated seeds mal amounts of tpecee tbe improved by additional relatively large seeds, equipment is artical treatment avaiablePabayq — dtumi nadth os atul tet uate far Bemihuty + yap waite gor d sys (24 Murs ech vey) THEN fvandftim Fo bay 2/9/26 $3 avi MAES qe : cat me had - 2. Acd Scarfeation. + The sulfuric acid mast be used with car, ced because is corrosive eeainnedjg | ‘end reacts violently heel et oerneeta paeeioureat coverings, reer + Soaking seedsin sae concentrated sfc Protective dothing acidiseffectvein should be wor, end soing this ‘the operator should be ‘9 aware ofthe danger to skin and eyes. ¥ foid ~ wrt x watwr- Actd 3. Soaking Seeds with Water. + done to modify hard seed cots, remove inhibitors, soften seeds and reduce the time of germination. Seed Treatments cont. Set ets t ee ee on satan pa Seg at a Tomato ORR . Eo Gree tggpine Ha neietias leeect Gourds maths x bees Re geake e . aultowerreclt ee Se | toterer per ee ve Be wel arial Beans aN clea ¥ rapa arpa sitao aheiese than” Mango wey ee E | ™ ae2/9/2 Classification of Plants According to Number of Cotyledons 4 Monocotyledenous 2. Dicotyledonovs plants, plants. + Plantshavng two THANK YOU... * Plants having a single cotyledons, cotyledon. * Almost majority of the * Onions rice, corn vegetables.