Mr.

Manish Verma as a YOUTUBER & International Motivational Speakers

Professional Teacher || Problem Consultant || NIOS DU - SOL Students Coordinator ||
Founder of Open schooling Awareness Program || CEO & Founder of The Life
Progress Academy, Social worker.

I want to help you all in every way because we

can contribute in any way in the development of
the country which will be a true tribute to the
brave heroes and it will be my first priority to
take the country to a new height for which I have
tried to convert some of my ideas from social
media and from my educational academy into
basalis in which the safety of women, the
education of daughters, is the cause of terror
from the country. Protection of spirit and
environment should be our first priority! Hope
you all get full support in this.

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B.A HONOURS ENGLISH

B.A POLITICAL SCIENCE (HONOURS)

SEMESTER 1st
BY MANISH VERMA
Question 1. What do you know about the early past of Delhi?
Answer: -
Introduction
The history of Delhi is as old as the Mahabharata. The
city was known as Indraprastha, where the Pandavas
once lived. Over time, eight cities around Indraprastha:
Lal Kot, Dinpanah, Qila Rai Pithora, Firozabad,
Jahanpanah, Tughlakabad and Shahjahanabad settled.

Delhi has been witness to political turmoil for more

than five centuries. Here the Mughals followed the
Khilji and Tughlaq dynasties.

In the year 1192, the Afghan warrior Mohammad Ghauri captured the city of Rajputs and in
1206 laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate.
Timur's attack on Delhi in 1398 ended the Sultanate; Babar took power after Lodhi, who
proved to be the last Sultan of Delhi, who founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 after the Battle
of Panipat.

 The early Mughal rulers made Agra their capital and the city became their permanent seat
only after the construction of the Old Delhi Wall (1638) by Delhi Shah Jahan. From the Hindu
kings to the Muslim Sultans, Delhi was ruled from one ruler to another. Kept going at the hands
of The soil of the city is watered with blood, sacrifice and patriotism.

Old 'havelis' and buildings have stood silent since time immemorial, but their silence
invariably gives their owners and those who lived in them hundreds of years ago.
The city was captured by the British in 1803 AD. In the year 1911, the British changed Delhi
from Calcutta to make it their capital. The city again became the center of government
activities. However, the city has a reputation for changing those who sit on its throne.

 These include the British and the current political parties too, who have the distinction of
leading independent India. After independence in 1947, New Delhi was officially declared the
capital of India.

Question 2. Explain the means to know the history of Delhi!

Answer: -
Upendra Singh in his book "Ancient Delhi" has traced the history of Delhi from the Paashan
era to the time of the Rajputs. According to him, the history of Delhi contains the story of local
traditions transmitted orally, which is not recorded in written texts but in collective memory.

There are two means to know the history of Delhi: -

1. Means of prehistoric times: -
Stone tools of this time have been found in many places in Delhi, including Anangpur in
Faridabad, Delhi.
2. Evidence obtained from Bhorgarh and Medoli: -
Bhorgarh of North Harappa which is near Narela in North Delhi. And Medoli, which is near
Nandanagari in present-day East Delhi, here gives a lot of information about the history of
Delhi.
Note: - Prehistoric period is called a period about which written evidence is not available
because history is called about which written evidence is available.
3. Archaeological evidence: -
The tools found in the excavation and other means in which the items used in ancient Delhi are
known! This includes evidence of stone tools, ancient tiles, pottery, sculptures, sculpture,
literature and local traditions.
4. Geographical history of Delhi region: - There is not much information about how far ancient
Delhi was spread, but its early history is derived from two trade routes which are from North
and South Delhi. Settlements of Delhi region Other ancient settlements of North India Such as
Mathura, Taxila, Varanasi was well connected with Shravasti and Kaushabi. The easy access to
water in the form of Yamuna River and the strategic location of the city on the old trade route
helped Delhi's settlements flourish.

Question 3. Indraprastha is known as an ancient Delhi? Describe!

Answer :
Ancient town
1. Indraprastha city is contemporary to Dwarka.
Along with the saga of the Pandavas, the saga of
this city will also remain immortal. Towns were
built by cutting down forests. Indraprastha also
used to come in the same category of cities. It
was a collision between Mathura and Dwarka in
terms of its splendor and prosperity. Earlier
there was a forest at this place, which is called
Khandavprastha in Mahabharata. The Pandavas
established Indraprastha by cutting it. This was a
period of development in the field of city life.
New cities were being settled at this time by choosing a suitable place on the banks of river,
mountain and ocean.

2. According to the legend mentioned in Mahabharata, initially Pandavas made their capital at
Indraprastha after obtaining half the kingdom from Dhritarashtra. The capital of Duryodhana
remained at Hastinapur, about 45 miles away.

3. Indraprastha city was established in place of Khandavprastha, the ancient capital of the
Kauravas. ' While giving half the kingdom to the Pandavas, Dhritarashtra ordered them to
expand Khandavprastha, the ancient city and nation of the Kauravas, to form the new capital
with the help of the four varnas. Then the Pandavas reached Khandavprastha along with Shri
Krishna and built a city named Indraprastha by Vishwakarma with the help of Indra.

4. Around this city, like the sea, there were full trenches of water which beautified that city.
Bright clouds like white clouds and moon were drawn around the city. Its height seemed to
touch the sky. [5] Along with making this city beautiful and delightful, complete management
was also made for its security.

5. In which weapons were practiced. With many such attic and protected from warriors, that
city was united with Shobha. The city was adorned with sharp reeds and centuries and other
weapons. People who know all kinds of crafts also came and settled there. There were
delightful gardens around the city. The city was adorned with picturesque gardens and artificial
mountains and full of water-filled rivers and delightful lakes.

Specialty :-
The most interesting description of this city is found in the Mahabharata. Accordingly, it was
surmounted by many beautiful firings (trenches), which, due to their vastness, reminded them
of the swaying ocean. The city also had a highly elevated palace, in which beautiful bastions and
gates were opened in place. In order to
protect the city, subversive weapons
were already assembled at the top of the
estate.
The water of the lake there was
becoming fragrant by the blooming lotus.
There were also delightful groves at the
place, which delighted with the blossom
of fruit and flower. Within the city,
interesting paintings were made in
various parts. Swan, causandava and
chakravak etc. birds used to swim in the water of the trench and the pruning of them was
unobtrusive.
1. Yudhishthira performed the Rajasuya Yajna at Indraprastha. After the Mahabharata war,
Yudhishthira ruled over both Indraprastha and Hastinapur towns.

2. 900 BC after Hastinapur was swept away by the flood of the Ganges. When the descendants
of the Pandavas went to Kaushambi, the importance of Indraprastha also almost ceased.
3. In the widower Pandit Jataka Indraprastha is said to be surrounded only within 7 shells
while the expansion of Benares was up to 12 cells.
4. According to Dhumkari Jataka, there was a kingdom of Yudhishthira-gotra kings in
Indraprastha or Kupradesh.
5. In the Mahabharata, industry, Indraprastha is also called Shakpuri.
6. Indraprastha is also mentioned in Vishnu Purana.
7. Nowadays the position of Indraprastha city in the latter state of the same place where the
old fort of Pandavas is located in New Delhi is considered. Many places within the old fort are
said to be related to the Pandavas. This is the oldest part of Delhi.
8. A village named Indrapat near Delhi is still located as a remnant of Indraprastha's memory.

Question 4. Delhi is famous as a historical city? Explain!

Answer:-
History of Delhi
Delhi is counted among the ancient cities of the
world. According to the Mahabharata, Delhi was
first inhabited by the Pandavas under the name
Indraprastha [1], but modern scholars believe that
the symbols of the Indus Valley Civilization near
Ropar (Punjab), for example around Delhi, are
found and primitives in the lowest ruins of the old
fort. No wonder if the remains of Delhi are found
in fact due to their intermediate position in the
country and the northwestern parts of India from
the northwest. Delhi has been the capital of many
empires in Indian history due to its location at the center of the routes leading to.

Historical significance :-

After the Mauryan period, Delhi and its surrounding area remained relatively unimportant for
nearly 13 hundred years. After the disintegration of Harsha's empire, many small Rajput
princely states were formed in northern India and in the 12th century Prithviraj Chauhan also
had a princely state with Delhi as its capital. The part of Delhi where Qutub Minar is or the
nearest state of Mehrauli is Delhi of Prithviraj's time.

• Qila Rai Pithora or Lalkot

Lalkot, the first city of Delhi established in the 10th century, was founded by Prithviraj
Chauhan, also known as Rai Pithora. Initially, the rule of Delhi was in the hands of Tomar
Rajputs but Prithviraj Chauhan's ancestors took away the rule of Delhi from the Tomars.
Probably Tomar ruler Anangpal built Delhi's first regular fort "Lalkot", which was taken over by
Prithviraj Chauhan and he expanded it to "Qila Rai Pithora". However Prithviraj Chauhan did not
rule from Delhi. The capital of his kingdom was located in Ajmer. The ruins of Qila Rai Pithora
are located near Qutub Minar.

• Delhi was founded by Anangpal Tomar in the fourth century AD. He built his fort on the ruins
of the fort of Indraprastha.

Tomar, Chauhan and Ghulam dynasty

• There has been a special mention of Delhi since the epic-Mahabharata period. The rule of
Delhi was transferred from one dynasty to another. The Tomar kings dominated the Red Kot for
almost a century before it was
conquered by a Chauhan Rajput Vishal
Dev in 1153.
• Prithviraj III or Rai Pithora, grandson
of Vishal Dev, expanded it in 1164 AD
by making a huge percot around the
red coat. It is called the third city of
Delhi. And Qila Rai became known as
Pithora.
• Many historians consider it the first
of the seven cities of Delhi. In the
battle of 1192, the Muslim invader
Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj
Chauhan in battle and killed him. Ghori went on robbing wealth from here and appointed his
slave Qutbuddin Aibak as the Governor of the place.
After Ghori's death in 1206, Qutubuddin Aibak declared himself the Sultan of India and made
Lalkot the capital of his empire. For the next three centuries, it was ruled by the Ghulam
dynasty and the Sultan dynasty with small intervals.
• Qutubuddin Aibak gave another important memorial Qutub Minar to Lalkot. It was a
memorial to Victory and was probably a mosque tower, but the present form of Qutubu Minar
was completed by Firoz Shah, in which he built two more floors along with marble
embellishments, reaching 74 meters in height. In a way, it symbolized the glorious and
victorious arrival of the Sultan dynasty in India.

Question 5. Give information about various cities of Delhi? How did it

develop from settlement to urbanization? Explain!
Answer :-
Introduction -
Delhi, the capital of India, has been the center of power for great and powerful empires,
making Delhi one of the longest serving capitals and one of the oldest populated cities in the
world. Delhi is known as a city that has been inhabited, demolished and resettled many times.
The main reason for this was that the external invaders who successfully invaded the Indian
sub-continent looted the capital Delhi and those who came to conquer or establish an empire!
According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the city named Indraprastha (the city of Lord Indra)
was the capital of the Pandavas. There is a strong belief that "Old Fort of Delhi" is built on the
site of ancient Indraprastha. Excavations at this site have yielded pieces of northern black
polished pottery and painted gray pottery, indicating settlements dating back to 1,000 BCE.
Seven cities in Delhi have so far been identified by historical records. In this article, details of
seven cities of Delhi are being given, which is very useful for the students preparing for various
examinations.

Seven cities of delhi

1. Qila Rai Pithora or Lalkot
2. Siri
3. Tughlakabad
4. Where the Walls
5. Firozabad
6. Shergarh or Delhi Sher Shahi
7. Shahjahanabad

Detailed description of seven cities

1. Qila Rai Pithora or Lalkot

Lalkot, the first city of Delhi established in the 10th century,

was founded by Prithviraj Chauhan, also known as Rai Pithora.
Initially, the rule of Delhi was in the hands of Tomar Rajputs but
Prithviraj Chauhan's ancestors took away the rule of Delhi from
the Tomars. Probably Tomar ruler Anangpal built Delhi's first
regular fort "Lalkot", which was taken over by Prithviraj
Chauhan and he expanded it to "Qila Rai Pithora". However
Prithviraj Chauhan did not rule from Delhi. The capital of his
kingdom was located in Ajmer.

2. Siri
Among the various rulers of the Khilji dynasty, Alauddin Khilji
was the most capable and powerful ruler. He built the second
city of Delhi, "Siri" in the early 14th century. The architecture
built in this city was influenced by the Saljuk style. This style
came with people seeking refuge in the Delhi Durbar from the
Salzuki dynasty battling the Mongols of West Asia and
contributed to the architecture of Delhi. In the present day, the
thick reservoir section and the reservoir, called Hauz Khas,
represent the fort of Siri.
3 Tughlakabad
Gaiyasuddin Tughlaq established the majestic and imposing Tughlaqabad in the third decade
of the 14th century, which was the third city of Delhi. He built a fort here, whose remains are
still visible today.

4 Where the walls

Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq,
founded a city called Jahanpanah in the fourth decade of
the 14th century. Jahanpanah, Qila Rai is the enclosure of
the wall between Pithora and Siri. It is called the fourth city
of Delhi.

5. Firozabad
Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the nephew of Mohammed-bin-
Tughlaq, built the 5th city of Delhi called Firozabad or Feroz
Shah Kotla. It was built on the banks of river Yamuna in the
late 14th century. The city was equipped with palaces,
pillared halls, mosques, Pijan towers (pigeon towers) and water tanks. Apart from this, terraced
wells and hunting houses were also constructed in this city.

6.Shergarh
The present old fort was built by Sher Shah in 1540 AD. At
this place Humayun built a city called Dinpanah. Sher Shah
destroyed this city and renamed it Delhi Shershahi or
Shergarh. Presently, the ruins of this city are a major center
of tourist attraction. It is called the sixth city of Delhi.

7. Shah Jahanabad
The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan shifted his capital from
Agra to Delhi, built a fort and a new city in Delhi and named
it Shahjahanabad. Shahjahanabad was inaugurated on the
day of Navroz in the year 1642. The area of Shahjahanabad is
now known as Old Delhi, where grand monuments like Lal
Qila, Jama Masjid exist.
The present form of Delhi has gone through many changes
from Tomar to Mughal and British. The contribution of
Edwin Lutyens and Edward Baker is remarkable in making
Delhi a well planned administrative capital.

Conclusions: -
An important feature in the plan of the cities of the Sultanate period is that the Sultans of Delhi
neglected to go further north because they wanted to stay near the river! He also took
cognizance of the fact that the northern wing of the Aravali hills provides natural protection to
the city from the erosion of the Yamuna River. These facts were accepted in the city plan of
Shahjahanabad, the capital established by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 AD! The
area of Shahjahanabad was much larger than Delhi!

Question 6. 13th. And 14th. Describe the history of Shatabdi Delhi!

Answer :

There has been a special mention of Delhi since the epic-Mahabharata period. The rule of
Delhi was transferred from one dynasty to another. The Tomar kings dominated the Red Kot for
almost a century before it was conquered by a Chauhan Rajput Vishal Dev in 1153. Prithviraj III
or Rai Pithora, grandson of Vishal Dev, expanded it in 1164 AD by making a huge percot around
the red coat. It is called the third city of Delhi. And Qila Rai became known as Pithora. Many
historians consider it the first of the seven cities of Delhi.

In the battle of 1192, the Muslim invader

Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan
in battle and killed him. Ghori went on robbing
wealth from here and appointed his slave
Qutbuddin Aibak as the Governor of the place.
After Ghori's death in 1206, Qutbuddin Aibak
declared himself the Sultan of India and made
Lalkot the capital of his empire. For the next
three centuries, it was ruled by the Ghulam
dynasty and the Sultan dynasty with small
intervals. Qutubuddin Aibak gave another
important memorial Qutub Minar to Lalkot.

It was a memorial to Victory and was probably a mosque tower, but the present form of
Qutubu Minar was completed by Firoz Shah, in which he built two more floors along with
marble embellishments, reaching 74 meters in height. In a way, it symbolized the glorious and
victorious arrival of the Sultan dynasty in India.
Khilji Regime
During the Khilji regime (1290–1321), Delhi was attacked by Mongol robbers and demolished
its vulnerable suburbs. In 1303, Alauddin built a new circular fortified city in an area of 1.7
square kilometers around it so that Mongols could not attack again
and destroy the suburbs and gardens. Unlike the Qutub-Lalkot
complex, the city was called Dehli-e-Kuhna (Old Delhi), initially
known as Lashkar or Lashkargah (military cantonment). The city
surrounded by this boundary wall associated with Lalkot was later
named Siri and was known as Khilji Rajdhani (Darul Khalifa). Its
perimeter wall was about 1.5 km long and many towers and gates
were built in it. Siri is usually counted as the second city of Delhi,
but it was the first completely new city established in India by
Muslim conquerors.

Tughlaq Dynasty
Thus Dehli-i-Kuhna or Old Delhi, situated in the Qutubu-Lalkot
complex in 14th century Delhi; Ghayaspur - Shahar-e-Nau or New
City in Kilokhari and Darul Khalifa or Capital in Siri. In 1321, Delhi
passed into the hands of the Tughlaqs, as the last ruler of the Khilji
dynasty died without a heir. 11 Tughlaq rulers ruled Delhi but only three showed interest in
architecture, each of them building a new city as the capital in the current urban agglomeration
located in the Delhi Triangle. These cities reflect the madness of the Sultans towards the
military nature and security. First developed as a fort and later a city, the first of these capitals
was the fortified city - Durg Tughlakabad (1321-25) built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Historical map of delhi

1. Muhammad bin Tughlaq (reign 1325-51)
envisioned a capital that would reflect his plan of
empire. The plan was to strengthen it rather than
expand.

2. The invasion of the border was not yet stopped,

so they built a defense wall around Qutubu Delhi,
Siri and Tuglakabad and built a new city called
Jahanpanah.
3. Soon after its construction, the city fell into disarray. Suddenly Muhammad Tughlaq decided
to take his capital to Devagiri, which he named Daulatabad, to monitor the recently conquered
area in the Deccan (South).

4 .In 1338, the population of Jahanpanah got orders to travel to the new capital. Desolate
Delhi was divided into small pieces and its ruins proved to be a storehouse of bricks for the new
city of Firozabad. Which was the third and last Tughlaq carpet town. The city, established on
the banks of the Yamuna in 1354, was located about 8 kilometers northeast of Siri. This city i.e.
Fifth Delhi was inhabited by Firoz Shah, (1351-88) and was known by the same name.

14th-15th century
Tuglaqabad is said to have been a military establishment in 14th century Delhi, an area of
Nizamuddin Faqirs and a suburb of Hauz Khas scholar. Educated refugees from the universities
of Samarkand and Central Asia settled in Delhi after the Mongol conquest. Hauz Khas's
madrasa's reputation for higher education spread throughout the Sultanate. Later Syed Bandhu
(1414–1444) and Lodi (1451–1526) rulers of the Tughlaqs confined themselves to Firozabad.
During his reign, frequent disturbances continued and he did not find time to settle new cities.

Question 7. Describe the contribution of Mughal authority on the city

of Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The foundation of the city of Shahjahanabad
(present-day Old Delhi) was laid by the Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 AD. Shah Jahan
established this city on the right bank of river Yamuna
to bring his capital from Agra to Delhi. Shahjahanabad
was the seventh Muslim city in the city of Delhi.
• King Shah Jahan constructed a fort named 'Lal Qila' in
the city, which was completed in 1648 AD.
• The Red Fort of Delhi, built at a cost of about one crore rupees, was built under the
supervision of two architects named Hameed and Ahmed.
Jama Masjid was built here between 1650-1656.
• A quartzite stone chawari was built around Shahjahanabad, around which the main gates -
'Delhi Gate', 'Kashmiri Gate', 'Ajmeri Gate' and 'Lahori Gate' were attached.
• The famous poet Mirza Ghalib upheld the same word and wrote: "If the world is a body, Delhi
is a soul". There can be no better symbol for a city than this.

Shahjahanabad was a fortified city, and some of its gates and parts of the wall still exist. The
attachment of Delhi's markets can be felt at its peak in Chandni Chowk and its streets.
Shahjahanabad was provided security by a wall about ten kilometers long. Ten gates connected
the city to the surrounding area.

• Apart from Delhi Gate, Lahore Gate was the main entrance for entering Red Fort. Kashmiri
Gate, Calcutta Gate, Mori Gate, Kabul Gate, Farash Khana Gate, Ajmeri Gate and Turkman Gate
connected the city to the main routes. A system of mohallas and cutters was developed to suit
the common social structure.

• Shahjahanabad offers a classic example of secularism, which can be seen from its markets,
many historical buildings and temples: the Lal Jain Temple of the time of Shah Jahan, Appa
Gangadhar Temple (Gauri Shankar Temple), Marathi dominated Arya Samaj Mandir ( Diwan
Hall), Baptist Church, Gurdwara Sisganj, Sunhari Mosque and West End Terminus, Fatehpuri
Mosque. On March 9, 1739, Nadir Shah defeated Mohammad Shah at Panipat and entered
Delhi.

He massacred the inhabitants here and took away almost the entire wealth of
Shahjahanabad deposited in India by the Mughals. He carried the Mayur throne, priceless gems
like Kohinoor and Dariya-e-Noor, beautiful artifacts, thousands of horses, camels and elephants
and many books and manuscripts as memorabilia.

Until the British moved their capital from Calcutta to Delhi, the city continued to be ravaged
by the invading armies of the Marathas from the south, the Iranian emperor Nadir Shah and the
Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali from the north. All this was, in fact, apart from the hostility and
conspiracies that ruined Delhi.

However, soon after independence, Shahjahanabad attained its old glory and glory when, as
the first President of an independent and democratic India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad attended a
state function on 5.2.1950 at Chandni Chowk.

Castle building
Shah Jahan's Mahal-Garhi, known as Qila-e-Mubarak (popularly known as Holy Fort - Lal Qila),
was a very powerful structure that took no years to complete! According to French traveler
Bernier, it was the oldest - possibly the grandest palace in the world!

It was built on a larger and more extensive

scale than any other fort of its kind! It was also
the emperor's residence and official place of
work along with cultural activities! The palace-
fortress wall is about 3 kilometers and spans
about 124 It occupies acres of land, which is
twice the size of the Agra Fort.
It is an almost regular parallel quadrilateral whose angle is slightly sloping! The minarets
ornamented by the Sughd Chattris used to plow the high walls at equal intervals!

Ventilator
In the Mughal period, the Mughal emperor used to approach the subjects directly in the
morning to visit the balcony and all the subjects were standing below it, with which the day
started! This custom was known as Jharokha Darshan!

City and market

1. Chandni Chowk: There was a flower garden spread over a large area, trees were planted on
both sides and there were more than 1500 shops on it! The bazaars starting from the edge of
the palace and the fortress were called Fatehpuri Bazaar!
2. Meena Bazaar of Akbar: Meena Bazaar started in the ground in front of Agra Fort. On Friday,
the male class was busy with the five-time prayers. On this day, entry of men into the fort and
around the fort was forbidden. Women used to sit in all the grounds decorating the shop and
women could come as customers.

Question 8. Describe the art and culture in Delhi Sultanate period?

Answer:-
Introduction :-
The Delhi Sultanate or Sultanate-e-Hind / Sultanate-e-Delhi is said to be the reign of the Sultans
of the five dynasties who ruled India from 1210 to 1526. Of the five dynasties that ruled the
Delhi Sultanate, four were originally Turks while the last dynasty was ruled by Afghans.

These five lineages

1. Ghulam Dynasty (1206 - 1290),
2. Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320),
3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 - 1423),
4. Syed Dynasty (1424 - 1452),
5. and Lodhi Dynasty (1452 - 1526)

Architecture and Architecture during Delhi Sultanate

The style that developed in the field of Indian architecture during the Delhi Sultanate period
was a combination of Indian and Islamic styles. Therefore this style of architecture was called
'Indo-Islamic' style. The characteristics of Indo-Islamic architectural style were as follows: -
1. Pointed arches, domes and narrow and tall minarets were used in the construction work of
Sultan period such as fort, mausoleum, mosque, palace and minarets.
2. In this period, a new way of worship was built in the mosque built on the rubble of temples
by breaking them.

3. In the Sultanate period, the tradition of construction of tombs started in remembrance of

Sultans, Amirs and Sufi saints.
4. It was during this period that stone, concrete and good quality lime were used to strengthen
the buildings.

5. Arches and domes were used scientifically in buildings for the first time in the Sultanate
period. The Ottoman sultans used both rock and timber systems in the construction of the
dome and arches.
6. Due to the prohibition of painting of living things in the decoration of buildings in the
Sultanate period, many types of flowers, geometrical and Quranic verses were carved to
decorate them. Later on, Hindu decoration items like Kamalbel samples, Swastikas, bell
samples, Kalas etc. were also used by the Ottoman sultans.

Small states during the Sultanate period

The reign of the Ghulam and Khilji dynasties of Delhi Sultanate is considered as the first stage
of the development of architecture. The buildings of this period are built under the direct
influence of the Hindu style, whose walls are smooth and strong. The pillars built during this
period are the symbol of temples. The towers around the mosques built by Muslims symbolize
their high views.

Among the buildings built during the reign of the

Ghulam dynasty are the Qawwat-ul-Islam
Mosque, Qutub Minar, the two-and-a-half-day
Jhopra Mosque, Nasiruddin Mahmud's Tomb or
Sultanagarhi, Iltutmish's Tomb, Sultan Balban's
Tomb, Muinuddin Chishti Dargah. Among the
buildings built during the reign of the Khilji
dynasty, the Alai Darwaza, the Jamaat Khan
Mosque, the 'Ukha Mosque' and the dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya built by Khizr Khan are
particularly notable. The rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty emphasized the simplicity and grandeur
of the buildings rather than the grandeur and beauty of the Khilji carpet buildings. Among the
buildings built during the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty, the fort of Tughlaqabad, also known as
'Chhappan Kot',
Ghayasuddin's Tomb, Adilabad Fort, Barh pillar, Kotla Firoz Shah Durg, Firoz Shah's Tomb,
Khan-e-Jahan Telangani's Tomb, Window Mosque, Kali Masjid, Begampuri Mosque, Kalan
Mosque, Kabiruddin Aulia's Tomb are prominent.

Buildings built during the reign of Sayyid dynasty

The main tomb of Sultan Mubarak Shah and the tomb of Muhammad Shah are prominent. The
buildings built during the reign of the Lodi dynasty include Bahlol Lodi's tomb, Sikander Lodi's
tomb, Moth's mosque, 'Bada Khan and Tiny Khan's tomb', 'Sheesh Dome', 'Dadi's dome', 'Poli's
dome' and 'Taj Khan's dome' is the main building.

Music during Delhi Sultanate

When Turks came to India, they also brought with them the rich Arabic music tradition of Iran
and Central Asia. Turks brought with them instruments like 'Sarangi' and 'Rabab', but coming
here they also adopted instruments like 'sitar' and 'tabla'. Some rulers of the Delhi Sultanate,
such as Balban, Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq, had organized
musical meetings in the royal courts due to their interest in music.

Sufi saints also contributed to the development of music during this period. Balban's grandson
Kaikubad was the most music loving Sultan. Barney has written about it that - 'Kaikubad
provided such a large number of patronage to musicians and ghazal singers that the streets and
streets of the capital were full of these. Barney has mentioned famous musicians of this time
'Shahchangi', 'Nusrat Khatoon' and 'Meher Afroz'.

In the court of Alauddin Khilji, the then great poet and musician Amir Khusro was patronized.

Amir Khusro, in coordination with the Indian and Islamic musical styles, gave birth to many
raga-raganis such as Yemen, Usak, Muafik, Dhanay, Munjir, Fargana. Amir Khusro is credited
with the invention of the sitar and the tabla. He first introduced qawwali singing in Indian
music. Wealthy Khusras were also known as 'Tutiye Hind' meaning 'Parrot of India' etc. During
the Sultanate period some important books based on music were composed in South India,
such as-

Sangeet Ratnakar,
Music time,
Music Shiromani,
Sangeet Kaumudi, Sangeet Narayan

Alauddin Khilji invited the legendary singer of the South, 'Gopal Nayak' to his court. The credit
for the invention of 'Khyal Gayaki' prevalent in this period is given to Sultan Hussain Shah Sharki
of Jaunpur. Achievement in music.

Question 9. Describe the development of art and culture in Delhi

under the Mughals!
Answer:-
Mughal carpet art and culture
The Mughal period is famous in history due to
art and culture. Due to the multi-cultural
activities of the Mughal period, it is called the
'Second Classic' era of Indian history.

The history of Mughal architecture begins with

Babur, but the early Mughal architectural style
is clearly reflected in the period of Akbar.

The main feature of Mughal architecture is the use of 'Pitradura style', in which diamonds and
jewels were inlaid on marble.
Architecture reached its climax during the reign of Shah Jahan. Marble was the most used
during this period. The Taj Mahal is a living example of the use of marble.

During Akbar's period painting was encouraged.

Mir Saeed Ali, Babusamad, Daswant and Basavan were prominent painters of Akbar era. In the
court of Jahangir, Persian painters were Aga Reza, Abdul Hasan and Ustad Mansoor.

The important artwork of Mughal painting is 'Hamzan-mada' or Dastan-e-Amir-Hamza.

The important works of Mansoor are Bill Cranes of Siberia and a male from Bengal.

Akbar gave great encouragement to music and musicians. According to Abul Fazal, there were
66 singers in Akbar's court.

Tansen was the most important musician in Akbar's court, which Akbar conferred the title of
'Kanthamaran Vilas'. The Mughal rulers gave patronage to literature and litterateurs.

Akbar got the Mahabharata translated into Persian, which is known as ‘Rajmanama’. The Quran
was translated for the first time in Akbar's time.

Humayunama was composed by Humayun's

sister Gulbadan Begum.

Akbarnama was composed by Abul Fazal.

Tujuk-e-Jahangiri (Jahangir's autobiography) is

written by Jahangir himself.
Shahjahanama is two, composed by Mohammad Salih and Inayat Khan.

How was Mughal education and literature

 Mughal rulers nurtured education. In the Mughal era, there was a system of Maktab
(primary education) and Madrasas, where education was imparted.
 In Babar's time, there was a department - Shuharte-mango, which used to arrange
schools and colleges.
 Humayun was well versed in astrology and geography. He established Madrasa-e-
Begum in Delhi with the help of Mahan Anaga (Akbar's foster mother). It is said about
Humayun that he always carried a chosen library with him. Akbar himself was illiterate,
but he encouraged education for the
development of education by building Maktab
and Madrasas at many places like Fatehpur Sikri,
Agra and Lahore.
 Jahangir had made an important announcement,
according to which, after the death of a rich
person, the state will take his property and build
and repair the madrasas and monasteries.
 During Akbar's time, Persian received a lot of
encouragement, which prevented the keeping of
papers in vernacular (Hindu) language other
than Persian.
 Shah Jahan got a new college constructed in
Delhi and got a college named Darul-Barka
repaired.
 Shahzada Dara Shikoh was the most learned of the Mughal royal family, he always
respected scholars and saints.
 Her elder sister Jahanara was also a scholar and scholarly woman.
 During the time of Aurangzeb, aid was given to the Maktabs and Madrasas, but he tried
to get Hindu schools closed.
 Aurangzeb's exiled daughter, Jebunnisa, had a school in Delhi called Baitul-ul-Uloom
which could read the elite as well as 2 middle class people.

Mughal literature-
Literature in Babur's time
Baburnama
Literature during Humayun's period
Humayunnama
Tajkirat-ul-Vakiyat-
Vakayat-e-mushtaki
Literature in Akbar's time.

Question 10. Explain Mughal architecture and painting?

Answer: -
The 'Indian Islamic style' of architecture practiced in the Delhi Sultanate period was developed
during the Mughal period. Mughal architecture had a unique blend of styles from places like
Persia, Turkey, Central Asia, Gujarat, Bengal, Jaunpur etc. Percy Brown considered the 'Mughal
period' to be the summer period of Indian architecture, which is considered a symbol of light
and fertility. Smith has called Mughal architecture the queen of art.

The initial systematic culmination of

the development and progress of
Mughal architecture is seen in the
construction of cities like 'Fatehpur
Sikri' and the culmination of the
Shahjahanabad city of Shah Jahan. In
the Mughal period, for the first time
in the field of architecture, the use of
variety of 'shape' and design and as a
material of construction, in addition
to stone, plastering and sculpting
were used. The use of inlay on marble
in the area of decoration was also a
feature of this period. For decoration, the leaves, flowers, cut flowers were inlaid in white
marble. The domes and bastions built during this period were decorated with 'Kalash'.

Mughal architecture, art and culture

The Mughal period has been called the Second Classical Age of Indian history due to its
multifaceted cultural activities.
Mughal architecture is a mixed form of Islamic and Indian art of Central Asia, in which an
amazing blend of traditions of places like Persia, Central Asia, Turkey, Gujarat, Bengal and
Jaunpur is found.

Fine Arts
The Mughal period was considered the golden period for the development of painting in India.

Different schools for teaching art were as follows:

School of Ancient Traditions: The ancient style of painting in India was enriched before
the Sultanate period. But after the eighth century this tradition was beginning to decline but in
the thirteenth century it seems from the depiction of
manuscripts and Jain texts on palm leaves that the
tradition was not completely finished.

Mug Mughal painting: Schools developed by Akbar

during the Mughal period were like centers of
production.

 European painting: In Akbar's court, Portuguese

clergy started European painting.

 Rajasthan School of Painting: This type of

painting involves the combination of Jain painting
school with the current ideas and former traditions of
Western India and different styles of Mughal painting.

Pahari painting school: This school maintained the style of Rajasthani painting and played
an important role in its development.

The main feature of Mughal architecture-

• The jewelery done with diamonds and jewels on marble stones is the use of flowing water in
Pitradura () and palaces and luxury buildings.
Architecture in Babur's time
The Mughal architectural period dates back to Babur's time, he built it in a mosque (1529 AD) at
Kabuli-Bagh near Panipat.
In addition, Babur built the Jami Masjid of Sambhal in Ruhelkhand and a mosque inside the Lodi
Fort in Agra. And a garden based on geometric method was established in Agra, which was
named Noor Afghan.
Architecture in Humayun's time-
Humayun in 1533 AD Built a city called Dinpanah (Asylum of the World) in Delhi in what is today
known as Old Fort. Apart from this Humayun constructed a mosque in Persian style at a place
called Fatehabad in Hisar district.

Akbar Carpet Buildings-

The first building built during the reign of Akbar is Humayun's Tomb in Delhi. Although he had
no hand in its construction.

Humayun's Tomb-
• The mausoleum is situated on a high platform in the middle of a geometric quadrilateral
shaped garden. It was the first architectural monument
built in a four-garden system.
• Construction of Humayun's Tomb in 1565 AD. In
Humayun's widow Bega Begum (Haji Begum) got started.
• It is the first tomb in India with a double dome.
• The Char-Bagh method was first used by Humayun's
Tomb, whereas the first garden-tomb in India was the
tomb of Sikander Lodi.
• This mausoleum is considered to be the forerunner of
the Taj Mahal.
Buildings built in Agra
• There are very few left in buildings built in Akbar, Agra, among which Akbari Mahal and
Jahangiri Mahal are prominent.
• Akbar (1565-73 AD) built a fort in his capital Agra.
• The Jahangiri Mahal built in the fort of Agra has been copied from Mansingh Mahal in
Gwalior. Hindu and Islamic traditions are included in this palace. There has been an attempt to
avoid the use of domes in Akbarian buildings.
Panchmahal or Hawamahal
It was a pyramid-shaped five-story palace. It was based on the inspiration of the Buddhist
viharas of Nalanda.

JAMA Masjid

• 542 feet long and 438 feet wide rectangular, this mosque is inspired by the famous mosque of
Mukka.
• In the center of this mosque, Sheikh Salim Chishti's
tomb, Islam Khan's tomb in the north and Buland
Darwaza are built in the south.
From this mosque, Akbar announced 'Din-i-Ilahi' in
1582 AD.
• Fruguson has called it a 'romantic tale in stone'.
Sheikh Salim Chishti's Tomb
• Construction of this mausoleum started in the
compound of Jama Masjid in 1571 AD.
• It is constructed from red and sandstone.
• Later Jahangir replaced marble with red sandstone.
• The floor of the tomb is colorful.

Buland Darwaza
• Akbar built the Buland Darwaza on the southern
side of Jama Masjid to commemorate the Gujarat
victory.
• Its height is 176 feet above the ground surface
made of red and sandstone.
• Its Mehrawi road was built to commemorate
Dakshin Vijay, which is its specialty.
• There is an article on its door, through which Akbar
has given the message of faith, sentiment and
devotion to human society.

Islam Khan's Tomb

• This tomb is situated to the south of Sheikh Salim Chishti's mausoleum.
• In this mausoleum, the 'arches' are used.
• The first example is the use of the arch arches.

Lahore Fort

Fatehpur Sikri was the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1570 to 1585.
• After this, Akbar returned to Lahore to face the invasion of Uzbeks.
• Here he built the Lahore Fort.
• This fort is inspired by Van Jahangiri Mahal in Agra.
• The only difference is that the figures of elephants and lions on the brackets of the fort and
peacock figures were carved on the balcony!

In addition to these buildings, Akbar built the 40-pillared 'Fort of Allahabad' in 1583, the 'Fort of
Attock' in 1581.
Akbar's construction is a combination of the pre-Mughal era royal style and the regional styles
of Gujarat, Malwa and Chanderi.

Architecture in the time of Jahangir-

• Jahangir encouraged painting more than architecture. As a result, very few buildings were
constructed in his time.
• Akbar's Tomb located in Sikandra near Agra (which was planned by Akbar but constructed by
Jahangir in 1613 AD. The top floor of this five-story pyramid-shaped mausoleum is made
entirely of marble.
• The remarkable feature of this mausoleum - its dome-less dome and sandstone mausoleum
and marble tower are four beautiful towers.

Taj Mahal-
The ultimate example of Shah Jahan carpet architecture is the mausoleum of his beloved wife
Mumtaz Mahal, built on the banks of the Yamuna River in Agra. (Taj Mahal) which has been
built at a cost of 9 crores in 22 years. Conferred the title of Nadir-ul-Asrar and its head was the
Egyptian or the creator Ustad Isa.
Lenpool has written about the Taj Mahal
that the Taj Mahal is a dream in the form
of marble, planned by God and constructed
by the goldsmiths.
Likewise, Howell has called it - the true
statue of Indian femininity. He has said
that - this is a great idea, which is not
related to architecture, but to sculpture.
The Taj Mahal offers an amazing fusion of
Persian and Indian style, which is why
Smith has described it as a product of a blend of European and Asian talent. This mausoleum
was inspired by Humayun's Tomb in Delhi.
Architecture in Aurangzeb's time-
Aurangzeb had no interest in the fine arts, yet some buildings were built during his period.
Among the prominent buildings of Aurangzeb, Moti Masjid (full marble) located in the Red Fort
of Delhi, Badshahi Mosque (1674 AD) in Lahore and Rabia Bibi's Tomb are prominent.
Aurangzeb commemorated his beloved wife Rabia Durrani in 1678 AD. Built a mausoleum in
Aurangabad, which is famous as Bibi Ka Maqbara. It is also known as the Taj Mahal of the
South.

Question 11. Delhi was a commercial center between the 17th and
18th centuries! During this business, there was a lot of progress, how
was it possible to explain?

Answer: -
Delhi was not only a cultural center but also famous as a commercial center, it was known as a
capital transaction, a long distance business and a huge market! Shahjahanabad, which used to
be the Mughal capital, is now known as Old Delhi! It was the center of trade!

Due to Delhi's business progress

1. Shah Jahan made the capital Agra into Delhi

due to which the administrative importance of
Delhi increased.
2. Due to the capital change, business people,
Karigars and artists also left Agra and started
moving to the new capital!
3. This century (17th and 18th century) is
considered a time of peace, due to which the
business was able to grow!
4. The land here was also of alluvial soil, it would be a land where the soil is considered fertile
for agricultural production!
5. This area was connected by road, due to which it was possible to do business, along with
Yamuna being with Delhi, it also helped to do business soon.
Question 12. Explain the rise and development of Urdu as a literary
language?
Answer:-

Urdu literature
The literature which was written in Urdu language is called Urdu literature.

The foundation of Urdu literature was laid by Amir Khusro (1255–1325), who called this
language Dehlavi or Hindavi. This famous Persian poet wrote puzzles, couplets, quadrupeds and
lions in Hinduism. He had also written such ghazals in which one is of Farti and the other is of
Hinduism. In fact, many languages and dialects were included in his language, due to which the
language was called Rekhta which means a mixture of many things.

Shine:-
The origin of Rekhata was the victory of Muhammad Ghori in 1199 Delhi. When Qutbuddin
Aibak took over the rule here, Persian and Punjabi were spoken colloquially in Lahore, now in
Pakistan. After that, the languages like Brajbhasha, Haryanvi, Rajasthani etc. also got mixed up
in the standing dialect and in this way a new type of language was born. Being a mixed
language, it was called Rekhta.

Qutbuddin Aibak was a Sufi himself, so Delhi gradually became the center of Sufis. These Sufis
used Hinduism to propagate religion because this language was suitable for reaching the local
people.

After Alauddin Khizli's conquest of Gujarat and Deccan, Hindavi also reached there through
Sufis.

Khwaja Gesu Dara wrote Merajul Ashikin which became the first prose book of Urdu. Due to
the spread of Sufis throughout the country, Hindavi spread throughout the country. They also
used Persian as well as local words. He also incorporated Indian ideas. By 1490, Bijapur in South
India and Golconda by 1518 had become centers of Hinduism.
Development:-

The fourth king of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–
1611) finds literature in Hinduism.

Mukimi, Rustami, Nusrati etc. became famous poets under the royal patronage of Bijapur while
Pajahi, Gabbasi and Ibnenishati etc. in Golconda. These poets led to a different Deccani style of
Dehalvi.

By the way, Gujarati style of Dehlavi was also born in Gujarat, Kathiawar and surrounding
areas. The reason for this was the departure of Sufi Qutbul Alam and Sheikh Ahmed in Gujarat
due to Timur's attack in 1398. Famous compositions of this style are Muhammad Hussain's
'Khoob' and 'Yusuf-Zulekha' by Amin.

During the Mughal rule, the words of

Persian came in large numbers in the
Hindu language and with the development
of Hinduism, the name of this language got
reiterated. This line came to be known as
Urdu during the reign of Shah Jahan. It is
another matter that till the end of the rule
of Mughal dynasty in India in 1857, the
word Rekha was also being used.

The next round of Urdu literature came with poems like Mir, Sauda, Dard etc. This era became
the golden age of Urdu literature. The social conditions in Delhi were not good due to which
many poets like Mir, Sauda etc. fled from Delhi to Lucknow where conditions were better.
Insha, Musafi, Nasikh, Aatash, etc. The famous ghazals were held in Lucknow.

A special aftermath occurred in Lucknow. While Mir Hasan introduced his brilliance in
Masnavi, Jamir, Anees, Dabir, etc. in Marseya moved away from the Persian tradition and gave
birth to a special type of literature. Imam Hussain's sacrifice was described as epic, the area and
subject of the language expanded, it became more pranjal and sweet. Nawab Wajidali Shah of
Awadh had a major contribution towards Urdu literature. He wrote 75 small books. Amanat
wrote the first Urdu play called Indar Sabha.

Progressivism started in Urdu literature 1935

Happened to In the era of progressivism, almost 100 percent of the top Urdu writers were
progressives. Story, poem, novel, criticism etc. expanded. Urdu was promoted in such a way
that from the market to the films Urdu became a kingdom. Scientific and other useful and
syllabus books were also widely translated and there was a time when Urdu became the
medium of teaching for all subjects till the graduation level at Jamia Millia University in
Hyderabad and Delhi.

After the declaration of independence of India, there were huge Hindu-Muslim riots in India
and Pakistan which affected the writers and poets of Urdu. He wrote the finest literature
against the riots. The leading Urdu writers of this era are Krishnachandar, Manto, Khwaja
Ahmad Abbas, Ismat Chughtai, Josh, Sardar Jafri, Vamik etc.

Urdu literature also contributed to the campaign to establish peace after the assassination of
Mahatma Gandhi.

After independence, a new phase of Urdu literature went on. The manifestation of modernity,
state-of-the-art and postmodernism is the main trend of this
period.

Nazir Akbarabadi
There are also poets who can be said to have disregarded
classical Persian-Arabic traditions by their fellow poets. Nazir
Akbarabadi (death-1830), writing in the late 18th century and
early 19th century, was an outstanding poet who chose to
write short nazha (in different genres) in common and literary language.

Mir Anees and Mirza Dabir

There were two great 19th century composers, Mir Anees and Mirza Dabir, who together
established Musadda (a six-line stanza containing 'Aa' and 'B' qafis) as the style of Murcière and
included many new themes and descriptions. Coupled with this, this style was more elaborate
than ordinary shola creations. Anees (death-1874) and Dabir (death-1871) of Lucknow in
Murcia have no match.

Mirza Ghalib
Main article :

Ghalib
Ghalib, contemporary of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, is considered to be the
last of the classical composers and the first
among the early modern creators. His
compositions formulated the standard of
modern poetry, followed by Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan (death-1898), Hussain Azad
(death-1910), Hali (death-1914) and Shibli
(death-1914). In the late 19th century,
huge tales such as Tilism-e-Hoshruba
(1881–1917) led to short gospel stories,
such as Bago-Bahar (1802), written by Mir
Amman, and Fasana-e-Ajayb (1831),
written by Rajab Ali Baig Suroor. Stalled The Urdu novel began with the works of Nazir Ahmed
(death-1912), Ratananath Sarshar (death-1902) and Muhammad Hadi Rousseva (death-1931).
Modern Era:-
In fact, Urdu prose began in the 19th century at the Delhi College and Fort William College in
Calcutta with translations of Persian stories and later writers of the Aligarh movement. The
modern Urdu novel began with Premchand (death-1936), whose 'Godan' is considered a
classical work. Other famous modern fiction writings include 'Ladyu Kathas' by Saadat Hasan
Manto (death-1955), 'Aart ka Dariya' (1960) by Kurratulain Haider, Abdullah Hussain's 'Sad
Naslin' (1963) 'A Chadar' by Rajinder Singh Bedi. Maili C '(1962) and Intizar Hussain's' Basti'
(1979). Allama Iqbal (death-1838?) Is considered one of the best Urdu poets of the 20th
century. Other famous literary figures include NM Rashid (death-1982), Miraji (death-1949),
Josh Malihabadi (death-1982), Firaq Gorakhpuri (death-1982), Faiz Ahmed Faiz (death-1984),
Makhdoom Muhiuddin (death-1969) and Akhtar-ul- Iman (1996).