CHAPTER Inside D Displacement current + Maxwells equations DEtecromagneti waves «+ Physical quantities associated cere a 3) elscromagoetic specu Electromagnetic waves We have learnt that an electric current produces magnetic field and a magnetic field changing with time gives rise to an electric field. This brought together the phenomena of electricity and magnetism into a coherent and unified theory. After this discovery, Maxwell in 1865, pointed out that a change in either electric or magnetic field with time produces the other field. From this Maxwell concluded that variation of electric and magnetic field vectors perpendicular to each other leads to the production of electromagnetic disturbances in space. These disturbances show properties of waves and can travel in space even without any material medium. These waves are called electromagnetic waves. Maxwell also concluded that electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature and that light is an electromagnetic wave. In this chapter, we will study characteristics of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum followed by the concept of displacement current and Maxwell's equations. 1) Displacement current While applying the Ampere’s circuital law to find magnetic field at a point outside a capacitor connected to a time varying current, Maxwell noticed an inconsistency in Ampere’s law. He then suggested the existence of an additional current and called it displacement current. “Displacement current is a current which is produced due to the rate of change of electric flux with respect to time”. It is given by oA te) For the relation of displacement current, consider a parallel plate capacitor which is being charged as shown in the figure, According to Maxwell, contradic This missing term must be such matter what surface is used, ‘tion in Ampere’s law is because of some missing term. that one gets the same magnetic fields at point P, noje missing term must be related with changing electri Fi which passes through area A, between, the Mites ca itor shown inthe figure. = cm Souree Fig. 8.1 A parallel plate capacitor with an emf source ifatan instant charge on the plates of capacitor is Q, area of pte is A then electric field between the plates is uniform, which is given by Ea Ato (This field is perpendicular to area A,) Eketrc field outside the plates is zero. The electric flux through area A, Q =ExA= xd fe Bx A= oe (A= A, because flux will pass through area A) i) Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (519 where, I, = conduction current, lisplacement current and de 4p = flux of the electric field through the area bounded by closed curve. The following inferences can be drawn from the above discussion as given below () The conduction and displacement currents are individually discontinuous but the currents together possess the property of continuity through any closed electric circuit. (ii) The displacement current is precisely equal to the conduction current when both are present in different parts of the circuit. (ii) The displacement current arises due to rate time of change of electric flux (or electric field) between the two plates of the capacitor. (iv) Just as the conduction current, the displacement current is also the source of varying magnetic field. Example 8.1 Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of radius 12 cm and separated by 5.0 cm. The ‘capacitor is being charged by an extemal source (not shown in the figure). The charging current is constant and equal to 0.15A. ( Obsain the displacement current across the plates. i) Is Kirchhoff first rule Gunction rule) valid at each plate of the capacitor? Explain. This current J, (the missing term in the Ampere’s law) asses through the surface A, and is known as Maxwell 4isplacement current. Hence, Ampere's circuital law ( Bedl= vot] was Modified to, ol! +0 te) faa lis called modified “Ampere’s circuital law or Ampere ‘well's circuital law. Bo Ge +14) LISA. i.e. displacement current is equal to conduction current. (Gi) Yes, Kirchhoffs first rule is valid at each plate of the capacitor. Net current is equal to the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current. Example 82A parallel plate capacitor consists of two circular plates of radius R = 04 m. They are separated by a short distance. If electric field between the capacitor plates changes as v ao 10° oat Find displacement current between the plates.520) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 Sol, Given, area of plates, A= RR? =314 x (01)’m? v 6x10? dt Displacement current between the plates, 8.85 x 107! x 3.14 (0.1)? x 6x10 16.67 A Example 83 Consider a parallel plate capacitor is charged by @ constant current I, with plate area A and separation between the plates d. Consider a plane surface of area A/4 parallel to the plates and drawn symmetrically between the plates. Find the displacement current through this area. Sol. Charge on the capacitor plates at time ¢ is given by, a=k Electric field between the plates of the capacitor at this instant is, Ee at ey Ate So, electric flux through the given ara, I wee ‘Therefore, displacement current, settee t(B) ot ta ae “oT deo 4 Maxwell's equations Maxwell's equations are the basic laws of electricity and ‘magnetism. These equations give complete description of all electromagnetic interactions. Maxwell on the basis of his equations, predicted the existence of electromagnetic ‘waves. These equations are as fundamental to electromagnetic phenomenon as Newton's law are for the study of mechanical phenomenon. There are four Maxwells equations which are explained as given below 1. Gauss's law of electrostatics This law states that the total electric flux through any closed surface is always equal to z times the net charge enclosed by that surface. This law relates electric field with a charge distribution. It is given by fe This equation is called Maxwell's first equation. @ 2. Gauss's law of magnetism This law states that the net magnetic flux through any close surface is always zero. Its given by §B-ds =o] This equation is called Maxwell's second equation. 3. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction The line integral of electric field along a closed path is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the surface bounded by that closed path, It is given by fEdi= This equation is called Maxwell's third equation. 4, Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law This law states that the line integral of the magnetic field along a closed path is equal to ig times the total current (i.e, sum of conduction current and displacement current) threading the surface bounded by that closed path. It is given by te) de fBeal 14 +60 This equation is called Maxwell's fourth equation. Example 84 A parallel plate capacitor of area 40 cm? and plate separation 3.0 mm is charged initially to 80 uC. Due to radioactive source nearby, the medium between the plates gets slightly conducting and the plate loses charge initially at the rate of2 x10" Cs"!. What is the magnitude and direction of displacement current? What is the magnetic field between the plates? Sol, Due to leaking, there isa flow of positive charge from the Positive plate to the negative plate (or the flow of negative charge in the reverse direction). Thus the conduction current within the plates is from the positive plate to the negative plate, Now the dis-":ce=nent current is aE af 1 dy AS eA 4| 2 Joa ede (2) oA at =2x107 cst The direction of displacement current is opposite to that of electric field E and hence opposite to the conduction current. But its magnitude is same as that of the conduction current. ‘The net current between the plates is zero. Using Ampere's law (with Ip there replaced by I= Ig + I =0 fB-d=nol+ nolle +1y)=149%0=0 ‘So, the magnetic field within the plates is zero at all points.check point 8.1) ae ding to Maxwell's hypothesis, a changing electric fod gives rise to (©) electric current (6) Pressure radiant 3's in his famous equation of el i suena to onc eactmaptn fa) AC cutent {¢) csplacement current es ttl (©) DC current (@) impedance 2 oft ME are sa 4. Dimensions of fg = are same as that of (@ charge (©) potential (©) capacitance (@) current {The aw which states thatthe variations of electric field causes magnetic field is (0) Faraday’s law (& BotSavar law {6) modiied Ampere's law (0 Lenz's aw The conduction current in ideal casé through @ circuit is zero wen charge on capacitor is (@) 220 (®) maximum (€ ary transient value (@ depends on capacitor used 2) Electromagnetic waves Eectromagnetic waves (or EM waves) are the waves hich are composed of changing electric field E and gnetic field B , sinusoidally and propagating through ‘ice such that, the two fields are perpendicular to each and perpendicular to the direction of wave tion, Sources of electromagnetic waves © waves are produced by accelerating charged _ cles which ean be related with following physical 2enomena, (0 A charge oscillating harmonically is a source of ‘waves of same frequency: A simple L-C oscillator and energy source as shown in ia ‘can produce EM waves of desired frequenc 7 (v= . 2aLe 6. According a Ampere-Maxwell'scircuital ia, (@ fe-ds=2 () feat = -2 % at © fa-ctang(t +e) 7. What s the displacement current between the square plate of side 1 om of a capacitor, if electric field between the plates is. ‘changing at the rate of 310° vm"'s""? @) 27x10 8 (©) 32x10 (© 42x10 (@ 40x10 8. capacitor has been charged by a DC source, What are the ‘magnitude of conduction and displacement current when itis fully charged? @u=b=t 4 @u=te=0 @G=04 9. A parallel plate capacitor of plate separation 2 mm is ‘connected in an electric circuit having source voltage 400 V. What isthe value ofthe displacement current for 10° s, if the Plate area is 60 m?? (@) 1.082 «10°78 (©) 2.062 x10 (9 3082 x107A (@) 5.062 «10% 10, Maxwel's equations describe the fundamental laws of {@) Ony electricity (b) Only magnetism {6) Only mechanics, {(@) Both (a) and (o) (© fe-0s=0 Typotomer 4 a SBN wave el—| Sel Tarpon et x ‘ine ey Cover ect dpe Fig. 8.2 An arrangement for generating electromagnetic wave L-C oscillator produces a sinusoidal current in the antenna, which generates the wave. P is a distant point at which a detector can monitor the wave travelling past it. i) Electromagnetic waves are produced when high speed electron enters into target of high atomic weight. (ii) Electromagnetic waves are produced during de-excitation of nucleus in radioactivity. (iv) An electron in a stationary orbit orbiting around its nucleus does not emit EM waves. But during transistion from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit, it emits EM waves.522) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 Graphical representation of propagation electromagnetic waves During propagation of EM waves through a medium, electric field (E) and magnetic field B vary sinusoidally. Electric field and magnetic field become maximum at same position and time. Fig. 83 A plane EM wave travelling along z-axis Also E and B are perpendicular to each other as well as to the direction of propagation of the wave (E x B), In the given figure, electric field is along x-direction, magnetic field is along y-direction and the wave propagates along z-direction. ‘Therefore, E(x) 1 B(y) Lz (direction of propagation of the wave 2) Equations of electromagnetic waves ‘The EM wave propagating in the positive z-direction may be represented by following equation Here, E = E, = Eq sinkkz —ot) B=B, =By sine —ot) where, k=2n/ 0, = wavelength), @=2nv (v= frequency), Ep = amplitude of varying electric field, By = amplitude of varying magnetic field If the wave propagates in negative z-direction, negative sign is replaced by positive sign and equations become E=E, =Epsin(tz +01) B=B, =By sin(kz + at) Characteristic of electromagnetic waves Characteristic of electromagnetic waves are given bélow (i) These waves do not require any material medium for propagation. (ii) These waves travel in free space with the speed of light (3.0 x10 m/s). (iii) Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature, (iv) The oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors of an EM wave are oriented along mutually perpendicular directions and are in phase. (v) These waves do not deflected by electric field as well as magnetic field. (vi) EM waves are polarised. (vii) EM waves carry energy and momentum. (viii) EM waves exert pressure called radiation pressure, (ix) Electric field vector of EM waves is responsible for its optical effects. Physical quantities associated with EM waves Important physical quantities associated with EM waves are listed as below (0) Speed E In free spece its spesd,:c = = 0 <2 =3x10°ms Voto Bo In medium, v =, ye where, [to =absolute permeability €9 =absolute permittivity permeability of medium permittivity of medium e (i) Energy ‘The energy in EM waves is divided equally between the electric and magnetic fields. Energy der~‘:y (energy per unit volume) of electric field, 1B? ¢oE? energy density of magnetic field, u, ‘The total energy per unit volume is 2 2 Uti, +, =Legk? +12 egg? 2 Pa 2uo Ho Also, average energy density, 2 2 yy = Leg? +150 21,457 = Bo 4 4h 2 to (i) Intensity ‘The energy crossing per unit area per unit time perpendicular to the direction of propagation of EM wave is called intensity of wave. i.e, y= _total EM energy (u) surface area(A)x time(®) __ total energy density xvolume surface areax time 1 1 BS ~ Tay, xc = degk}e = 120. Wm? peobden gee Wan- ite Intersity due toa point source Consider a point source S, emanating We Fecvomagnetic waves (ight in al directions, sais PB Fig. 84 A point source emitting light in all directions power ofthe source is, then intensity of ight at any point is Sapa teeeha(2,) win? Auta Ge Inthe same wave, intensity ofa ine source, Ie 1) and fora plane source intensity i independent of. (i) Momentum EM waves also carry momentum. If a portion of EM wave of energy u propagating with speed g, then linear energy (u) speed (c)” If wave is incident on a completely absorbing surface, then. © If wave is incident on a totally ¢ ‘momentum = ‘momentum delivered p reflecting surface, then momentum delivered p = 2%, ¢ (W) Poynting vector The rate of flow of energy in an electromagnetic wave is described by the vector S, called the poynting vector, which is defined by the expression, s-teExB) Ho Its magnitude $ is related to the rate at which energy is transported by a wave across a unit area at any instant. Since, E and B are mutually perpendicular. Hence, | Ex B|=EB Ths, so q Ho se sM? of Win? ‘The SI unit of poynting vector $ is Js"'-m* or Wm". ote The irecion of the poyning vector Sof an EM wave at any point ves Fees a ne elon te deco fee Warspr at hat sant (v) Radiation pressure : i tthe momentum imparted per second per unit area, on hich the light falls. For a perfectly reflecting surface P Vector; ¢ = speed of light Fora perfectly absorbing surface, Py = => poynting Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (us Example 84 An _L-C resonant circuit contains a 100 pF ‘capacitor and a 400 wH inductor. It is set into oscillation coupled to an antenna. Find the frequency of the radiated electromagnetic waves. Sol. Given, C =100 pF =100% 10°"? F, L= 400 pit =400x 10 H Frequency of radiated EM wave is. 1 BmVLE © 2x 314/400 x 10°* x 10010" = 0.0796 x 10" Hz Example 85 Electromagnetic waves travel in a medium with a speed of 2x 10° ms". The relative magnetic permeability of the medium is 1. Find the relative electrical permittivity. Sol, Given, v= 2x 10%ms and p, =1 ‘The speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium is given by 1 oll Vie where, 1 and € are absolute permeability and absolute permittivity of the medium respectively. Now, wat and esto : + Ba becomes, y= ee = x [ xe oitoeo st _ Gx 10°? Via, Qx 10x t = 2.25 Example 86 An electromagnetic wave of frequency 40 MHz travels in free space in the x-direction. () Determine the wavelength of the wave. (i) Atsome point and at some instant, the electric field has its maximum value of 750 NC™ and is along the Y-axis. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at this position and time. Sol () Wavelength of the wave, 2=£ Gi) Given, maximum value of electric field, Ey = 750 NC Ey __ 750 Magnetic field, By ==2 = ne oe Bx 108 Since, Eand B are mutually perpendicular and they both are perpendicular to the propagation of wave. Thus, we concluded that maymetic field is in negative direction 5x 10° T Example 87 Find the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields in a parallel beam of light of intensity 4.0 Wm~*, ‘Sol, The intensity of plane electromagnetic wave is, 1 T= 5 Poor524) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 ~ Amplitude of electric field, Ep = J ee 2a Bam 10x oe 10 Fartber amplitude of magnetic eld yw 2 2487 135 107 e305 10 Example 88 The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by 3, =(2x 10 7) sin (0.5x 10x + 1.5x 10! 8) (0) What isthe wavelength and frequency ofthe wave? (i) Write an expression forthe electric field Sol) Comparing the given equation with the standard ‘equation of electromagnetic wave, B=B, sin (e+ ot) We have, 38x 10° Hz Gi) Given, By =2107T Ey = Bye =2% 107 x3 10" =60 NC* ‘The electric ficld is perpendicular to both, the magnetic field and the direction of propagation of wave. Thus, E, =(60 NC*)sin(0.5x 10°x+ 1.5x 10") Example 89. The magnetic field ina plane electromagnetic B= (2004) sin [a0 10% one - 3} Find the average c ‘energy density corresponding to the electric field. Sol Average energy density corresponding to electric and ‘magnetic field is equal which is given by 1 ge BB yy => eg} = BO tw = OES 4ho Substituting the values, ng POX? gg a aex 10 SI Example 810 The electric fll ofan electromagnetic wave is given by E=(50.NC™) sin w(t ~ x/c) Find the eneray contained in a cylinder of cross-section 10 cm ? and length 50 em along the X-axis. Sol, The average value of energy density (energy/vohim) is given by. 1 BS Total volume of the cylinder, V=A+I :, Total energy contained in the cylinder, 1 blag) ) G 3 aan Substituting the values, we have (8.86% 10717) (50)* (10% 1 5x 107 4)(50% 10%) Example 8.1 in. region of free space, the electric field at some instant of time is, E = (80% + 32] - 64h) Vm" and the magnetic field is B=(0.2i+ 0.08] + 0.29k)uT. (8 Show that these two fields are perpendicular to each other. (i) Determine the poynting vector for these fields. Sol, (i) E will be perpendicular to B, if E-B =0 Now, of + 32] - 6a). (0.24 + 0.089 + 0.29%) = (60x 0.24 32% 0.08~ 64x 0.29)=0 ‘Thus, we can say that El B. Gi) The pyetng vest, 8 = E(B B) en Gp7| 92-64 z 0.2 0.08 0.29) 11.524 - 28.8]]x10° Wm? Example 8.12 @ Find the energy stored in a 90 cm length of a laser beam ‘operating at 6 mW. (i) Find the amplitude of electric field in a parallel beam of light of intensity 17.7 W/m’. ‘Sol. (i) The time taken by wave to move a distance 90 em, 90% 10 3x10" Energy contained in 90 em length, 6x10 «3x10 =18x 107 J (i) tensity of tight, =1 ge 10% 5 2 (8.85 x 1071)E3 x 3 x 10% 1 2 4 x10 ‘Therefore, the amplitude of the electric field in the pl ey EnV Example 8.13 Light with an fe ith an energy flux of 18 Wem falls on sro otal tnt wf an area of 20.cm:, then find the aver exerted on the surface during span of 30 ming 9" Oe®energy falling on the surfac atl ene the wirface, os us (18 Wem"?¥30x 60.) (20 em!) = 6.48% 10° the total momentum delivered is, 4 640x107) Fao Tor KEM = 2.16% 10° gins! J sterefoFes se average force exerted on the surface is, 16 107 30x 60 2x 10° N ihe surface is a perfect reflector, then the change in momentum will tertwice the above vale, so the force wil be twice or 200 10- bere change in momentum) ate imple 814 Evaluate the amplitude of electric and magnetic Eat peduced bythe radiation coring from a 208 buat IMtonce of 2m. Assume that the efficiency of the bulb 20% and tise point source. Gal Consder the situation shown below, Gar an? ARQ" Also, intensity of EM wave is given by, 1 } tobe s Fad cod x3 x10" ye 8 10% “Ample of eae Hl Bo = eggs “187° V™ “Amplitude of magnetic field, Bp = 2 3) Electromagnetic spectrum res in increasing Or frequency vis called snge varies from Orderly arrangement of EM wav tlect8ing order of wavelength & oF 'Tomagnetic spectrum. The Fa! Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (as 107m to 10m ie., from y-rays to radiowaves as shown, in the figure given below. ssomts ven | se = 103. 102 Vibe = ees main avlengh (m) ion 400 ne Violet 108 450 nm ion 1087 1088 is 08 108 joe Blue 500 Am 10° Long aso waves 1700 am a Fig. 84 Electromagnetic spectrum “The wavelength ranges, frequency ranges and uses ofthe various regions of electromagnetic spectrum are summarised below. Radio waves Radio waves were first predicted by James Clerk Maxwell. Radiowaves are produced due to oscillating charge particles between plates of capacitor in L-C circuit. Uses of radiowaves are given below () These are used in AM (Amplitucle Modulation) from 1530 KHz to 1710 kHz. These are also used in ground ‘wave propagation. (Gi) These are used in TV waves ranging from 54 MH to 1890 MHz, ii) These are used in FM (Frequency Modulation) ranging from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. iv) UHF (Ultra High Frequency) waves are used in cellular phones, Microwaves ‘These waves were also predicted by James Clerk Maxwell. Microwaves are called short wavelength radio waves which are produced by vacuum tubes. Uses of microwaves are given below () These are used in RADAR systems for aireraft navigation. (i) These are used in microwave oven for cooking purpose. (ii) These are used in the study of atomic and molecular structures. (iv) These are used to measure the speed of vehicle, speed of cricket ball, etc.52) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 Infrared waves These waves were discovered by Herschell. These waves are also called heat waves. These waves are produced by heat radiating bodies and molecules. They have high penetration power. Uses of infrared waves are given below (i) These are used in heat therapy to heat muscular pain or sprain. (ii) These are used in satellite for army purpose. (Gi) These are used in weather forecasting. (iv) These are used for producing dehydrated fruits. (¥) These are used in solar water heater, solar cells TV remote and cooker. (vi) These are used in TV remote as signal carrier. (vi) These are used in night vision or infrared photography. Visible rays ‘These rays were discovered by Sir Issac Newton. It is that part of spectrum which is visible by human eye. Visible rays are used by the optical organs of humans and animals for three primary purposes given below (i) To see things, avoid bumping from them and escape danger. (i) To find stuff to eat. (ii) To find other living things with which to consort, so as to prolong the species. ~ Ultraviolet rays These rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. UV-rays are produced by special lamps and very hot bodies. The sun is an important source of UV-rays but fortunately absorbed by ozone layer. Uses of ultraviolet rays are given below (i) These are used in burglar alarm. (ii) These are used in checking mineral sample, (Gi) These are used to study molecular structure and in detection of invisible writing. (iv) These are used to kill germs in minerals. (v) These are used to sterilise surgical instruments, X-rays ‘These rays were discovered by German professor Roentgen. Uses of X-rays are given below (i) These are used in surgery to detect the fracture, diseased organs, stones in the body, ete. i) These are used in engineering to detect fault, crack on bridges, testing of welds. (ii) These are used at metro station to detect metal or explosive material. (iv) These are used in scienti Gamma (y) rays ‘yrtays were discovered by Rutherford. They travel with the speed of light and having high penetration power. Uses of gamma (y) rays are given below (i) These are used to produce nuclear reaction. i) These are used in radio therapy for the treatment of ‘tumour and cancer. ic research, (iii) These are used in food industry to kill pathogenic microorganism. (iv) These are used to provide valuable information about the structure of atomic nucleus. Production and detection of different types of electromagnetic waves Wavelength = ; rype range, Frequency range Production Detection Radiowave > 0.0m 10" toi0? Hi Rapid acceleration and deceleratons of electrons in Receiver's acrala actals Microwave 0.1 miolmm 10? tid" i Ki : aes Mi : ° lystron valve or magnetron valve cnt contact diodes Infrared wave Imm to 700 nm 10! 010" fe ee 7 ne 700 am to “Visible rape Vibration of atoms and molecules ‘Thermopiles bolometer, infrared 400 am Ultraviolet rays 400 nm to 10" to10" He __energy level t 10" to10" He 10" to 10" He 4x10! to 8x10!" He Electrons in atoms emit i _higher energy level toa ke nner shell electrons in atoms moving from bi X-ray tubes or inner shel electrons Radioactive decay of the nucleus hotographic film The eye, photocells, photographic film Photocells, photographie film ight when they move frm lower energy level energy level 2 Photographic flim, Geiger tubes ionisation chamber Photographic film, Geiger tubes, fonisation chambercheck point 8.2 ere eee ee antenna. The wavelength of the radiated elect waves iS Dialedoae) @ 377mm (©) 266m (9 a77om (@) 3:77¢m 2, The velocity of electromagnetic wave is parallel to (a) BxE (b) ExB. OE oe 43. An electromagnetic wave, going through vacuum is described by E = Ey sin (kx — at) Which of the following is independent of wavelength? @k 0) © © klo (@ ko 4. Which of the following statements is incorrect about electromagnetic waves? (0) These are transverse in nature (0) These are produced by accelerating charges (©) They travel wth the same speed in al media (9) They travel in free space with the speed of Foht 5 inelectromagnetic wave, the phase difference between electic and magnetic field vectors E and B is (2) zer0 (0) xi2 On (i 6.The oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors of an ‘ectromagnetic wave are oriented along (@) the same direction but dtfer in phase by 90° (0) the same direction and are in phase (©) mutually perpendicular directions and are in phase (mutually perpendicular directions and difer in phase by 90° 7. Which of the following relation is correct? (8) JesEy = JitoB (©) Wot = B/Eo (© = JinotoB (© Shoko = Vive 8. In an apparatus, the electric field was found to oscillate with amplitude of 18 Vm~'. The magnitude of the oscilating magnetic field will be (@) 4x 10°T (©) 6x 108 T (©) 9x10°T (11x 10" T 9. The rms value of the electric field of the light coming from the sun is 720 NC™. The average total energy density of the electromagnetic wave is (@) 637 « 10? Jv? () 81.35% 10"? J? (©) 35% 109 Im? (6) 458% 10% Sm? 10, The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave varies with time of amplitude 2 Vm"" propagating along Z-axis. The average density of the magnetic field is (in J m-*) (@) 13.20% 10° (©) 886x107 () 177210 @) 443% 10% 11. Radiations of intensity 0.5 Wm"? are striking a metal plate. ‘The pressure on the plate is (@) 0.166% 10 Nm? (b) 0.32 10° Nav? (6) 0.111 10 Nev? (@) 0.083% 10 Nov? 12. In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetising fields ere 100 Vm" and 0.265 Am”. The maximum energy flow is (@) 265 We? (©) 36.5 Wer? ‘i (6) 487 Win? {@) None ofthese 13, Which ofthe folowing waves have the maximum wavelength? (@) Xrays (©) iReays (© Uvsays (6) Radio waves 14, Which ofthe following electromagnetic waves are used in weather forecasting? (@) Infrared waves (0) Radio waves (@) Microwaves (@) Visible rays 15. Electromagnetic radiation of highest frequency is (@) infrared radiations (0) visible radiation (©) radio waves: (a) v-raysChapter exercises A) Taking it together (Assorted questions of the chapter for advanced level practice) 1, Wave which cannot travel in vacuum is, @) X-rays (6) infrasonic (© ultraviolet (4) radio waves 2, Energy of electromagnetic waves is due to their @) wavelength (©) frequency (6) electric and magnetic fields {@) None of the above 8. Which of the following represents an infrared wavelength? ‘y @)10" em. () 10° cm. (©) 10% em. (@) 107 cm 4. Which of the following is of shortest wavelength? G@) X-rays (b) prays () Microwaves, (@) Radio waves 5. The frequency of visible light is of the order of (@) 10" He (6) 10° He (©) 10° He (@) 10" He 6. The structure of solids is investigated by using (a) cosmic rays () X-rays © rays (6) infrared radiations 7. Energy stored in electromagnetic osclations is in the form (a) electrical energy (0) magnetic ener, (6) Both (a) and (b) 7 e (@) None of these 8, The range of wavelength of the visible light is (@) 10. to 100A (b) 4000 A to 8000 A (©) 8000 A to 10000 A (€) 10000 A to 15000 A 9. Which of the following electromagnetic waves have the longest wavelength? (@) Heat waves (6) Radio waves (€) Microwaves 10. Radio waves diffract around building although light waves do not. The reason is that radio waves {@) travel with speed langer than ¢ (©) have longer wavelength than light © carry news : @ are not electromagnetic waves 11. Frequency of wave is 6 x 10! Hz. The wave is @) radiowave © X-ray (b) microwave (@) None of these 12, The frequency 1057 MHz of radiation arising from two close energy levels in hydrogen belongs to @) radio waves () infrared waves © microwaves (@ prays 13. The part of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation used to cook food is G) ultraviolet rays (©) cosmic rays (©) X-rays @) microwaves 14, Which of the following shows green house effect? G@) Ultraviolet rays () Infrared rays, (X-rays (@) None of these 15. Which force in nature exits everywhere? (@) Nuclear force (0) Electromagnetic force (©) Weak force (@) Gravitation 16. Which of the following waves are used in RADAR systems for aircraft navigation? (a) X-rays (b) Infrared rays (© Ultraviolet rays (@) Microwaves 17, In an electromagnetic wave, the average energy density associated with electric field is Mev MQRC ()22e, e087 /2 18. In an electromagnetic wave, the average energy density associated with magnetic field is (a) Lisa (b) B75 (© B72 (@ 19/25?otal energy density of electroma aint ignetic waves i 4% Fcuum is given by the relation bel v 2 EB? 8B 1 LE O) eerety pg? Oe ce ais © 3 eb* +S aeB 2 4B? 2 os (5 coe? 4 BE 2h qo, tna plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field cxcillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2x 10! He and amplitude 48 Vm. The wavelength of the wave is 4) 24x 107° m. (b) 1.5% 107 m (9 4.16% 10° m (€) 3x 10° m 1. Consider the following statements regarding a beam of TASER. - {@ Itis highly monochromatic. { Itis an electromagnetic radiation from a source. (UD It travels with the speed of light. Which of the statements given above are correct? (0) Both I and It (0) Both Mf and UL (©) Both I and IIT (@ i, Wand I 22, For a medium with permittivity ¢ and permeability jt, the velocity of light is given by @ Juve b) ne fue @ Jem 23. The speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum depends upon the source of radiation (0) increases as we move from y-rays to radio waves (0) decreases as we move from y-rays to radio waves (is same forall of them @None of the above 24. Velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is given b . 8 Wines of j t) | £0. (d) Ho fe Vitot 35. Which one of the following is the property of ‘monochromatic, plane electromagnetic waves space? 18) Electric and magnetic fields have @ x2 (©) The energy contribution of both electric and ma fields are equal ‘9 The direction of propagath (8) The pressure exerted by the Wav Speed and energy density (©The speed of the wave is B/E ' phase difference of ygnetie in the direction of Bx E fe is the product ofits Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (as 26. The essential distinction between X-rays and y-rays is that (@) rays have smaller wavelength than X-rays () y-rays emanate from nucleus while X-rays emanate from outer part of the atom (6) y-rays have greater ionising power than X-rays (@) y-rays are more penetrating than X-rays 27. An EM wave radiates outwards from a dipole antenna, with Ey as the amplitude of its electric field vector. ‘The electric field Ey which transports significant energy from the source falls off as [NCERT Exemplar] ws wt (4) remains constant 28. The sun delivers 104 Wm" of electromagnetic flux to the earth's surface. The total power that is incident on a roof of dimensions (10 x 10)m? will be 10" W (b)10° W (10° w (i0" w 29. If E and Brepresent electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic wave, then the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is along INCERT Exemplar] @E OB (BxE @EXB 80. If £9 and j19 are respectively, the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of free space, ¢ and jt the corresponding quantities in a medium, the refractive index of the medium is [we whe ote Moto (o fest @ rs 5 1. Which is the correct expression of velocity of light? t a @ Ze JEoto io Bo wt (2 All ofthese i 82. Which of the following statement is false for the properties of electromagnetic waves? (@) Both electric and magnetic field vectors attain the maxima and minima at the same place and same time (©) The energy in electromagnetic wave is divided equally between electric and magnetic vectors (© Both electric and magnetic field vectors are parallel to cach other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave (@) These waves do not require any material medium for propagation5:0) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 33, ‘The average electric field of electromagnetic waves in certain region of free space is 9x 10“ NC“. Then, the average magnetic field in the same region is of the order of (27x10 T (2) 34, The electric and the magnetic field, associated with an electromagnetic wave, propagating along the Z-axis, can be represented by (@)[E =Ey k, B=Byi} (0B = Ey J.B =By hy 35. The magnetic field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is 2x 10"T. Its electric field amplitude, if the wave is travelling in free space is @)6 Vim (b) 60 V/m (©) 10/6 Vim (d) None of these 36. A parallel plate capacitor is charged to 60C. Due to a radioactive source, the plate losses change at the rate of 18x 107°Cs". The magnitude of displacement current is fa) 18x 10% Gs"* (b) 36x 10% Cs (e) 41x10 Gs @) 57x 10-7 Cs 87. The pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave of » intensity (Wm) on a non-reflecting surface is (cis (310 T (3x10? T the velocity of light) ie (b) Ie @re (aire? 38. An L-C resonant circuit contains a 200 pF capacitor and 200 pH inductor. It is set into oscillation coupled to an. antenna. The wavelength of the radiated electromagnetic waves is @) 377mm (377 em (0) 377m (@) 3.77 em 39. Radiation of intensity 1W/m? are striking on a metal plate. The pressure on the plate is (@)0.66 x10" Nim? (6) 0.25 N/m? (02 Nim? (84 Nim? 40. A linearly polatised electromagnetic wave given as E=Eicos (kz — et)is incident normally on a perfectly reflecting infinite wall at 2 =. Assuming that the material of the wall is optically inactive, the reflected wave will be given as UNCERT Exemplar] QE, =E,itke 00) (WE, = Eqi costkz + wt) (LE, =~ Eh costke + 01) (@) B, =E gi sinlez - ot) 41. The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is, given by B, =2x 10 sin (0.5x 10°x+ 1.5x 109) This electromagnetic wave is (a)a visible light (b) an infrared wave (0a microwave (aa radio wave 42, An electromagnetic wave going through vacuum is "described by E = Ep sin (bx - ot), B= By sin (ex 1), Which of the following equations is true? @Eyk=By 0 0) Ey o=By k (0 Ey By = ok (@) None of these 43. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating in the ‘x-direction has wavelength of 6.0 mm. The electric field is in the y-direction and its maximum magnitude of 33 Vm"'. The equation for the electric field as function of x and tis G)11sinx¢—x/e) (33 sin n(t—x/ 0) (b) 33 sin xx 10" - x /c) (d)11sin nx 10" (@-x/c) 44, An electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along direction with E =(E,i + Epj)cos(kz — wt) Choose the correct options from the following [NCERT Exemplar] (a) The associated magnetic field is given as B=) GiB, )eouk:— ot) (©) The associated magnetic field is given as (Bi -E,j )eos(kz ~ ot) {c) The given electromagnetic field is circularly polarised {G) The given electromagnetic wave is plane polarised 45. A plane electromagnetic wave is propagating along the z-direction. If the electric field component of this wave is in the direction @ + j), then which of the following is the direction of the magnetic field component. @+) w€-p OH-) @i+p 46. The ratio of contributions made by the electric field and ‘magnetic field components to the intensity of an EM wave is (NCERT Exem (ert Wer (ded ven 47. A perfectly reflecting mirror has an area of 1 cm?. Light energy is allowed to fall on it for I h at the rate of 10 W em“. The force that acts on the mirror is (2)335%10°°N (0) 6.7 10°°N (0)134x107N (02.4 x10" 48, One requires 11 eV of energy to dissociate a carbon ‘monoxide molecule into carbon and oxygen atoms. The minimum frequency of the appropriate electromagnetic Tadiation to achieve the dissociation lies in INCERT Exemplar] (b) infrared region. (6) microwave region a] (a) visible region (6) ultraviolet region‘he electri field intensity produce, ; cevsing from 100 W bulb at a 3 m digestions clectric field intensity produced by the eget goming from 50 W bulb atthe samme mrs INCERT Exemplar] E © ase 50, Light with an energy flux of 20 W/em? falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. I tne surface has an area of 30 em?, then the total E w= )2E ws 4 momentum delivered (for complete absorption) dating 30 min is (NCERT Exemplar} (@)36 10" kg-m/s (€)108 x 10* kg-m/s ()36 «10-4 kg-mn/s (21.08 10" kg-m/s 51. Magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave radiated by a 200 W bulb at a distance 2 m from it is assuming efficiency of bulb is 5% and it behaves like a point source. {@) 12.27 NIG, 40910 (b) 10N/G,10-°T. (ILTNC,5x10%T — (a) SN/C10“'T. P 8) Medical entrance special format questions Assertion and reason Directions (Q. Nos. 1-5) These questions consist of two statements each linked as Assertion and Reason. While answering these questions you are required to choose any ane of the following five responses : {a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion. (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion. (0) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (@) If Assertion is false but Reason is trac. (e) If both Assertion and Reason are fale. 1. Assertion Microwaves are used in microwaves oven for cooking purpose. ‘ Reason The frequency of microwaves is from 10! to 10" He, 2, Assertion In electromagnetic wave, the direction of variations of electric and magnetic field are Perpendicular to each other and also perpendicu! the direction of wave propagation. , Reason Electromagnetic waves are transverse i nature. 3. Assertion Ultraviolet radiations of higher Frequency Wave are dangerous to human being: t Reason Ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by th atmosphere. Assertion The frequency of aturally equals the frequen charge. Reason The energy associat ‘wave comes at the expense source, a letramgnstie wave bt ‘oscillation of the ed with the propagating ‘of the energy of the 5, Assertion Like light radiation, thermal radiation are also electromagnetic radiation. Reason The thermal radiations require no medium for propagation. Match the columns 1, Match Column I with Column If and select the correct, ‘option from the choices given below the columns. Columat Wf EdS= ary Column Ht () Faraday’s law of EME © fownfceed] © Satine 2, Match Column I (electromagnetic wave type) with Column Il (its application) and select the correct option from the choices given below the columns. Columat Column 1 (A)__Tnfraved waves ___(p)_to oat muscular strain (B)__ Radio waves (@_for broadcasting (© Xrays © to detect of fracture of, bones ()__ Ubravilet (9) alsorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphereC) Medical entrances’ gallery (Collection of questions asked in NEET & various medical entrance exams) 1. Out of the following options which one can be used to produce a propagating electromagnetic wave? [NEET 2016] (@) A stationary charge (b) A chargeless particle (6) An accelerating charge (@) A charge moving at constant velocity 2. The frequencies of X-rays, y-ays and ultraviolet rays are respectively p, q and r, then (Gu. CET 2015} @) p>qaq>r O)pr (0) pqqcr 3. The electric vector vibration of an Rel wave is given by E =(50NC™) sin oft -3 : ‘The intensity of the wave is (up cpr 2015} 2.3 Wm? (0)4.3 Wm? ()3.3 War? (@)1.8 Wm 4, Which radiations are used in treatment of muscles ache? [Manipal 2015] {@) Ultraviolet (0) Infrared (0 Microwave (@) X-rays 5. In case of linearly polarised light, the magnitude of the electric field vector [Manipal 2015] (@) does not change with time (©) vaties periodically with time (6) is parallel to the direction of propagation (@) increases and decreases linearly with time 6. A leaf which contains only green pigments is illuminated by a laser light of wavelength 0.6328 pm. It would appear to [Manipal 2015) (a) black (b) green (@) brown (@) red 7. The ratio of amplitude of magnetic field to the amplitude of electri field for an electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum is equal to {CBSE ATPMT 2014) (2) the speed of light in vacuum (b) reciprocal of speed of light in vacuum (© the ratio of magnetic permeability tothe electric susceptibility of vacuum © unity 8. In electromagnetic wave, according to Maxwell, changing electric field gives [MHT CET 2014) (a) stationary magnetic field (b) conduction current (©) eddy current (@) displacement current 9, The speed of light in an isotropic medium depends on (a) the nature ofthe source {Kerala CEE 2014) (b) its direction of propagation (c) its intensity (d) None of the above 10, The energy of gamma (y) ray photon is E, and that of an X-ray photon is Ey. If the visible light photon has an energy of E,, then we can say that (WB JEE 2014) (Ey >E, >E, WE, >E, >Ey (OE, >Ex>E, @Ey>E, >E, 11, The speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is equal to (UK PMT 2014) Hot Vitae 1 1 ) @ : "Tie Hoty 12, A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 20 MHz travels through a space along x-direction. If the electric field vector at a certain point in space is 6 Vm", then what is the magnetic field vector at that point? IKCET 2014) (@)2x10°r wSx10"T 1 ty 2T ws 18. In electromagnetic spectrum, the frequencies of y-rays and X-rays and ultraviolet rays are denoted by nyity and n3 respectively, then [MHT CET 2014) Gln >n,>ny On ngny 14. The electromagnetic waves detected using a thermopile and used in physical therapy are [Kerala CEE 2014) (@) gamma radiations (0) X-rays (©)ultraviolet radiations (4) infrared radi (e) microwave radiations 15. The wavelength of X-rays is in the range [Guj. CET 2014] (@)0.01Ato1A {6)0.001 nm to 1 nm (910.001 pmto 1pm (4) 0.001 em to 1 em 16. The wavelength of the short radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet waves are 2,,4, and Ay, respectively. Arrange them in decreasing order. [Guj. CET 2014) (2) yay ©) Aya ha — (Asda ) dah 17, The transverse nature of electromagnetic waves is proved by which of the following? {J & K CET 2013] (a) Interference phenomena (b) Diffraction phenomena (©) Dispersion phenomena (a) Polarisation phenomena 18. Which component of electromagnetic spectrum have ‘maximum wavelength? U &K CET 2013) @) Radio waves (©) Visible spectrum (0 Gamma rays (@) X-raysye condition under which a microwave ove ya: THeG tem containing water moleeules mon efficent tfisienty a cy of the mic eT 201: a arson oF the ea atch the a 0) he poeney of water eee rontion with og sore mae ps ag Jo, fe the velocity of light in fre space, the time taken Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves Ga 21. The electric field associated with an electromagnetic | wave in vacuum is given by E =i 40 cos(ke~ 6 x 10° where E, zand ¢ are ia volt m”, metre and second, respectively. The value of wave vector kis [CBSE-AIPMT (Sereening) 2012] (12m 05 m™ oom 3m" 22, The wave function (in SI unit ) fora light wave is given as ylxst)=10° sin nx 10° x—9%10'* 0 a yn to travel a distance x in a medium si ie” “Tuten be ee ge Fi tw B x aiid (a) 4.5x104 He (0)3.5% 104 Hz ae rs rs on (0)3.5*10° Hz (a)2.5%10° Hz Answers Check point 8.1 es) ao) 4 M6 BH) 10.) Check point 8.2 er) 210 AO I BB A OOD Ne 2@ B@ wo KO A Taking it together 1 20 ae) 40) 5H 6H FO 20 00 HO eo BOs HO BO WO Ve BO 202.0) no 2G Bo ee BO BO BE 2B. 32.0 10 2 BOO | OHM 33.0) 40.) no 28 BO BA HOO 20 300) 51.) Medical entrance special format questions Assertion and reason Le 26) 3.0) 4. (0) 8 atch the columns VAssB ogc opDor ZARB RACH Madi ical entrances’ galler A ances: gay ve. 5.0) 6. (@) 7.0) 8 @ 9) 10.0) 19 nO EO em ew ne 12.@ 13.0 2 2Hints and explanations Check point 81 Check point 82 2, () Maxwell in his famous equation of electromagnetism ee introduced the concept of displacement current, 1, ( Frequency 1 1 3. (d) We have displacement current tardies seataliooni0? some hyeeHe an fore 21.126 x10 Hi i Be are same as that of curte wavelength, 4=£=—3*10" 266m, So dimensions of e that of current So, th 4. (0) Modified Ampere's lave states that the variations of eletric field causes magnetic field 5. (8) When capacitor is fully charged, no current flows through wavelength, The angular frequency is @= 2nv the circuit. The potential ofthe plate became constant and def 1d there is no change in the electric field between the plates. So, ae oe a both conduction curent inthe circuit and displacement 7 current between the plate became zero. 7. As, 22 6. (dAmpere-Maxwell' cteuital law is given by » foat-no(i.+e, 2) 7. (a) Displacement current, 2. oes wove nmin = 2 wt te pee re dt ‘We have, f= 885x100" CN“? ‘9. (a) Average energy density, i ons dE 1 Area, A=1 cm? =10~m? and = = 3x10°Vnv 9 fF & -3n10% 5a = [y= 885x107? 10-4 x3 x10° = 1 yi Biga) = e9E?, Displacement current, I, = 2.7x10°A 2 2 " : = 8.85 x10" x29) 8 Dipement cunt 4, ase : 10, Amplitude of electric fel and magnetic field are rela Condaion curent, =e = Of vgs bcos contage 1» Amoi fd eld and mantic el ae elated the relations, £2 hen the capacitor Beane ily charged H "a 9. () Displacement current, l= t ae ‘Average energy density of the magnetic field is 7 : g we FA BWIA BWA ae t t td oe 400 x(60 «10-4 Jeg 10° (2x10) : = 1.062x107A 4 g.g54x1 122? 10. (d) Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental law of - ‘electricity and magnetism both. = 8.854 x10"? Jm-> = 886x110 Jn1.0 Asmetal reflecting surfaces for reflecting surface (aaiation Presstre, = 0.33210" Nm 12. (0) eves Eo = 100 Vin", By = 0.265 Am’ EyxBy Ho = 100 «0.265 |, Maximum rate of energy flow, $= Taking it together 1. (@ Infrasonie wave isnot an electromagnetic wave. 10, (9 Radio waves difract around building although light waves doce reason is that rao waves hve Inger mavlengh than light 14. () Infrared radiations are reflected by lower clouds and keeps the earth warm. Hence shows green house effect 16. (4 Prt waves > Pars > Buy re» ae 19, (Tho energy in EM waves is divided equally between the tlecsic and magnet Hlds ‘The total energy per unit volume is 1 ety lB 2 20. (b) Speed, c= va ce wavelength, 22, (c) For a medium with permittivity eand permeability Hy velocity of light is given by 1 Te 1 23, (c) Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum = T= 24, (a) The velocity of lectromagnetic waves in free space (vacuum) is given by ¢=—p—=e== 3% 10% ms! seen ty °" Toe 25. (t) The energy in EM waves is divided equally bet electric and magnetic fields 26. (The wavelength of the y-rays is shorter. However, the main distinguishing feature is the nature of emission 21. (e From a dipole antenna, the electromagnetic waves are radiated outwards. The amplitude of electric field significant energy from the source fa distance (r) from the antenna Le Eo >> tween the vector (Eq) Which transports ls off inversely as the i 28, (e Total power = 10" x (10% 10)= 10° W 29. (a) The direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to both electric field vector E and magnetic field vector B, i.e in the direction of E xB. Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (ss ‘This can be seen by the diagram given below Here, electromagnetic wave is along the z-direetion whic given by the cross product of E and B. ai 30. (c) Refractive index, n= © hs ae we BL. (a) The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space is given by eo = £2 -3x10% ms Inet “Moreover, velocity of light in a medium with refractive index pisves x 132, (c) The time varying electeic and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the Girection of propagation of the wave. (Given, E=9x10NCT E 9x10 We know that, ¢= = =>. =3x107T Nene gator 710 35, (b) Speed of light, Bae Be Given, By = 2x10" T.e= 3x10" m/s Eq = 2x10"7 «310° = 60 m/s = 60 Vim 36. (c) Displacement current is given by la 5"! 4 1 8x A =1,8x10%Cs 37. (0) When a surface intercepts electromagnetic radiation, a force and a pressure are exerted on the surface. As the ‘surface is non-reflecting, so itis completely absorbed and in such ease the force is ‘The radiation pressure isthe force per unit area, penal Ave 38. (b) Frequency of L-C oscillations is E ~ 23147200 x10 «200 x10" = 0.0796x10"Hz c___ 3x10% $0, wavelength, 2=£=— 2210 377m an = So7a6xI0"\ 536) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 39, (c) As mals reflecting surfaces an for reflecting surtace 25 2x Nm? ure, p= 25 = 281. = 06671 0--Ne radiation pressure, p, = 2? = oe 40. (b) When a wave is reflected from denser medium, then the type of wave does not change but only its phase changes by 180° or x radian. “Thus, for the reflected wave 2 =—#, i= — Land additional ‘phase of min the incident wave, AL. (0) We have, B, = 210" sin (0.5% 10°x + 1.5% 10") Comparing with the standard equation, we get sin (kx + 0) 5x10" ars 5% 10° ‘The wavelength range of microwaves is 10"*to 0.3. The wavelength of this wave lies between 10° to 0.3, so the =0.01256 equation represents a microwave. 2k (a) From k= 2 and 42. (a F = 2 ka We get, x beet © mv Ey As, Broce % Eqk = Byo 43. (0) Angular frequency, = 2ev fe veer) 7 a PEXSHIO Lg gtd! 6x10" ‘The equation for the electric field , along Y-axis in the electromagnetic wave is 2) essanenio'ecsra snl 44. (c) Here, in electromagnetic wave, the electric field vector is given as, E = i+ E;j)c0s (ke — 00) In electromagnetic wave, the associated magnetic field vector, €0s (he ~ at) Also, E and B are perpendicular to each other and the ‘Propagation of electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to E as Well as B, so the given electromagnetic wave is plane polarised, 45. (a) The magnetic field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of electric field Using vector algebra E x B should be in z-direction, bx 46, (tens mtomel defi og 1st 2Ho "Now, taking the intensity in terms of electric field, Intensity in terms of magnetic field, 1, pad 1 > =p tole? tea ade xc 1 Troe : wtgxt gt R Bact 3 BS i Done fld ‘Thus, the energy in electromagnetic wave is divided equally between electric field vector and magnetic field vector. ‘Therefore the ratio of contributions by the electre field and magnetic field components to the intensity of an electromagnetic wave is 1: 1. AT. (b) Let, E = energy falling on the surface per second = 10} h__h iw EB EN ee On reflection, change in momentum per second = force aac tt [Ey = ch) But, . ‘Momentum of photons, = 6.7%10°N 4B. (9 Given, eneray required to dissociate a carbon monoxide molecule into earbon and oxygen atoms E = 11eV We know that, E = hy where h = 662 x10~J-s, v = frequency > Wevaiy, 111.6 x10-? rr 65x10" Hz This frequency radiation belongs to ultraviolet region. 49. (0) We know that, Fy JP, 11x16 x10" 6.6210 q Gh _ [EX Ee Vd - £ _ fio Bh ~ V0 Ey) =E/N2 $n, energy flue, 6= 20 Wem? A=30 cm? {= 30min =30 x60s Now, total energy falling onthe surf us GAt= 20% 30 x (80% 60)} uv ‘Momentum of the incident light =96%10~ kg-mis 20 x30 x(30 x60) “3 x108 ‘Momentum of the reflected light = 0 +-Momentum delivered to the surface =36%10 -0 =3610+ kg-mis2) Elfective power of the bulb, P <5 sve p ib, P= S200 =10W mvensity at distance ris given by jose eto Ta. 40 ane? peat W/m Wit = 0.199 W/m? = 0.2 Wim? T= 5 Bie 3-4 xe = Fo= | exe, 8B) Medical entrance special format. question Assertion and Reason 1. (0) The frequency range of microwave is from 10? to 10"" Hz 2. (a) As per Maxwell's equations, electric and magnetic fies in an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular eachother and to the direction of wave propagation. Hence electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. 3. The wavelength of these waves ranges between 4000A to 100 A that is smaller wavelength and higher frequency. They axe absorbed by atmosphere and convert oxygen into ozon “They cause skin diseases and they are harmful to eye and «cause permanent blindness. 4.) The oscillating electric and magnetic il, ths regenerate each other, as the wave propagates through fhe PEC: “The frequency of the electromagnetic wave naturally equals the frequency of oscillation ofthe charge. The eDersy Associated wilh the propagating wave comes at the expe the energy af the source, the acelerated charge. ‘5. () Light radiations and thermal radiations both belong to, electromagnetic spectrum, Light radiation belongs fo visible Teqion while thernal radiation belongs to infrared reo Spectrum. ) ‘Also, EM radiations require no medi for propagation. Medical entrances’ gallery 1. (Elect ch has eects field inthe region ric charge at rest Ss, a moving charge Sound ka ae agtie eld. Whereas, a moving charge, Produces toth tne electric and magnetic fel, If charge ‘hen the electric and Moving with a constant velocity, then the SISSON Magnetic fields will not change with time, hence 00 er Will be produced. But, if the charge is move Est Field wil acceleration, then both the electric and mae eo change with space and time, it mF Chapter 08 : Electromagnetic waves (ar 2. (b) Increasing onder of wavelengths as given below ‘prays < Xerays < ultraviolet rays Frequency order, ‘pray > Xerays > ultraviolet rays = q>p>r Thus, ap aor por 3. (0) The intensity is, I. 4 ake = Fass <10° Nem’) «(60 NEF x33 10° mst =3.3. Ww? 4. (0 Infrared rays are used in physical therapy. ‘5. (0) The magnitude of electric field vector varies periodically with time because it is in the form of electromagnetic wave. 6. (a) Laser light i of red colour which is not reflected by green, pigment of the leaf and so it appears black, 7. (W) The ratio of amplitude of magnetic field to the amplitude of electric field for an electromagnetic wave propagating in ‘vacuum is equal to the reciprocal of speed of light in vacuum. :: ae peed of lig bes eae 8 (d) According to Maxwel, time varying electric field produced displacement current. p= 6 TE (a) The speed of light in an isotropic medium depends on its wavelength, v= 5 10. (€)E, 2 100 keV, Ey = 100 eV to 100 keV. So, we ean say that E, > Ey > Ey. 11. (@) According to Maxwell, itis found that the electromagnetic ‘waves travel in free space (or vacuum) with a speed is given by 1 en c= = 3x10" ms" a ee where, Wo and &g are absolute permeability and permitivity ofthe free space, respectively. where, Ho =4xx107Wb Ain 8.65%10°? CN“twr E where 12, (a) The magnetic field, B 10° mst 6 3x10" 13. (@) Frequency range of ultraviolet rays =10'°— 8x10""(n,) Frequency range of X-rays =3x10"9 -10!%(n,) Frequency range of y-rays = 5x10” —310"(n) 10° T538) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 2 14, (cb The electromagnetic waves detected using a thermopile S and used in physical therapy are infrared radiation for tweating muscular stain, = 15. (0) X-rays wavelength range = 1x10" to 1x10-%m = oo0tua to Vem 21, (a) Electromagnetic wave equation, 16. (a) We know that E = Ey coslee - 00) li) (}) Short radio waves i.e, wavelength range ee = Le10"'m to 1x10" m oe sa k (i) Microwaves wavelength range Given, equation, = 1x10" mto 3x10" E= 140 cosh: - 6x10) ti) Ulraioet waves wavelength range On comparing Zi.) and (i, we get = 1x10 mto 4x10 m @= 6x10" and Ey = 40i 6 x10" 3x10" So, decreasing order is 2y, hp Ay 17, (@ Phenomena of restricting the vibration of light in a Hace, weave actos tS particular direction is called polarisation, it helps to prove the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. 22. (q) The wave function 18. (a) Radio waves have maximum wavelength in the range of wlx = 10° sin (3 x10°x - 9x 104) 0.1 mto10' m. Here, 20. (b) Velocity of light in a medium v =. ‘Angular frequency @ = 9x10" o=2n @ _9x10"x 45x10" He We knows ime taken t= 2 i ' Qn On