MODEL 1M-5 Lrnourn INSTRUCTION MANUAL Serial No... . Issued ...... D-150 DUAL-CHANNEL POWER AMPLIFIER Div. of INTERNATIONAL RADIO & ELECTRONICS CORP. BOX 1000 ELKHART, INDIANA 46514TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Section 1 DESCRIPTION 1.1 General . 1.2 Specifications 1.3 Warranty ... 14 Accessories. Section 2 INSTALLATION 2.1. After Unpacking 2.2 Mounting . 23 Typical Hi-Fi System Installation 2.4 Connecting Output Lines 2.5 Connecting Input Lines . 2.6 Connecting Power Section 3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 3.1 Operating Controls and Adjustments . 3.2 Protection Mechanisms . 3.3 Operating Precautions 3.4 Load Protection Methods . 3.5 Cleaning ... Section 4 CIRCUITRY Section 5 APPLICATION NOTES. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TITLE PAGE 1-1 D-150 Pictorial, 1-2 Panel Kit Installation 1-3 5.D Walnut Enclosure . 1-4 Front PA Adapter 1-5 Back PA Adapter . +6 Graph of PA Adapter Filter Resp 1-7 Schematic of PA Adapter ..... 2:1 Mounting Dimensions . 2-2 Typical Hi-Fi Installation 2.3 Rear View of Chassis .. : : 2-4 Schematic for Full-range Electrostatic Speaker Connection 25 Source of Resistance and Damping Factor v Length ad Size of Output Leads . . 26 Schematic of Earphone Pad... 2-7 Graph for Selection of Input Capacitor .. 28 Low-pass Filters for Severe RF at Inputs 29 Line Voltage Connections (240VAC)3-1 Operating Controls .. 3-2 Graph of V-1 Operating Range of D-150 Output . 3-4 Relay-Controlled Load Protector with Overload Indicator 35 Peak Power Li Compressor with Overdrive Indicator 3-6 Turn-on- Transient Muter for Load Protection . ‘41 Schematic of D-1501.1 GENERAL Section 1 DESCRIPTION FIG. 1-1 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT STEREO D-150 AMPLIFIER (Shown with optional front-panel and walnut cabinet) ‘The ISO is a duatchannel mediom power amplifier for ultrodow distortion ampliietion from SH to 20KHez with ‘operation into loads of 4 ohms and Higher. The unit features extremely low harmonic and intermodulation distortion, very low noise, highest “damping factor,” and ‘quality parts and workmatship. The unit may be wired to produce a balanced SO volt monaural output. The amplifier is fully protected agsinst mismatched and shorted loads by a resetting V- (voltampere) limiter having no obpoxious ‘mutiog or program delays. A thermal switch removes power from the unit if overheating occurs due to insufficient ventilation, ‘The power supply features large computergrade filter capacitors giving over 20 joules of energy storage {A total of 24 discrete transistors, I inear IC (dual op amp), 20 diodes and 1 bridge rectifier are utilized in a CROWN pioneered Class AB+B output circuit. The effective number of semiconductors i 40 transistors and 30 diodes, ‘The input voltageamplifers, (IC), are powered by two voltage-ogulated supplies. ‘This results in complete ‘channel-to-channel isolation and independence from line voltage variations ‘Two level controls are mounted adjacent to the input jcks to allow balancing and optimizing of system levels,12 SPECIFICATIONS Power Output Power Bandwidth Frequency Response 1M. Distortion Phase Response Damping Factor umn and Note Verification Load Impedance Construction Input Tumon Circuit Protection Power Supply Dimensions Weight Warranty Power output aot less than 75 watts RMS. per chuinnel into 8 chms (both channels operating), 20-20,000Hz at rated distortion. Typically 100 watts R.M.S. per channel into 8 ohms, 180 watts RMS. per channel into 4 ohms. Power bandwidth #4B, 5-20,000HHz at 75 watts RAMS. per channel into 8 ohms. 40.148 20-20,000HHz at 1 watt into 8 ohms; #1dB 4-100,000H, LM. les than 0.05%, 0.01 watt ta 75 watts, GOH and 7,000Hz mixed 4:1, Harmonic ess than 0.05%, 0.01 watt to.75 watts, 20:20,000H. +#13°, 20.20,000H a 1 wat into 8 obs (See graphs) (Greater than 200 from 2270 to 1ODOHs nto 8 obs. OdB botow 75 watts RMS, output ach nit accompanied by its individual! hind-enered proof-of- performance repor. 410 16 ohms (complete stability with any load); dual binding post outputs 100% Amevican-made with industria rade construction fo year of continuous we Impedance - Nominal 25K olim, screwdriver adjust on rear, Input sensitivity 1.2V for full output, ‘Standard 44” phone-jack on reat. Instantaneous, with no program delay, and minimum thump. Unique wideband, stable design utilizing one linear IC (dual op-amp). Total equivalent of 40 transistors, 24 diodes, and four rectifer-diodes. Amplifier is short ~ and mismatch: and open: ‘humps, tout, ts. uit proof. Unique Vl limiting is instantaneous with no ‘Two massive capacitors with energy-storage exceeding 20 joules. Total of two regulated supplies for complete isolation and stability. No fuses except AC powerline. 17” width, 5%" high, 9” deep (Crom mounting surface). Allaluminum construction with massive chassis, and extruded front-panal. Amplifior wil panelmount in a 16%" x 5” opening (with optional front ppnel) With adapters, standard 19” rack mount 22 pounds (24 pounds rack mount). 3.year om al parts, labor, and round-tip shipping.TYPICAL FREQUENCY (1 wath “ope 0 00 ca Tox FREQUENCY (Ha) Tox 700 0k (oe a enacting Tatts So, Too 1 Toe 30x FREQUENCY (Hx) +20 +10 pase | srr SA phate shite 2 set, dole (degreen)_yo| “7 #here *h ¥ 8.2 phase shifts L755 secs deloy -20 Won phase shite 16 w tac, doley -20 40 LBEDELAYAMP INT. phase shifts 135y dec, delay oo ie 798 Te TOK Tow TOOK TYPICAL PHASE RESPONSE TYPICAL INTERMODULATION DISTORTION 10 100 300 POWER OUTPUT (Watts)D-150 DAMPING FACTOR ~ (Ba) Tope 10 100 we 10 FREQUENCY (Hz) D-150 CROSSTALK ona uve uu cow “Tobe Ww 708 te ee ow Fatauencr ive LDne FRcGuUENCY HARMONICS Shoes RAM, Tue 10 00 ve FREQUENCY (Hz)100 1« 10K wok 500K FREQUENCY (Hz) D-150: OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 0 100) 1K 10K 100K FREQUENCY (Hz) Both channels driven to maximum undistorted level ‘Single channel D-150 Power Efficiency ‘ee ME Theat? FREQUENCY (Hz)t he -60 -50 -40 30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Vout{ 1.3 WARRANTY CROWN guarantees this equipment to perform as spevitied CROWN also worrants the components and workmanship ‘of this equipment to be Free From defects for «period of 90 ays from date of purchase This wacranty does not extend to fuses, and/or component for equipment damage due 19 negligence, misuse, shipping damage or seeident; oc if the serial sumber has been defaced, altered or removed, ‘An application for a FREE 3 year WARRANTY TITLE is included with this manual. Upon receipt of this completed form, CROWN will issu the Warranty Title-subject to the conditions contained therein. This tile applies t0 the original endpurchaser and will be issued only upon the receipt ofthe application, ‘We urge that you take full advantage of this coverage—fill in and mail the application now! 1.4 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT 1.4.1. Model PK Panel Kit To facilitate the installation of 2 D1SO into a “custom installation,” an accessory cabinet 5D or a rack, the accessory punel must be installed. FIG. 1-2 PANEL KIT” MOUNTIN INSTRUCTIONS and Placing the amplifier with the eubber Feet rowaid you, pl off the rubber feet. When this is completed, stand the amplifier on its side with the ansformer dows. The front Panel should then be slid onto the unit with the word “Amplifier” first. The plastic wedges supplied in the ‘mounting kit should then be forced into positions No. 1 and No. 2 on both ends of the unit uni it stops, then eip for beak off the exeess ‘Align the end caps tothe unit so holes “A and “B* mateh the end caps. Use 6/32 x # socket cap serews (Note: Sacket serews may look as though they are crostleading but will straighten approximately halfway through). In a “custom installation,” instal a solid shel, to support the amp. It should be fash with the bottom edge of the required 16-9/16” wide x 51/16" high panel-cutout When using the angle brackets for rack mounting always hhave the brushed side of the angle toward you. Mount the angle bracket in place of the end caps and follow the procedures as outined in eabinet moviting. 1.4.2 Model 5-D Walnut Enclosure Rich oilowalnut veneers, highlighted with black vinyl tim, accent the DISOPK when installed on a shel? or table i S.Denclosure. Four rubber feet are provided 4 installing amplifier into 5-0 walnut accessory-eabinet, Femowe the two sinall wooden shims stapled to cabinet oor,1.4.3P-A Adaptor Panel FIG.1-4 FRONT VIEW OF P-A ADAPTER PANEL FIG. 1-5 REAR VIEW OF P-A ADAPTER PANEL ‘The PA adapter panel Is used to connect the amplifier to obiain a monaural SOsolt balanced output line (ee schematic, Fig, 1-7}. This is achieved by = precision push-pull transformer (inverted signal to Channel). This results in over 150 watts of SO-vol balanced output from ‘he two output terminals in 16 ohms, over 250 watts when teresinated in § oh, ‘The adapter panel provides balanced inputs of 150 ohms, 600 ohms CT, and 5000 ohms bridging. Sensitivity is ‘Sdbm, 600 ohne ‘Two switehes are provided on the front ponel for insertion of hicut and Towut files. The characteristics of these filers may be altered by changing internal capacitors in aevordance with Fig. 16, ‘The P.A adaptor comes wired for an amplifier input inmpedance of 10K. Therefore it wil be necessary to parallel the 18K resistors fumished with the adaptors) across the amplifier inputs as described on a note with the rexistors, eet nae Ae ott HG FIG. 1 - P-A ADAPTER FILTER RESPONSE The output circuit contsins 2 roll-off capacitor (C 101) Wich should be used if matching transformers are used on the output line. This will prevent large low-frequency currents from flowing into their primaries. If matching transformers are not used, and the low-frequency impedance (DC resistance) of the load is 6 ‘ohms or greater, the system may be dtectly coupled to the mp output terminals, bypassing C 101. Otherwise, use the ‘output terminals on back of the adapter pane ‘To ensure maximum output (sithout premature clipping) both amplifier level controls must be full CW. + FIG. 1-7 PA ADAPTER SCHEMATIC2.1 UNPACKING ‘As soon as the amplifier shipment is received, please inspect for any damage incurred in transit. Since the unit was ccuefully inspected and tested at the factory, it left the factory unmarted. If damage is found, notify the lransportation company immedistely. Only the consignee may institute a claim with the carer for damage during shipment, However, CROWN will cooperate fully in such an event, Bo sure to sive the carton as evidence of damage for the shippers inspeetion, [Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition~as most do-it is advantageous to save the packing materials. They will prove valuable in preventing damage should there ever be ‘occasion to transport or ship the unit, Note the carton and intemal pack-each is designed for protection durin transit. Do not ship the unit without this factory pack (o equivalent)! FIG. 2-1 D150 MOUNTING DIMENSIONS ‘Section 2 INSTALLATION Be sure to retun the warranty form to the factory within ten days for the fll warranty coverage Por those interested in hearing the D-150 as soon as possible, please follow this fast procedure on next page 2.2 MOUNTING The D150 may be custom or rack-mounted if an accessory front-panel kit with rack-mounting brackets was purchased. The installation ofthis kit is detailed in par. 14.2 on page 6. For dimensions see Fig. 2-1. Sufficient ventilation must be provided for the unit. This means that air must be allowed to circulate over the chassis; if not, the unit will imermittendly tum off due to the builtin thermal protection, Applications—other than “Hi-Fi"—requiring Tong, sustsined signals at high power-levels may requite the use ofa cooling fan. NOTE: The “basic” D150 shown at right may be converted {for rack- or cabinet (panel) mounting by installing che front panel with brackets or end-caps os shown below. For Installation see Section 1, par. 1.4.1 oF PK instructions RACK MOUNTING CABINET MOUNTINGlrecr wien i ‘Shielded Avdig Cables Switched Outler RCA Pin-to-(C Phone. one new cna} a Input-Gain [| “Controls FIG. 2-2 TYPICAL HEFT INSTALLATION —_ go sl ,2.3 NORMAL HI-FI INSTALLATION 1. Two-conductor speaker cables must connect to the OUTPUT dual binding poss using terminal lugs, tinned sds, or the special “banana” plugs supplied with the 1.150. Connect the indine fuses as eecommended in the ‘Accessory Bag and Fig. 221! 2. Since the D-150 isa “basic amplifier,” the main outputs of the controlceater or “preamplifier” must be connected via shielded audio-ables to the two jacks marked INPUT. Us RCA-pin at preamp and standard 4 in, phone-phg at the D150. ‘The two cables should be tied parallel slong their entice length using the accessory cable tes. 3. U/L requirements prefer a 3.wire AC power connector; however, proper connections to a switched outlet on the control center requires the use of a 340-2 wire adapter, NOW, Plug the AC into a setiched outlet on the control center. 4. Your Control Center may now be tumed on. Then advance the D150 Input Gain Controls about Y-open (150° clockwise) When using the CROWN IC-150 ControLCenter, the LOUDNESS shoul! atlsin almost full rotation (2 t0 4 o'clock) for oudost “concerthall™ volume. If at 3 o'clock the volume is ow, increase the D-150 input gain controls; too high, decrease the D-150 gains. ‘To assure maximum enjoyment and ull speaker protection, read the following detailed sections on OUTPUTS, INPUTS, and Chapter 3 OPERATION. 24 CONNECTING OUTPUT LINES Input and output connectors ar located on the chasis as shown in Fig, 23. FIG, 2-3 REAR VIEW OF CHASSIS It is always wise to remove power from the unit and turn the input evel controls off while making connections, especially if the load is a loudspeaker system. This will timinate any chanee of loud blasts. CROWN is not fable for damage incurred at any tranducer to its. being overpowered! The use of the enclosed speaker fuses i therefore highly recommended, Before making connections, it is recommended that the operator familiarize himself with the amplifiers prot system, See Section 3.2. Section 3.3 entitled “Operating Precantions” should also be read Because of the locations of the output coanectors (color-coded binding posts) it will be easiest to make those connections first, High-quality, dual “banana” plugs ae the preferred connections for permanent installations. Because the output wire gauge and length raises the resultant source impedance or lowers the Damping Factor bby adding series resistance, the nomograph (Fig. 2-5) is provided for wire selection. For dynamic moving coil Toudspeakers the value Ry should preferably be that measured by an obsnmeter across the voice col. rather than the manufacturer's rating. For electrostatic speakers and such, the manufacturer's rated impedance should be used for Ry, IF the load (matching transformer, inductance, or fullsange electrostatic speaker system) appears as a short-circuit at low frequencies, a large non-polutized capacitor (paralleled with a resistor) shouldbe placed in series with the load, FIG. 2-4 SCHEMATIC FOR FULL RANGE ELECTROSTATIC SPEAKER CONNECTION For electrostatic speakers (if the manufacturer has not provided a capacitor) an external non-polar capacitor of 590-708 mafd and 4 ohm power resistor should be placed in series with the plus (#) speaker lod, This will prevent large loweftequency currents from damaging the electrostatic transformer or from unnecessatily activating the D1S0's protective system. An effective test to determine if such parts ate needed is to measure the DC resistance between the output terminals with an ohmmoter. If the resistance less thin 3 ohms, the parts should be added az shown schematically in Fig, 24,a r _ ‘RESISTANCE FIG, 2-5 SOURCE RESISTANCE and DAMPING FACTOR VS. LENGTH and SIZE of OUTPUT LEADS When selecting connectors forthe load (speaker) end ofthe ‘output lines, the Following general precautions apply (with all powor connector) 1. Armle plu, carying signal, must not be on the fur tend of the line where i ean be exposed, giving rise: both shock and short-eireuit hazards Connectors which might accidentally cause the wo channels t0 be tied together during making and breaking of connection should not be used. A common example is the standard 3.iteuit % inch phone jack and plug when wired for stereo sound. 3. Connestors which can be plugged into AC power hd never be use eceptacls sh 4, Connectors having low-current-arrying capacity are “verboten.” 5. Connectors having any tendeney to short, oF having shorted leads, are unadvisable Most commercially available headphones eraploy a 4-ciceuit 4% inch phione plug which violates condition No, 2. This is no handicap if pad is inserted between the amp and jack, which is only sensible thing co do, when such a large amplifier is coupled to such a small transducer. IF this precaution is ignored, not only may the transducer be ‘burned out but permanent hearing los could result. The recommended pal is showin in Fig. 246 FIG, 2-6 SCHEMATIC OF EARPHONE PAD 2.5 CONNECTING INPUT LINES Connecting the inputs will requie observance of theee basic precautions: Undesirable signals to the puts, “ground: oops,” and feed back from outputs) co inputs). i i i1m high-fidelity audio applications any good vacuum-tube oF solid-state control center will operate successfully into the 25K ohm inputs of the D-150. Occasionally a high impedance output of poorly-designed preamps will be ‘encounisred, and/or a larger output coupling capacitor may ‘be requited (10 prevent excesivelow-lrequency riff, For loudspeakerativing applications, the input should be five of large sub-oudio or undesired low frequencies, 8 they cause overheating and overloading of the loudspeaker. To remow such low frequencies, a series capacitor may be placed in the input signal line. (The graph of figure 2-7 indicates the effect of the size of the capacitor on the frequency response.) Only a low-eskage paper, mylar, oF tantalum expacitar should be used far this purpose 1G. 2-7 GRAPH for SELECTION of INPUT CAPACITOR If large amounts of ultrasonic oF RF frequencies are Found fon the input, such as bias from tape recorders, ete, a Towsass filter should be placed on the input. While practically obtainable RP input levels will not damage the amplifier, they may cause hummout of tweeteis or other sensitive loads, activate the amplifiers protective systems, oF cause general overload ia the controlledslewingste stage fof the amp (which is employed to provide RF overload protvetion). The following filter: are recommended for such applications. {A second precaution is “ground Toop” electron jargon for undesirable circulating currents flowing in grounding system. A common form of loop (possibly resulting in hum in the output) is pair of input cables whose aca is subjected to a magnetic hum Field, In practice, both cables should Tie together along their length, and away from the power transiommer. Tying the input and output grounds together may also form a ground Joop. AA third precaution (with input and output grounds to gether, at in testing oF metering) is feedback oscillation, from load cucrent Hlowing in the loop. fn industrial us, ven the AC power line may provide this feedback path, Proper grounding, and isolation of inputs, of commor-AC- Tine devives is good practice. Refer to Section 4.2, pat. 5 for testing precautions 2.6 CONNECTING POWER ‘The amplifier i furnished with uhreewire AC plug as standard equipment. Adaptors are readily available com ‘mercially for adapting this to a (wo.wire system if neces. The amplifier offers two standard line-woltage connections: 120 and 240 VAC. The tag attached to the tine cox Indicates for which voltage the amplifiers connected. Most units are connected for 120 VAC, Figure 28 shows Pictorilly how the 240 VAC connected unit shoul appear. Note the change £09 24 line fuse LOWPA. FOR SEVERE RF AT INPUTS LINE VOLTAGE CONNECTIONS (240 VAC) When testing the amplifier, the line voltage must be the peak equivalent 10 a sinusoid ofthe indicated line voltage ‘when at full load, Line regulation problems can introduce serious errors in the measurements on an armpliierof this Only a competent technician should attempt alteration of the line voltage connections3.1 CONTROLS AND ADJUSTMENTS Section 3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FIG 3-1 OPERATING CONTROLS The D1SO contains all the facilities essential for a high performance amplifier ‘The input contsols are mounted by the input jacks, Each ceontrol should be adjusted for the desired amplifier gain or ‘output level. When the control is fully CW, the gain is 26db as determined by precision 1% resistors in the DISO's feedback loop. 3.2 THE PROTECTION MECHANISMS ‘The DISO is protected agsinst all the common hazards which plague highpower amplifiers, including shorted, ‘open, and mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies, excessive temperature; chain destruction pheomens; input ‘overload damage; and high frequency overioad blowaps. Protection against shorted and mismatched loads is pro- vided by an instantacting limiter which instantaneously limits at the voltampere product to the maximum safe- slsess value forthe output transistors, ‘The area in which the amp wil drive the load without being Vil limited is depicted by the cross-hatched areas of Fig. 32, If a Toad initiates protection in the amplifier, it can be detected generally by watching the transfer characteristics of the amplifier on an oscilloscope or by plotting the loads ‘VA behavior, if known, on to Fig. 3-2. In applications where the load isa loudspeaker, amplifier protection will bs 15 ‘evidenced by distortion in the speaker. The audible effect ranges from something resembling erosiovemotch distor tion to 2 snapping sound, depending in the overall load characteristics. Speakor systems which are truly 8 ohms or seater wll not initiate the protection system. ‘The AC line for 120VAC is fused with a4A, 250V type AG fuse (on 240, 250VAC, 2A type AG). The use of any other type of fuse wil invalidate the warranty On the chassis (See Fig. 2-2) is mounted a thermal switch which protects the amplifier agunstinsuficent ventilation. fit becomes to0 hot, the AC line power willbe interrupted Until the temperature falls to a safe level, whereupon power will uiomticaly be restored. When such an event occurs, the extemal symptoms are: no output, and a warm amplifier. All the amplifiers voltage-amplifer circuitry is designed to be inherently eurrentiimited, Thereby, if any of the devices should fail, (which is extremely unlikely) no damage wil ‘occur to the rest of the stages. The input stage is protected aguinst overdrive damage by series limiting resistor should the input signal level ever became very excessive, ‘The amplifier features a controlled slewing-ate which, coupled with the Vl limiter, protects the amplifier from Dlowups when fed large RF input signal, | i i i i~60 50 40 D150 —limits of — DC limits of Power Supply regulation 30 -20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 Vour #1G.3 GRAPH of V- I OPERATING RANGE of D-150 OUTPUT 50 603.3 OPERATING PRECAUTIONS The following are a number of operating precautions given as an aid to understanding proper and improper amplifier usage: 1, Use care in making connections, selecting. signal sources, and controling the output level. The lovd- speaker you save may he your own. CROWN ts not liable for any damage done to loads due to eareless amplifier usage or deliberate overpowering. For pointers on load protection see Section 3.4 2, Never parallel the two outpurs by diecty (ying them together or panllel them with any other amp's ‘output, Such connection does nat result in increased power output. Damage incurred by such operation is ‘ot covered by the warranty. 3. Never drive a transformer-coupled device or any other device which appears as a low frequency short (less than 3 ohm) without a series isolating capacitor. Sch operations may damage the device andor nevlessly activate the Vel Fimiing (see Fig, 2-4), 4. Do not short the ground lead of an output cable to the input signal ground as oscillations may result from forming sucha ground loop. 5, Operate and fuse the amplifier only as set forth ia section 3.2. 6. Operate the umplifer from AC mains of not more than 10% above the selected line voltage and only on 50, 60 oF 400K AC. Failing to comply with these Tits will also javaidate the warranty 7. Never connect the output to » power supply output, battery, or power main. Damage incurred by such 3 hhookup isnot covered by the warranty, 8. Do not expose the axplifier to corrosive chemicals sch as soft drinks, le, sal water, tc 9, ‘The amplifier is not recommended for high power Jndustcial usage at Frequencies above 20KHEz 10. Tampering in the circuit by unqualified personnel or the making of unauthorized cicuit modifications invalidates the warranty, 1. Do not expose the output leads to areas Hkely 4» be steuck by lightning. Such an installation could inal date the amplifier, 3.4 LOAD PROTECTION METHODS ‘The most common of all protection schemes is @ fuse in series with the load, The fuse may be single, fusing the overall system. Or, in the case of a mulliway speaker system, it may be multiple wth one fuse on each speaker. uses help to prevent damage due to prolonged overload, but provide essentially no protection against damage that ‘may be done by large transients and such, To minimize this problem, high-speed instrument fuses such 3s Littlefuse 361000 series ate most appropriate for such applications. For a nomograph showing fuse size vs. loudspeaker ratings tofer to Fig, 3 Bet bey PEAK MUSIC POWER SPEAKER ° HIG. 3-3 4 FUSE SELECTOR NOMOGRAPH FOR ‘LOUDSPEAKER PROTECTION ‘Another forma of load protector is shovm schematically in Fig. 34, Whenever the load is overdrven,atelay switches a lamp in. series with the load, smoothly reheving the ‘overload. The lamp then doubles as an overdrive indicator 2s it glows, If overdrive is unveasonably severe, the lamp will serve as a fuse. By adjusting the relay tension adjustment and the protection level conto, this system i sol from 25 to 200 watts fora typical 8 of toad18 ‘oventoap #327 (ertwe #309 inves! HIG. 3-4 RELAY-CONTROLLED PROTECTOR WITH OVERLOAD INDICATOR Another more sophisticated form of overload protector relieves the overload by controlling the amplifiers input signal which is creating the overload, This form of proteetor rot only saves the Toad but also eliminates amplifier overload. With this device, it is possible to operate the amplifier at its reaximum level witha minimum of clipping. ‘This deviee is shown schematically in Fig, 35. It featues an ‘overdrive indicator, distortionless photo-optical contro, and 4 Protection Level contro giving adjustment from 1W 10 200 when driving ohms FIG. 3-5 PEAK POWER LIMITING COMPRESSOR WITH OVERDRIVE INDICATOR ‘A common problem which causes damage and irritation i the tucn-on thump problem typical to many signal souroes, Fig. 346 shows the schematic of a muter whic, when inserted in the input signal ine, maces for several seconds before connecting the source to the amplifier, thereby’ eliminating. turn-on transients. It also removes tuin-oft transients oveurring after the relay drops open (0.1 se) HIG. 3-6 TURN-ON-TRANSIENT MUTER FOR LOAD PROTECTION NOTE: When using the CROWN 1C-150 thls mater is now required. A builtin muter protects your speakers from any signal source whose AC power is switched by the IC-150. 3.5 CLEANING ‘The CROWN D150 has a rugged anodized front pane (optional) for life-time service. The panel can be cleaned ‘with a moist cloth and mild detergent, Never use stee! woo, scouring povider, Iye solution, or any strong abrasive cleaner as these will damage the panel’: finish ‘The chassis should require no more cleaning than pesiodic dusting with a clean dry cloth,4.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION ‘The D1SO has two direet-coupled amplifier circuits whieh employs a dual IC op amp and silicon transistors in ll amplifier stages. The CROWN designed and doveloped circuit reprevents a Keel of quality and performance presently un-equaled in the field of audio amplifier desiga, ‘The dual IC op amp is of a low noise type having 2 large gain bandwidth. The results of using it for the input voltage amplifier is that a maximum amount of feedback is applied reducing distortion to record low values, The typical full ‘output (75w, 8 obs) SMPTE IM is 0.002%, This implies thatthe ful power IKHz THD is in the vicinity of 0.0005% which is below the capability of present harmonie distor tion measurement systems. Multiple feedback loops are employed to allow a maximum of overal feedback. The lack of noise is evidenced by a typical 20Hz - 20KHz effective put noise of 1.25 u volts which produces an effective 8 ohm output of 80 mniero-miero (pica) wats ‘The output stage Is a quasicomplimentary format enploy- ing the CROWN class ABB technique which uses no bis current in the output transistors. The revlt is maxizasin efficiency with minimum crossover notch distortion and idling ampiifie-heat. Thus there i no bias current adjust iment, as the output circuit is not temperatuze-tolerance In the new output circuit, the driver transistors carry the bias curtent, while the output transistors serve only) as boosters, The output transistors sense when the driver Uransistors are delivering significant cuerent to the load and take over and deliver tho large load currents The output circuit is protected by « V+ limiter which limits the drive to the output configuration whenever the output transistors are overloaded. V4 (volt-ampere) limiting is inecently superior to all other forms of protection as it directly senses the overlosd condition and acts instantly 10 relieve the overload, acting only so long as the overload exists, The result is complete freedom from program dolays with reliability and maximum sae output power, ‘The power supply is a continuousduty type. The main DC supplies sre Tullwvave capacitor input type with a heavy {duty bridge rectifier assembly. Computer prade electrolyte, furnish over 20 joules of enorgy storage “The D1SO represents nothing short of the highest quality in both circuitry and components. Ht should provide a lifetime of trouble-free service for the most discriminating users, 19 Section 4 CIRCUITRY 4.2 TEST PROCEDURES ‘The sole function of this section is to list precautions essential to obtaining accurate measurements when dealing with high-power, high-purity amplifiers such as the D150, 1 Use the proper tine voltage, which is the one for ‘which the amplifir is connected, The voltage should bbe measured throughout the testing with a peak reading meter, and adjusted (0 the RMS equivalent voltage (to compensate for line voltage regulation errors during the course of the measurements), All measurements should be taken at the power empli- fier's plug. When testing for IHF musiepower meas lurements, the line voltage is to be set at 120V shen the amplifier is connected to 120V, (IHF standards). If the amp is connected for 240V equivalent test may be given by applying 240 vots, 2, The load should be resistive, having less than 105% ‘reactive component at any frequency upto five times the highest'test frequency. The resistor should be capable of continuously dissipating the full output of the amplifier while maintaining its resistance within 1% of its sated value. The load should employ only high-current connectors (if any), and be connected 10 the binding post output terminals, All output meas urements should be ‘akon at the amplifier output terminals, and not anywhere along the output cable ‘thru which the load cumrent is lowing, 3. The input love) controls should be set to maximum for all distortion tests to asure repeatability of all measurements, 4. When measuring hum and noize all inputs should be isconnected from the amplifier and the level con trols set to minimum or to maximums, preferably 5, Whenever posible avoid ground loops in the test equipment caused by connecting the output ground to the input ground, Never connect the ground of the cable going to the load back tothe input ground. joxious when measur Ground loops are especially ol ing distortion. An IM distorion analyzer, for ex ample, has its input and output terminals tied to a common ground. Such a test should use an un ‘rounded output rerura, with the output leads) ‘wrapped around the wellsielded and grounded input cable6 Always monitor the test oscilator when measuring frequency response. Use a wide-band AC voltmeter: fr use the same meter for both input and output level ‘measurements, if the meters frequeney response is known mbt tobe dependent on attennator settings. ‘Accuracy in measuring voltages for computing watt: age is critical, For example, a 2% voltage error together with a 1% resistance error can result in a ‘exror of 5 watts power into 8 ohms Residual distortion and noise lows should be fully known for all the test equipment in order to accurately evaluate the armpliier Never attempt to measure damping factor by placing abnormal loads on the output. DF measurements taken ding clipping, or any other form of vero, are meaningless. The pefeced mstod ico apy an extemally generated cuzen to the outpt terminals and measure the resultant voltage atthe termi, A convenient current i one ampere-as the relat Yoltage wil read diecty in ohms for Za}. Damping Factor is defined as 24, where [2s] 8 eypically # cits. A convenient geerxor forthe 1A. cre is that smpliier chanel not under tex, A. non inductive resstance of 8 ohms-coupled between both channels? output teminals-wil provide 1A when 8 volts re impresied eros the resistor by tha channel not under te). Never messure hum and noise when in the presence of strong magnetic fields, The ampli should be at least inches avay from any large metallic objects or shield plates fora eading to be meaningful. 1. Noise measurements should be taken with a band pass filter of 20-20K Hz, For audio purposes the measure- ‘ment of noise above 20KHz is meaningless. 4.3 SERVICE Should service other thaa routine fuse replacement ever be required, itis recommended that the unit be retuned to the factory in the original packing (or replacement, if damaged), For warranty service the machine must be feturned fo the factory oF warranty stations. The CROWN warranty is detailed on page 7. Because of the level of circuitry sophistication of the D-150, only the mest competent technicians should be allowed to service i Many of the parts are standard items stocked by most supply houses. However, there are several which appear 10 be standard parts but are actually different. Although standard parts may be used in an emergency, best results will be with factory parts. A aumber of the parts aie available only from CROWN, When ordering parts, be sure to give the amplifier serial number as well asthe part aumber and description, Rated firms will be billed, otherwise shipments wil be C.0.D. Before returning an amplifier to the factory for service, authorization should first he obtained fzom the sevice ‘manager. All shipments must be seat by Railway Express or fuck freight, prepaid and insured at total valve, The factory will return your served unit by Railway Express or tock freight, collect, and willadd_ COD. charges in the event that the cost is not covered by registered warrantyAPPLICATION NOTE 1 Evaluating the VA (voll-empere) needs of a toad: Muny loads exhibit lange reactanees (or energy storage), which limits 4 power ampliie’s ability to deliver 4 maximum power. Ifa toad stores energy, which in turn flows hack into the amplifier, it is clear that the amaximary power efficiency of the system is not being achieved, Power that flows back into a linear amplifier must necessarily be dissipated in the form of heat. A pute seactance is not capable of dissipating any power; therefore to drive such a load would only cause power armplifier heating In practice all loads exhibit some enorgy dissipation—however large thei energy storage characteristics may be. The ideal coupling to any load is fone that optimizes the desired dissipation component wile ‘minimizing the reactive or stored-energy component that is seen by the amplifiers output terminals In applications where the input is sinusoidal and of soall proportional frequency deviation, a rolatively stable loud may be resonantly tuned to present a real value of impedance to the amplifier. Any load, no matter how complex its behavior, has a VA ‘operating range which may be mapped by the following test oan +t scope a [yt at, ‘oa ey ves00} Lae fonr under * est tet r Section 5 APPLICATION NOTES ‘The maximam voltage and amperage excursions in all directions about zero (center of scope screen} define the voltampere operating range of the load. If load isknown to be linear over its operating range itis not necessary to ‘supply the maximum desired power to the load. The test may be conducted at low signal levels and the ccurent-seasing resistor (indicated as 0.19) may be enlarged to a convenient value for the oscillowope’s deflection sensitivity. The resulting plot may be then linearly scaled to the desired operating level {In the following example a reactive load is being fed & sinusoid of varying intensity. The V-1 limits of the amplifier are superimposed in dotted lines. It can be seen that the amplifier needs to be in the hysteresis positon to dive this load with this sinusoidal input. “Eh “Cf For aSection 5 APPLICATION NOTES D150 MONO CONVERSION APPLICATION NOTE NO. 2 A. Wire Changes 1. Remove the two screws (adjacent tothe inputs and ‘ins) from the bourd-cover. Lift cover straight up. 2.Ground No. 1 inpot (chan. 1) by soldering » 3/4 Dare wise (as shown in fig. 1.) betwen points A and B. 3. Connect a 10K, 1%, Yw resistorwith sleeving on booth leads—between points C and D, using pre-diled holes, BL Operation |. Make output cable as shown in Fig, 2. ‘eer TY neu - bow ourrur 4 belonced 2.Connect one lead to “HOT” (sed) amplifier ‘ovtputpost of channel 1, the other lead to “HOT™ of channel 2 CAUTION: DO NOT CONNECT EITHER “HOT” OUT- PUT TO GROUND (EITHER BLACK POST). 3.Connect an 8 ohm (or higher) load to the output cable. A fuse is recommended! (Refer to Fig. 33 on pg. 17 of D-150 manual). 4. Connect inpot signal, using std, % phone plug 10 channel 2 inputjack, The “chanel 2” gain (input level control) may be adjusted for desired output-level 5. The Bite AC powercord meeis U/L requirements, ‘but many installations wil require 4 310-2 wire adapter to avoid “groundJoops”-cicculating currents caused by more ‘than one ground path, ©. Specifications P Resp, £1540 20 #220 KH 1W 8 Ohm lab 4 He - 60 KHz IW 8 Ohm Power Resp. 4 ld SH - 1SKHe 250W 8 Ohm Power at Clip®t. Typically 320W into 8 Ohm 1 KHz ‘Total Output (HIF) Music Power 400W § Ohm 210W 160hm Less than .1% from 10mW to full ‘output Typically 01% at 250W Greater thant 140 Zero ~ 1KHe 8 IM Distortion Damping Factor ohm Hum and Noise 110 &b below 250W (typically 1178) (201-20K112) Slewing Rate 12 Volts/Microsecond Load Impedance 8 Ohm or higher complet stability with any load) Output Signal Balanced Input Sensitivity 1. 1V for 250W into 8 Ohm Taput Impedance 25K Nominal Voitsge Gain 32.3db + 2a Protection Short, mismatch, and open circuit proo. V-1 limiting is instantaneous with no annoying thumps, cutout, te. Thermal switch ia AC line protects aguinst overheating caused by insufficient ventilation. Con- trolled slewing rate voltage ampli fers protect overall amplifier against RF burnouts Power Supply ‘Two massive capacitors with energy storage" exceeding 20 joules. Totsl fof two regulated supplies for com- plete isolation and stability. No fuses except for AC power line Power Requirements Requires 50-400 Hz AC connect- able for 120V or 240 VAC #108, Draws 30 watts or lest on idle 23ery Heat Sinking Controls Input Connector Draws 500 wats or less at 250W out into 8 Ob, ntce chassis is used as heat sink. Chassis is a rugged heavy gauge aluminum extrusion for maximum heat conduction Inpat level controt mounted ad {scent 0 input connector Input - 1/4" phone jac ‘Output - Color coded binding posts. Center terminals of output (2) ‘coded black, Balanced outputs coded red AC Line ~ Three-wice (grounded) Dimensions Weigh Finish male connector on 5 ft. minimun cable 16 1/2" long, 5" wide, and 8” high (without panel), 17° Tong, $ 1/3" high, 8 3/4” deep wit front pane} (optional). 19” standard rack ‘mounting hardware included with front panel 22 1b, net we, 24 Mb, with front panet Black anodized chasis Front panel (optional) is bright anodized brushed aluminum with black leatherette lower panel,sf D150 PARTS LIST CIRCUIT BOARD CIRCUIT BOARD (QUAN. SCHEMATIC REF. DESCRIPTION cen, QUAN. SCHEMATIC REF, DESCRIPTION PN snstsroas sceLLaNeous 2 “ES Homma ons Tmsitor Pals asa 20 mem xm to Fecomonen Regt. ass 4 tame Gack toe Indy Ca wal 2 ie Tonivectrin 338 ems Sk 3s > ot Sa a te Tose 3s fo mers ikem par re bow Es > 8 Sonnet 30 2 Toke est {m2 tabohmitwae soe 4 ‘RIO, R2S 180 Ohm % watt 2873 CHASSIS : 8 Sckiewit "3573 SCUEMATICREF. —DESCRIFTION CROWNPART NO, + Rinse tskiatin 3s 4 Koo? Somat” 3399 caracrrons + ote Somer 3300 ACen nse 200 yr 38 > oR Soom Gor leas santas aoe 3 Oke Blowin or > Hoobmyiwett 3304 TRANSFORMERS @ CHOKES 4 Rigs ixsoeFom oe foverTanformer 3286 ae Wkiet 2ss ua indo os caracrrons connecroR «Gen at sa ON 1124 Hi a sas ree ato Dialing ese 833 2 SGla, 3 Per or i as aot Py 7 Ghen.cr, ruses oo cose ose Aue wat 4 Go toe an i 3 Soomro igeg_——_roreNTONE TERS 2 & woo me Rt KPa a7 > & nots ike ose > a ISN 3igg RECTIFIERS aND iovEs 2 as {00 venkat nD DAS6O2 Be Retin 3296 > Go tat 30 nesiToRs semtconpuctors TORS) OL Ohm Sat Reiter 3291 6 ao apes eS 27 Omni wat Reser 10l 2 oo 2slaorTeniier HSE ixzwattawor 33 : oe 21305 enter 07 Dp Tama esr gwen 2 oo ssuormiie 33a Tham Sth 29 Ghee: | Swtmmuie Bat 2 oo Pet tomior 3962 —-TRANStTORS 8 Bipapies, ‘ines 203565 Sed Tamir 3298 Dob instasnie oan 207 Wes ent 376 1 oid mete 381 > & Wrsio Taner S332 MECHANICAL ASSEMBLIES 2 & SiN Tantser 348 6 oud wom[ ‘CROWN PART NO. 3292 3293 Wraparound, 3292 Cover, 3342 DESCRIPTION MECHANICAL PARTS HB Terminal Tinnerman Captive Nuts Sack Ins. Shoulder Washer Flt Fier Washer No 6 Star Lockwasher No.4 Star Lockwasher 6/32 Hex Nat 4/40 Hex Nat [No.8 Star Lockwasher 8/32 Hex Nat 10/32 3/16 Flat Washer 58 Bright Washer 10/32 x 3/8 Pil. Bd Hd Srew 8/321 Flt Head Seow 10/32 Hex Nw 6f32 x18 Ba Hd Phil Screw Bright Washer 18/82 x5 Trus Head Philips Screw No. 10 Star Lockwasher 0.66 Mica Washer TO. Shoulder Washer No. 8x 3/8 Hex Sht Ml Screw SR5P-4 Stain Relic 389 Solder Lug (218 Hole) 50S Solder Lag (169 Hole) Control Nut 55 Soler Lug (144 Hole) 703 Insulator 70-3 Plastic Film Insulator HTA Foscholder Teatsfomer Wrap Around 614 Controt Pate 3321, Heatsink 2824, Power Cord 3297 3298 3348 3310 3311 3312 3316 3u8 3320 3453 3323 3324 330 3332 3334 333s, 3419 2109 3202 334 3327 3342 40967 40377 287 Fag Housing 0250 Faston Termin D150 Chassis {614 Inductor Spacer 614 Cover Spacer {806 Ground Lug (.196 tole) 614 Board Clip 614 Bottom Cover (Gapacitor Mot Ins Washer 614 Heat Sink 2.G-1 Terminal (199 Hole) 8/32 1-3/4 Stud 10/32 x 60 Hid Phil Screw (614 Back Label 4/40.x 5/8 Rd Hd MScrew [NYO4.187 Shoulder Washer 1-150 Amplifier Label 6/32 x ¥5 Socket Cap Serew End Caps 614 Front Panct Front Panel Label (614 Transformer Cover ‘81.5025 Rubber Feet - Black Pre Assembled Board Cover ACCESSORY LPT ‘ADAPTER KIT Fuse, 3AG, 14 Amps MDP Plug 3AG Fuse Holder 748 Wire Connector Board Cover Heatsink, 3321 i i |BT 3309 3309 24 C23 Cireuit Board Assembly 40971 Control Nut, 3040 RI, 3307 HED Jax 5 R31 Dual Binding Post Fl 3303-2823 3176 1001-2938 40950 2938 1001 R29 22-12 €22—R29. O13, 3176 3316 g12 Ol, 10 Cal swi C21 uo ou 5295 3176 3205 2938 2799 2938 3205 3176Re RES i eC Pak i B on ° Ras : 19 a8 2.09 cv | ris rn | Rio Coolers Removed D-ISOCIRCUIT BOARD (COMPONENT SIDE)