aro naan eT sia Language as Discourse: sim sat Perspectives for porter salto a hi esepinaete Language Teaching ‘Michael McCarthy and Ronald Carter _ LONGMAN LONDON AND NEWYORKtoe cote Heian Band ETRE ayers to ted ne ed Sl eres San atabeg Nee onan Gep LK i 4 ‘petal fal ees Lo Saepeietees ie Seiectid ard er Fates 9 Die aay Calapan Peter Sheeran SASS ra of Cn age Pda Dae tig tei ina pie orci) Srila ae) Sincere Lagu adpuger-S le REE ety i Ube ned) Contents Gene edite's peice wi reraon is Actrowledgerents » 1 Dividing the world of discourse 1 1.0 useducion 1 1 Speech an wnng 3 12 Framevorts for csifng spoken and wenen modks 1 Apphong and rete ranenorhs 2 LA Mondloga ant doe te 1S Ten ypolges 6 14 Genres a 17 Condon a8 Reser ces 3 Nove en sce a Panther eating 3 Naw 3 2 Observing ane explolag pacterns 20 inoue 211 Common coe pater fase reatons 212 Teaching spgesion 23 Embedded pers 4 Opens and elsings 23 The decay dacs 2 Themstiedewiweere 2 Concson| Reader sete Nees om aries Fane ceding 55 @ es rs 2 7 a a 6 2 2 Linking he tev: grammar, lect and discourse 130 Insodacter 31 Grea nd dacoame managementCoen 32 Tease, aspectind ice 533 Modaty 134 Paneresofboctulary 135 Natratnes Reader scoies Notes om aces Farher reg 4 Literature, cate and languages discourse 0 Invecnee 41 Conersatonl ana: pragmay arse 42 Anahi arse 1 Repettionandrbeace 414 Sheatone arn cures 45 Testandidedes 4s Techng orn with sm 143 Dacous and caw searenes apc fr the neue learner 48 Testing te corel 41 amine sboarlanguge tome urston for Sisoure nis PFanierveating SS Deslgning he discourse lbs 50 Inveducba 51 The notin o dicourse competes 52 Amita clascaon 54 Amibtanthe cesar oftshs 54 Parse arts ino te learner conte 55 Anayecand stent even 56 Refer and esi he sabes Rear aces Parker reading Bisiogany Inder 0 "7 a rs 1m mH a 136 Bn 4 150 19 9 6s os es re a 2 1% 10 6 General Editor's Preface “This i am uncomfortable dock diss seconds, aed it lenges endo. Ar the same tne hes confor xe ‘Sicered woh be frre aft cine a Se oat wha = Sire marie for indanent cange How tis ahi? ‘We could bape withthe bon’ ending In ther al Cage, he shor hve Gt say. "Te mount nears th of lane ‘Ten thet lndape chang, aah, forcer” Wha is xe itadsap, be dawn! Wht sled mich 2 change “Tang nits tsk comiruct, ts understanding of gage, what ee ean for he authors adopt dscoure-bved ew? Ty fp toes ser penpetye Real how inthe ineeaion of Tnprssionbt pig mages emcee from a landcape 8 com- omen soles and brushwork une ocopaable et tl uncer Terms ich theron dese aspectcr sore bck st wide see nica fens of elas: Pscinpresiont oils ‘Specs tenet, Int screw lngunge, We ean Se oer on tc pedal and Teoranmaal ren ries re case toner he texts wich 30 co aeak mer From the deta othe feares s 2 mater of perspec, What tre pin Gorn ling the Indscape the text 35 cur sare pa ‘str hens focus on thee contuent forms? AL once ne Chnpeded wo secapuze tht sich a hadwape & 0 kt SMztdage af nga sree bt = coberen ey papi ‘E&Souced by ientfuble precpants im respons 10 pater ‘gcc of tine and pce and abject ater reecing Cn ica be vecogusel and recosrctd. A landscape meen, Wich sted in preclor Hoc ment” anc. sick CGreanatnce ad gota adventiowsy enatuced objet aes fom ‘Sime snags nen 8 to ith eat, owners, audience nt punene, Nonciest such tos ae composed, He pains make sgn and approprine chowes, bere rom the Tencgranar othe nology. Tere sno dice who fore fn whet component entre. Agi, he painting is mai o Whe autre agus tht we man to comprehend The mcscpe then lingeage aching bu begin wth tet and 0vis Goal Ears Pref eco trough hen the forms of lexcgrammar and phosob Tien thee sondage and the wings uncon thelr frcuarpternng orprser and eve t the era observer Bevesteal and iceologen mesrngs of the landhape. "Wh wold ths ew be ncmfanble? Pana, because aes ‘he be of tachi ad lean. Ione tes wi fora there fp ground for seh parton by the fare ab ground for ‘evs of colesneaetamen ofthe pate sian I the FReaing-mating proces no crmorine fer considered choke. The {oome sein the convert proper a the ebook ur the ec ral tnd mauherstale sets for Gay ad eee) acu en, To foun on te umever ts nang gators owe dat ‘aver be anewered by reference nly the aur ofthe web. The wacker Quesune whch nou not be_apopaely ‘luted forme ne How ar sich tens consuced? Why are these wordings and wondings chown? Mov ean Such vex De ‘hese? Tor ahat extent ae uch Yes uni and what exert teresa? Where dos spur et stnd08 the calcu of ‘pokeness tering How dice tex Asay 1 unde Migemens) Hw tow repreetnne of a partalayaurship {nd toi-clral poster’ These ae In rar all quests Which ‘eth widen te cope af he camer an air the szue ofthe ttle ind he tesconsl compete of the anguae teche. ‘Thesain es th ucomertbenesFarhermor, begining with tens nt meres 3 ater of teprapy. Tes The ances ae Spent inerpeation Their smtcance fv rer enya mater of ‘lotr Overen see thers tg dren ye, frm ilerest pepectbes What Malay es the ae of ets fas be tla D'eqully appt guestons of how text ae arab lterpetd “Trove ee eto pet th undentandg of ets what Wa of desing ave there” How mth ewer psioned to adopt this rahe, than tt perpectne! How ave tee best Understood, om at rates of te owl lindecap,x0 0speat top donno boston tp fromthe component etre” Asin Greeny’ fl, the teacher ie the degen hae partial eves to cha He mpeg bt his conemance slays lve ta the tape he sees 10 Chpae. Ave dolerent ete nterproted a alerer ws? What par {Bethe curl an sail ekround ofthe Bearer la in mas Sr verprtsn Ac much ae 4 Tdrny of ( perspecive ot Tinga sich cogntne queso are atthe heat of ths as fonts othe ped Fonts end Langage Sah Si. Te Se queings which cat) ext ressesment of owe cha tlnpinge "They go tothe Rea of teachin abd amines They Gone Ebr Pree crmpel« coming inthe teacher and de eames of the rls of fast and interpreter. tering clsiiaboe wih rag the treanng ins inthe sors eds, hey pes « bass er langage letrang to bere lenge educa. Ln a ere hb ‘Si ees uncomfortable yet caleaging reads fr the cars (hore for watt dorset fer to nguage easton same of ie ‘tng interest comply text subject rane. Lae {roe econ becomes iteresephnary Whi is oes reas a {Redesign langage amr lus, phonology ad dsous, Iv undestonde of he cores iendcape mow Feque si from comnte posto se sco, om stds nec tnaa Stohr fom ctenesional sna snd elsiogans) om fom cutsh sur. Tt wien the scope of bageae har ‘incation ht al. pegs mie uncernirabl, flange ach ‘hcion Coaraersbealy new bere is these ona ‘onesie sd a commumyy of teachers of foreign and sce lampuges abd teacher of the mcthe tng. "Tote effec as agers change, however. ura need te tured ino praca! scion Ther reaation, an i Sse the Jucneten, cure in the aches ibe stom. He ‘Soahete we hae inorster, but row in cela wo he camo of the lnnecpe sel Thvee eas of eeraving of the language ‘locas! curstum stand ot the As Ty the ars cathode pra tothe eden af fac, chewing sha bounds of rare ere, fer esaple, fe bar, the cones anche ‘Bocanens A second reaiment that of the rasan of the feocng foto ne prece, etasb nguage arin I duce sas te cml pars he corsa coment ind eiaremprecete. In stesing the impure, oF Gasp GF comconacecrieng a a wy of dewopiag the karts ‘netingistic lawl the authors Unk his te tale of cal Irene rere peer rh for guage and ening, Py Fore tap tee are many other ust Insane took Clete the declpmet of fetrersna and atercina LS Sting and perch fo 3 pat wah te current and erick inghscs im may cures othe amc ary that bth ier of dncoure need equal eamen in comenurcthe vcaim, Ato a wars 0 exci abou Me McCarty’ and fon Cavers bon she exratenan Feths of ee sation haw sch pact acton can be aacted. ach Chap stony tore anc vey wide rverceced bxeralh ut accompanied by immpnathe Reater Acne, cach dlssed with sugges Now the ike wo stated Furor Readings, Thus all ef he mesesGeel hawt Pre sparta provided ut vay i hich he rol of teacher and Ietmer are ably intrchanged. Tals for teacher san equly be ‘aks for Temes and this ently heping wth he ew taken ter ofthe lndope of anguage and bow tin be persed Like sles and reader, spate end beans, echo and earner copes engge i co-coraroson of the lndsape of tes and togeicr are cabled by the process of thn book tv combine resources pein hei sgiicerce in parte ine ad pace Prfewor Chisrber N Carlin Macauaie Universi, Sydney Geren Edo Introduction This book focuses oa dese ofthe dca pope of language ani on he recaaee of such desipon for ageage reaching tthe beck we baller some preating ascumpeens. One ‘nar atmpion at we allenge sc that Engh ep teaches {Sesdy teow ennugh about the guage. [tei ad ht Sch teachers are vureurded by an ara of sellrevarched and ‘Berongly teed grammars and divtonaiesabck ronse enone merge, and thal Tearing oe abot the ngage eed mo Be Something seroune tw much of ici lee ine. Fed to fen sai, dcr main concer shuld be wi ho to each the lames mare eflecvely. We ctallnge thi main usempson tht rmehedcogy fal. Anober ssumpioe that we challenge Out (here re dscns tereen fet ae second ngage lamin. We peter to underine the entinais ant connectors PU docu dncone-bned approach o language easng aad teachin apples wo both LT and 12 "Since the cay 1030s thee hae been rapid gunn of docrptve nor en the dicoune prperics of ngage. In bir ‘nny ea ofthe dines of dncourse nus, pragates end ‘ea tines as epred how language used acs ech of Tinginge Ths bs equniy wohed eulniar Lawuoge riiraly eccueng comes, oth spoken and writen, and hus Conese med te ed) of crplt et Such a ore ‘Strate th damerant paige for the deren fot ‘cumple, gammar, vocabulary and he soeed stem of English, inlich hve tnded 10 concntate em Seuaterbaed sets of Tense, This, grammar is sdied in ron to semeces hich acc oes sade up by Be stalst or wien from wxtcpesaatne ‘Comex, The pracve i wif, of couse for sate ard trea popes I Bas coral nfuereed language teaching thot the emp man language couse books i ca sie totencee ot minal unis of ngage sd om Pacing Tors of lengunge within sich 2 ramen. “Boe of the ain aac of te bok ito examine wha night Fm largange tay a the level af docoue hve oft the langagehte texder ae stent Gin th mo rl ngage ae ves te rofacian an reccpbon of comeeced ches af spol and Tice hnuee, ve smest dat Wis Kind of dexcipon ib of “omer pve ye Inded, ne wo fare and wet a che {iatsom engige ave on bow unless e+ econ fovrnment an that peng lerguage fa conc ces we Soe Soee common held ndereandngs ato the fore ead TGutig ef language othe cnt oat, porcar,the {Boao ent and cue on Belp vt ice and rays aes fdsage sich hae proud gone wnwised and ertaght One enecied argues hee bth ber a et analy the ache {ane the ener cupped ~all erkr things bing eal — is Bot ‘Suet ae they te fe yang the hngwewe appa rset om en, sme verso of cemmancaine Iannoge eschng gn ate se othe stl pes of Communion for th rezone ake noma xe er) ‘Simpler of ea engunge es vat frre eng ‘ore and we devote Ito ace to erg the coal of ISnauge To be consracon of meaning ie eh cone One rer spe of languge oe we caren sere etal she way Tawi neg ar ot nly sl, ht hey rary acoing to the corte, purpese and aie fr the emma and ta the ame fons ef apap can hve lee tenes Tee ees, We pace rest srs onthe erpenoa, rato and tegtabe ase of ngage cent comer cones Niner Meson, contented and soble teats etecn Terme and mean. We sonar the inpicons for lente schlager Tn oe emphasis lngge aie’ we do aot petiege any poke oh c's wat ely mee rey {eurng em a fsa lu. We aver the abe of Here) ten inguge develo bu argu the sed ut cerln ‘ecuofin ner ob tem an et contd of wht comeaonaly rp a n- thax The fs we piso econ fom aoe Iiway tox ato eaten to ge senor Yo ther Tie rege ares langage dy ad aching: the oe of apts of Cale aod celualprengposions ia langage descrpeon and ‘Caching andthe rudotoy between lapuge ed clon. Once fain out argument Wat the revant fees the ince {Terre si, cdtre se ngage eshng can et ted by concentrating onthe dscuse propre of ngage ae Intacin si cf sees Our emp en the felearer for Kamera of increased {coming shout language prt te same prot of inti # Sealy of tet and core wth an CTE compen I wig Ge bagage coramumca “rhe suc wo ths ook = deberstely chosen The boo sma suri. The ell af couse ana now les «ruber of SE moans which layout the mai ue eiew wr ne ld Ie dacs apc (Brown and Yale 1983, Se 1985; Chute 1989, ack 1989; NeCary 1991; Hatch 1992, We ‘fereore ake no cat ty crapleve coverage ofall the pera (Rua agen of eeu end sees gation For cape, Ine hve lie to ey abot dscouse-asel aspects of phones an oon, We hive Be wry aout scone 2 cite ‘ces alodh we de epi same conten forthe roduthn Tod mcr ffx ava sco copive procs. We cod RE ‘Mert hate oie of arsing. We do not cover deta Trew fasts descrigton ered noe Boks. Though we do oraegiet edb, we w30 Feng hat were space could be Goeted te methodelgy Ont purpmc, homers, i o fer ‘Sepecves. We des plate ina gute rovoctue vy, The bok EeRecmes pele ant programmatic. We hope 0 one oP {lnc aie ives endo queuon ome caret pracces = er {fin plies as rcen that me ave argu aa te gra of sme ‘aver ange eaching erhooies. I so dang we can yc ‘Sie or armen sufsiady pre and epic i nde 10 08 ‘ude, to eegage wih ice aca aly oy that we weleme Sree espe fo the sins apt nthe Book, Michael MoCarty Nowinghae Ronald CaerAcknowledgements We wish to acknolede te flowing people fe ny providing (hs und allowing iw be wed ia ths Weck ‘Mok don, Lamees Nese. eth Siam and-Paye Wado, foomer stadents ofthe Unrest of aga ess Geer, of fhe Unteraty of Valencian Lacy Crude, femme of the Univers of Thing Per Oso, of the Unies of Uppal (oligos in the iteraoealCerisete Canreace ICO), ‘Sitoay teachers end coraareum co-ordinators who worked Ls the {ngage the Natal Cum (LING preee (9892) a9 inseniee teacher edeatin prot fended of the Bish Dep tment ol deaf and Scene and he oa educxion ater, of Tnglan and Wales Dis du rom he proj ave refered 10 3 LINC daa. ‘We vis alo to thnk Marin Hwings fr permission to ui se ral frm previ pblited co-authored aie (Hewings {hd MeCanhy 1985}. Our seis editor, Cris Candin, has ne ean been an anlling seurce of aie, encaragerert and pecentve pet M Mecarhy Reamer The pubes ate gael w the fllwing for persion 10 reqrodece copyright teria Toran Pevebpments Plc for an exact fet an albertsement eyatem SA ran ecrict fem an screw: BBC Mazin tnd the autor, Pane Waker for extacs o 4 hoscepe to Timer maguine, 24b-A0H Aug 1991, Dash Medea Journal Pabshing Cio fo exacts fur the are ‘Reston ince and Heme ennrerment of eake gone’ ty RJW Nix S| (Ginn and R] Reva from Bron a Jnl Vol 296, 21.585; Dareeu of FredanceProtaraphers fran exact fom an eriuement irom Pcl Phagupiy magne, Ape 1852, © sy Aiba cepyrght Bureau of Preclance Photographers Camel La fo at frequently i hs Bonk, we heutd nner pore the sniance of grammatical and lec ‘otc reg these eget urs, Cher 8 willcenenrate on {he king of levee Osteen granmar/exs ad docour ‘Our nlemans ako asplayed antier ane of cmpetense a signet cept thatthe stances ef spon and wrt oes the cey hi idesed eve no grace te the erga source of the coma, ere nocesiy pokey ones for the extacn with ‘Spoken moder writen neo hve with "wen made In or Tors dey ae guar oeed w elements of ene mode cmon ceekne i dcctmes celine in te oppaste medi, No ae SSuted tae wrice whertuemene for conser gods Ce ‘Tiennace Dad G ar chen) shuld ube festies of spoken Thode, Equal the informants soeped tou amy obecton at ‘Gerace Tad | wee fom a hor) youre in which the nara was Speatng dey w the read, Te sure for erate 1a J ‘oan O'Facltns wove Bd sthee (198: pp 6 and 129, in which Aherashe fen ess dscouve marry such 4 ila on may fo mle comeratona! mode of raaive Abverivment® fr Consumer gods snd novels ay corcavnahy,comtain clement of (pokes mode "Tac permssa) cr aberise of partly Fests ene of te asec of nate sal rm gor in section 1 Flomever, the formants ha a reser iui ing 69 teh the ture of erict Hatch nen fee a Dish gui Tewsrper ithe setion sverong academic pots in clegss end (Micrnocs ‘The aversement wis hecine 25 fellows8 Larger Dssne (UNIVERSITY OF simyaNGHAM, (GepoKTUNITIES INSPACE sete re =_— (Gunton 18 Speer 1982 29) ‘Arte ending came the wilde of the pox adertsed. No ihr selene pst htc in he nempiper en at ay (or {he beat ox Knowica, before o ice) contained an tem sacha {be dconse marcel wed eve in what Qui et 9851313) fat cn eding face, 50 Hosta recent of olen mode Tia aiersement wn, here, ser be Mealig te omertane of aedeme pb aveoeiens, sich ate lea ‘Stren rth of consrser god aeremens een out teak per of whertiomeresaypeae in he wien sel, I nope oe magic and ay be ened the se Sale ‘Raden Our uveasencs bres be consenionsogreat lc he Sue roca pot uns ots an eerie erm, aie Toudshce of x aly al sig ite mode Such reat, where occ, f Died on snag seas of wha de rm Uneing we of peck mates In wing may be eee fete, ac someties ccers seen eying Gn Land {ajar acatmeding marker Une eva Mey Be frowned toon "What we fie id» demons ee at spoon and since language net only ae asada th drat mea c heey iret ried pe, * ‘jun ene tems ae ss cameras rele nieven-comes anderen ape dca The emergence of ch ode diflrentation canbe Usted TEI (ce Ber and lnegn (98, bo that Ao. ow ala ‘coven here: What ho spareat that spoken ad wien modes fan be sed crethehy in untypcalcontec, bat that 8 pay ‘hh the fundain of cor Ingusic compen in thi spt Tk pica for iste, Sr writen srt tobe exes at fat C (ohh ces from a et of nso er dor ing fle), us as exact i opll of writen scales test (ith fr peso pronou,16 modal may, and io veeabula). However pei bore rested nse context than oer oe Cnt Id Dy 1902 bi-t), thee more scope fer creat) in hersig ta than sn the compestion fle sues, and the tet Disiding the mol f sour 9 cla catch yen can brah conventions with rater ete than fhe teu of 1 elgias Thuny Thorlo on the fog chine eesenng he aden of modes that wil be found in aieret frolics of the spehen and wien medi, produ wil be eieopicily ore “wctea” or more spokes in ther features of ‘Gove than ers Archeapkal of he wien wl be legal sams, ‘anne Ieee and repr, acter tex, eference Hoc Icheypeal af the spahea vil be case comerstiny and goapeneacten’ Gangnge weed he sence of pervoming tov rab word tak cach we te ce a estat A, Whee We fepl se atening to ateuecomedee-clodng mecha fe ronas euch oc TV sap pon ands on In beaver, we Si fd many products that cam hop feel from one mode 10 seater: the pereral let, tbe por, the pes conference te aes pc, ul es we hve sen, the bea text the cemumer forts SScroement ‘Wht nd, heros, when sek a he weld of spoken and site lingua, a comple of rlaiondpe between ngage Toxms and conte of we, certainly nota imple dvorm between ‘rite and spoken media The seeton of dscoure-tpes lor Ire fn the sts oa tera i their deal be dene ‘tin tfratevork ha cates oy Bint to preset the ngasic fests tat Gsiagush Speen fron. writer modes, scond © present a rnge ef writen ft aad poten material ht aes Telcom the broser snd frrowerresicions on apreprcy of ‘eorense of spoken snd ween odes te patel cage, ae Rit presen at nt some curples of tea and wor renin ose the nar ree ane fo derine ther power Akoug meskes of ‘digest wil a he te oly on, and angie curses cts) oncrned ih eter spoken er arte sls wil be enced by Chceunters wit sare ef media of presenti, coe sled (o'refect Wr ss of etiren dered nessa 10 teach. 1.2. Frameworks for classifying spoken and written ‘modes Descrpve agus hae devted much ere wo casing pokes terion moles, and ane apecched re tk Gm serene ‘Bes We bane sated ta or formants were wig te evidence ‘le preuence of cern ingle forms Yo asign 1 mode 1 a)10 Langue Disoure sine ste of language andthe protenct er absence of farms has GS He bas ce die of speech and wring, cach as {Conus Davy (1969), Cyst snd Day fle an iveniry cf Tnguatc lems fate, lesa, phonlegil) and ase ese 1 {Gaming among ber pes, comeratona lnguge, neapoyer ‘Sporades lnguege. ‘The lenguage ferme ae ested {Tita framework alts relevant furs of the stator, Ihetas mediums the ‘clasp berneen print what bey et Iootaity the hole bereeen seoing « writen menage #8 & Teer, 2 poseaté of rao). and so or Siuifiart ceelsins ween sccrences of ems and situational features embie fenatonr in lpiage we to De-aupped stematay, Osher Sapuse hae atemped to rete femal dilerences to bosder feneonl sles and cies in an sterp 10 esublsh the base ‘honcesstes dat dileetite specs abd weng. For isan, {have (1982) aes factional eters such asl versas pli, nd couse vers amiredpene 19 deseribe charac ‘Dpec of writen and spon aces, respecte, Th or ect Rip caample 13 contine ogusge whch is smplict and heavy ance pends (og # and det), wile act Ete tof ‘Srnen ineutan for the door dau mechani eg Seried ‘hac A) cere oe es wich can Be read and rest eet istered ina fom te acl contin which nteaded to be wed; has to ephist oeabulay. However fer such a+ pb and ck ar svelte, an at to be een a terns fate hana uit er ncesu endo fr caestion. For fasence col be agaed atthe pase vib exact (Gten deemed x0 peal of ten modc) Tene i addresee {Spiess che cera 8, although consinny an clement of spoken thade (am), hoe gute expt vocabulary and came Gem + ex ‘Theh proms i oun cone and ee-sunding Cllenges othe dangers of nersimpiicanon of his ope of categriaton cn be found i Tannen (9820) and Maze (987) Sarto instance, found i br dat tat one rater tan what {he cally modal (vhch we hee tle 0 8 mdm ce channel cf erumanicnn) wan a greater determina of fetes sch 2 pits writen and spoken dats wth aborect ect mater tntaned tore nfl infomation than aaat dats, eure les of wher hey wer in apaken of witen ecion. Tannen at toes that czas such an mplepht depend co her order Ilseaces such a ene he selatnhip between langage foro nd features ofthe ete) and gw (= sce 14), rater than Driling the vol of donne MN nec on edn of cman. Liew, U's (197 sey (Tic densty (he slate doy ima mescaze tween esa {hal praminseal ems) found hat Ses varation depend. ot ‘Sharan bing done when nguepe wes bag avd eg ange - Sino. ater than snp om ¢spehen-riten medion dion The wat of Bbc and Phogen provides an expanded amen forthe Se of frm and ance sn spon ad writen modes fhe deserter of dacosne ype. Biber and Ficpan (108) we thre ses of oppositions to Unruh writen foe spokes fares fn ste eve to how Ingeage forms else in erent spoken Gh wren see The writen ves spelen oppesions ae 1 infomation sens ined producer 2 Caborted esr einaten-dependest refzence 5 bveact seus non-saract se “These terms are mune the ats of oppstons area dices ‘dence mp ae bet sewed at tendencies rather tan sob ‘ikkins sey fr tance, includes coun of gees pusshe (foes Wih lvge-sae computer asses ber epecly ber 98D, is pole to se tendencies tarde he catering of eras forms Gand tic sogned Kner) in Aileen dase pen ner hstoalsady of seventh terete ise, ess ae ker, Der and Finegan (1989) obser + dit fovsrds more spoken) Shai cocuing 8 ite es, ‘hleinng the peiat we Dave aad) nade bout the seed 0 CBieresate medi and mde, More Sstresing), Ber (188) shows hoe the elas etna diferent Gacoure pe changes ‘Epeeding cn wht one 1s mesunng. For cape or the ele of Soe vem nshordapnart reereace (aphat here mesg ‘recencer tat an be decoded Wout fects to tie staion) TTten ees suchas afiol davmmens ad aeadeic prose a Thor cpl rfrener thn de edna, Biogas and ashen ‘Tooumes such spontaneou speches and. prepared speeches {Giker 1586. 143, However, mtn dh paral sel, bales (iu spamatcousspeschor ee ne ignteay eres fo each ‘ther an penn ks sed adver ones abot the SMe (face fae cryenacon, agin malig the pit ha Festus of hole gore 4 llerent clasfexton fem dat toed oni) on tedium, When th same ss of tens re subjsed to measurement (Trem ofthe presence or absence of wart clement ne section 2 wrote ten of vaous hin wcrc mest Hight, but now ‘postmen and prepared species me highs p te sale white1 Lammas Dias ese eras mune le: down tan hei previous poston (bee Tut 13) What Ber als ppd bree (eg inforatve txts in popaet marie altogh lw in rreate concern ae ested Teter the tna died end the scale freesncs, whch they ae ce to smker scones, and. ight thes be ‘uilered #4 pouble sore fr feats of spon exe de ‘Slew of the npg tscing spas oF mae ‘omaing though cech echnepies an Bibs and Finean’s tr eraoes might bea vay of ding up the capes work ‘Piicoune there ve peblome wh the asigmment of func Coote be wet dager ekg that he capes ae assed ron to langage ors thereby enayping the arsine rust ‘erik of pone ret one has ens decided ob the cae from {Bete besming However, ur infomnant west queted abe shows ‘Pinay of instonsming pacing teaches ad ste of inngage (nich the seman wes) ta cnot be neglected ae ‘ehh can seme 3 4 reliable, commoa-sene basis fr spite Tuctonal pidcane w parca langage fooms. One sie deers hee een mae aad eirmed concerning oral red, fer cians most be made dough closer sry of wha fers oc parol estes, and its w sch eke ome Siaone we now em 13. Applying and refining frameworks In ths sectcn me shal apy cme ofthe prices oatned in te proves secre to fe teu. and. ste nat aGaGOM Femmes can be made teeing approaches ‘The Litay tot en thou of as 2 prime xanpl of te writen median aya ws Bae aleady sapped ery tt ‘Mow uremic edom af snag of modes Tamnen (859) Feces the pica range of fates pica of ennersason an be owed ie Ueray tex. Av wll a he vious techniques of sing fares aye ef eapresita the speech of characters wheter 3 (Greve inde or eed and freind specs the weer ‘an ala var his her ov elaonsip mith the ender by chan ‘Boden OPaolan's novel Ad Alon, Which we wsed our et ‘Serre Tan meciie [3 shife for api writes mode of here featres rong suc ih ‘rverstonlepech rar beeen the stay and cal of eray nara 5 ‘Sinple LS andthe spoken vecnd features of example 1, ev) Dis he mod of dcsane 18 trough eth ae he nurat’s words and both hee St peson romans (45), When vi Yh ovr mie ac one oat Sn hed none ryder my orth ae ad tied Es ini cere sera shad ‘Stat her wten ico te meric ca ha be one (Pn 1985: 262) (96 Oh Gittey wa slp tim al ithe ey sane Aiey ef ised Sunt aac Dean See, so Sey (BeSlak Ga ne sector ma Woneerd an Gone ibe iraenteros nner Sect Sue ar hie sake. Arab nedhondvay ence tn HEN cSpencn eco meer cep Sioa (Orr 198: 1) “The pa 1 be ned ere that example 1.4 eles than xan 15 deans coral featres of Scary le and veal @he eu pre-modieation snd spent paral he ll 10 em SEeeetee the ve to-anocen scence iyo ke eran” ‘espe is marters ef spoken rode (Od all et, Foal hl 0 CCalures wit a long. adiian of orl sorting, ch a ‘OFasuies nae Ietnd, aay be ejected to relet the mon ‘eewen the ole ad the Weer (an argues ken poy Negy 1689, bute poe for oar preset concerns Bu a hap heading euch aerate 2 yas il ec to ‘Conair before i sublease tet Hera Sates seurte wor rom oer, more eerie sae Tnltcary to tht we can find an esremels wide range des of Stes tnd wren, sch that many Herary wats wil ply fates MT pcken mode sie to thove found Ih averting ex, wile (hers us day he panng sad acting the detachment nd CSpcaness of chiar seodeie wong. Short and Candin {1980} are commited to the ven thet wing 4 ide are of {erent row erry txts am imprint ma to promote» Fler tnprecion of ersae in the dassoom, Once span, what the ‘Ms and materi choese toting eter under oe hea oF ‘Mises tne ane n a each ant exer wil ay ely ‘pening om oa cnsbcaaondlerteia. On a die of ears of ‘penne exact fren O'Fal'srel ty nel end wp it ep tures fer 2 pple beads rao Bur just what mig the edi of an ake fame work tase on odes ef lanevape le Hie? Our ak here amt to14 Laue os Dione capes a cele yl, but ve can poi tthe inf rites EMSA beeline One such crterion could be saclay exe Totti othe aon Df rari, da te degree of presence Mea gl sender and recvers athe text il and the ower Stat denote neeenese atx sederrecher relma. For Seen kinds ef fstres we ave noted cur test ses) Seid om sales dengned tnt “presence oF anos of Mclean presence cesbrence af wre Smath (1980) panies Fen an carpe of a scale for mencurng “Yrmaly’ and “Fc tn writen ex wbere the greater degree of rea eiting fhe presence of the wter/eader spelt the gener ‘Noematg. The wae oferta acral of aaron for earning tne natn, and mgt Ibo sorting Bhe example 17. "Ane work down the eile, the more of he cane column a 1 hreence the eer fetter rite cir penen tenons "end conf pron. ear te” Sms (oT rete may lee ngewobicn Sekiya Se 18 Presensothe mete Pysence the speaker e-peren ss owas "ancy pla remo tienes naan o ts celts ier ons ee i tty“ “ enon) Anco ec see a thre pening (een) sine conrecont igen fees bender sno eter Dredg te ed of ewes 1S feanres that acre for any given tet in cxegries A and he ipo the sende/receerfancoon 1 nd he He Fane it play frm cher te lefthoed forks forte mace feanee) othe righthand fers Gpoken-mode festa, the mor ‘chp that ice of lana: becomes of i partulr moe: fo Seeger Care fextres Sa ihe spat scader/receiet eco. Thi als for wes nex plying cies extares ot ‘Sepuring“ahnce ot rcproci” feats. (hich wil then be coved x neal) and for modem, which way dsl bh (Sfehand ned ehtchand fens. Where features ae Tse in {onmon, ht aloes both fr reuay of ade an fo he at {fe tens wil vr dopey sl abuence or ease preseace of these prac faunas Gee Capsat and Dy, 196 63) For ‘Harp unin yes hare no cave pee of eccurece it (ten mode The wae aks ona selection of etre ener Feiman the ton of reed freroanding of sender and ‘ecver and enlé be expanded or contacted for fen pata feeds Other ses might use otter features Far lsace, ne wh fe ase resin "Jeger of macy’ nee cere et Forms might appear a: maths 0 ‘eh the puso ovo ono marker fsbsence aay ies fmnde Canced rors would cover te any exes where Ate tes ininacy rested by deliverste scan fo fats TTrmaty nsorited. wih spoken mode. Yet another sele megh ‘xamne degre of prions of hurd ledge, and ing feeween the Lids a clips common in spoken mode og sabet {lip form thowe more camera in wsten ey ube ard eB Cetainsas ces sn The substance whea ied wit male. Tivo apph or sake of recprec 2 sei of # writen sehetsenent tent for sm-in kton we see how the roan feaures ene to characte the txt for mode (8), BROWNIES GO AS DEEP AS THEY CAN Ces Re a anceopr hangover med bee nd as? WENES Ferm argu a em specail formated we seperti ‘oaths Ses of he fr no ae lcky enough havea he st ‘lami, es 19, 8) ‘The et conti price second pesim pronoun a ix eon plea! oe (cand hdspeson references the Tecehet Foe a they cam hove lcky enough. Talc has « mien ‘fcoune rahe fu, and a paste Chas er ely oma,16 Lexa Dire sen thc sll abun of ex shows the charceie miing of Festee opal of sursener aderhing, wih « tcadeny tnards Coking open ce ached especialy by, at ofl cor fewer mde fens for ecaled)detls of the product here Tine poses for adopatie of uch sale are many andy 8 fave steed they arma Hows ef peopl’ song ana neve tbe ferures of cere mods of langage use rather hun ‘Suewhatafarany isons Soch as Tray eras urna tent Whether west em andy chosen capes of ex and Cenk tovonds cst thes or stir fom ibe tered at were asp the wants af aneape ta need wo be erered and her fo ot wo lok fer seal examples, farevorts 0 the kd weave ior comitenng here for deriong npuage use wk be receay, tnd il come ite complex 5 farsi, 29 ve hope ir examples show 14 Monologue and dialogue ‘The suntan loon adheiiement (osm 18) contains another femue that we owe tated tard that sa dst gvesion the reader (Would you ke on dpe.) wich abe ater ‘Soor disingentenoa forthe world of tex and coarse dha Steen, wintue ind dibehy a seme, of couse the Mtetcenent fea tomlogye fy ke writer or acede pear, “hitmen xen term eaesbutien by a second prt) Hewes, The ues te rer, pd expecta he peseec ofthe mares fol ougest + enable diloge seuctre fer the 1s whete Ue fecier tepy ¥e unesbo 09, ‘be: Wad out wun deer tian yt eed ee! tocar et Nawal ‘Srsorn Wal Nov Foye Bera een “The qvesin can then be seem a tepiecopener and the mel 3 tnaking the begining ofthe main lope. Such open sequences ie que Common i apehen nurver (Shall T tall you what Ihypened tn eatery? —"Ves!~ Wel Ts wali slong the Set wha ==) "Tv ramdog ver slog disineion cts arose considers tim suck as median anode and needs separate coneleration ere ve we nt amp concerned wth whether ene peson more Dicey te wal of disure 7 ‘han one epee ox pening ter tht te ere fhe far bot wheter tere is ence tn the ext ofthe sender ting {fe amour and acseng fe tet scoring, for a ote ot ‘Shee responie ty te seer the esse 22 lead ‘Sbeampenett OF coun in asec al lagu sages most be osteo ther receiver, as language 6 rar ever, ares {fo empl spec wh oo tntrn of beng ecired by anyone, but ‘Ehaereae make the rece” asumed respunss more, oe ‘Buin he wey ov rou ae er no acer alles th show Grower dene of tls the recent acrast wil be Cooilered aay nel, and es which depend ruc Sok encer reponse or wba ene inode sumed reset (Sessa il ke wmiered memes alo ree agin ne ae Sag Ga ele eater tar abouts. A the exer dls Saar de ec we sal fd ape ‘coments of war Kink (Gatiionayeedested aie napus wth uogue Ba Seithal abo fad. weiter forme of yarns tds, whi te TGeomplsc a docoueres ut they hase Been ied in by the fa Hier nd we tus web dope” A the enere of mands, 8 Aha fd the incr monsbgues of re-ofconsinaes eling pena dies eerence teat fg ensyopeda enti) and TERE cs a neeraptable’ speerhtorms ey recta. oma Iccares fades summing op pees, church sermons) 8 BENE. {here wil te depres of monsbove and dilae, and matures of ot "Typcly mabe test tis exact fom + book abot ihe Russia Langage (Gm ay ingress SUIBRZ etn alm srr decades tener dt ang ‘eons ce cup oli ‘Sd ae coms ng testa ond od woud care Bae ses hr keoue ana PL ties We eo sy rab of thing about tis text in ers of made de vegter I conti coast or, rpc of wrt mode, te “teat ermal and comes an imperil pronoas one Hut Tess to heve features we muy obser that no vert sigs vst of the poste reorne of the reader whe infermation being Arrested, hour tr, dhecfre, wis te highly onal Compute his vih a piel dale averting ex. Example 111S Fancy as Daren so ee ie Ai nny Sere cae tenancies te eee ees Le ohe ts ceraanan oan eo een mage ees nae Co eo a ee aes eee at eee erence ee me omens econ ee Sincere teuengate see rompoentnetns ita ie era acacia sina aie eee etna Some neem eer Selena teat ees tenes See eee. gees aerate ss eee peo ceertenban comet ‘oatombine (Compan Zan May OR 48) This ew contakw song das nen: bo pareipans sender and recive, we considered ay avrg right 10 an tpt io 1S tmewagr, jot as would over in areal conmerion Dil flees inex ied projected questo that ibe receiver ugh Sint anowered @ camer pe of retreal”qurson) dre tatters that presappse 4 conirason ty aneherpapa (ach 2 there of he sn an ad in expe 18) and atl incision of ‘hat Second p's eamianions might have been TK spe oF eure is cemiieg in exampe 12 frm 2 Bosh fot tn ‘maze, 2 ype af masrine whieh charceracally reese the everson’ tha an have ang theres afer foo tees (see McCarty 19928). Here he sh the daloge ate represen the text Daviour of the pce st ¢ ath aed ences ther decors: (12%, Syrah ei pen aio be Sheptce dh emaner P= dos vee “tas Tne Stn, toe. 10 (Questions and ther suposed sponte te heh presen in bet, snd the daloge made foegrotned. Daiding she wl of dierare 9 Litera sacra ae cin divided ino “hicd-peen ad ‘s- perc rains Ine tarpon arate, he we scree ee yeade oft sr, who econ eves ey orcad fo tonal or hcer erate Inthe est pron nate, he ‘ce that he eer Fer at fhe tala characte, whe be ‘Ren of te Sey happened o ate happening. I ci ter OTe (Shea cote ered to 8 onloge and yet as many beray etic. howe sheen, the "mmoles mire in our tem of ‘Snmine over tlreaces othe presence ef the Tene and suc re range’ than thed-perwon maton Cews has made the [pt hl the mnalgue nol oes “The soed presernton of A which the rear x aucercethares wh the aparen speaker (Coos 1685.1), Menolgue mares te, Hee ac Bal pote monologas, “adénaned 10a ener whee presence ther shcoateiged by the peer (Cie TAS: 13) “The depce of overt elrene t the Intene/eader ves, and acre such the use of guestons, projected dalegue ond ‘ecrcivedicpure maters wb leva tere a8 mich a Sher kinds of ec, Therefore, Hara texts teed not be sen a Some peculiar phenorenen dca to iepte it the teal orf bnguage Taming oyabncs and) aera On the TDonloge-alpye sae tei tans wl be determined in retaon fo nay wiher eat opem inlading Fees, sermons, des, yertaements wd 90 om ‘Se fas we hve chained vasiun ways in which wats can be closied 4 meas of representing «wie range of guage in or ‘alas: it clsuingazerding to surface teal ere genes the fact da Language ner cee dscourses Bat are aprons {eam and cntent wo whatever aii dy ae engi ‘toned specs the Felauoship wen ext forms an Daa canes a me 8 tare 15. Text typologies | separation of rss oto brady spoken and writen cates is tne ay ef Ung up he world of tngtage and exh. Lance: uses aka die up veaching parame bene sean ard frrtng, betwen, for came, “mxerzedate comteaon" ard ‘Rance wrting! cus Beyond ths teachers and lesmess ate CSinsceus of whole rage af texts ~ siuhanewsy exc and ‘brcldring in the vanety ~ wich can ener the csr ‘eaous form sad on which teaching can be based. Maing20 Langan a Disae snorapite selection from this rich and diverse veal wos requres cell falgersent sens. we 10 ett masenun, guste bene fam Be canna wh the secede. Foe some tevehers the slctons can be conereiy corned. Saale ina. orexml, be sein pari lds a oy ww ev Engish onh onder read zation banking ant eonomet orto undestand the lange of aire ental, By ‘Seuran mether-ongi tens fags 75 be ded to beac fom copes to 4 sce but Sliced vai) of eX 2 Tloweves most goupe af hnguage fares and that Zaebers do hive te male sceesons. One of the man err for ‘eletan hte fu Ia th connect 2 key question wl {he ope ef eats proved readied in cs be ol manu bene to Deckping Supetence i wing the language Awe ane sca ofthe maim egos foo which anpige rma be dha spech and wring Aouther in 6 it which Tanpuge nay be comer accra taj! mater 0 pe fescatonal stg, ih ea, we range of reboots (ies sus Th Lang of Ba, Te Lvs of Mer Engng, The Language of Ba ~ al oti reassuring rome of denpebestan of specie tems. A Tater impor prunes the relish which i ‘etrced bemeen partcpaate The tape bis eIMech Speake and an toenr oa reader and nner fei by te ‘Bhexcm longue cee ‘Thue boss om moter engineering Tae argue red scodng fo suchence an pose. book Tore sper or spelt ing wl ake Uni hoes the same wpe forthe destourcel ‘Mera chace fn vesbslan, grammar and decane snare Sina diferent rlanoshp beeen sender and rexcer fo te tert We hive noel though tha change in te nde ~ parol fethin the parameters of spoken and waen sles ~ realy “ermine te cay of linguage proced. And cach seated to (setae ta ertenon of rau se the wets sunt ental {o core of ase Hedy to be encountered bythe Fears? ‘SSecing teas st cavern materi cording 0 chen of erat sod wieunee 2 comple dering. 1 Aa or ‘Champs to goge rate egueries of oncarence of eer tt ‘Gye in nary fore poole wil wal cern pes of test mare thee thy vil ene them or produce them ora Ding te wold fname ‘managment vemainder fh chap i tha insights fom dnccure abit can ep teaches eclne thee deen trong process fet select a ca help hc wears more [rnold bacon whch in he ress sab cause Seger Tinka were ~ bey can engine tee textal eels in poset apd pregessse wan 15.1 Theories of language variation ne poveel teary of Inge ion ~ which an be of (USclior ne waters -hasbec eve by Mii) Had Tesi Tow tr ester of) nl be son de {iaaps tery tne pe cmp on extn of ewe ears sod tes and onthe nde pranters fron ed tor an ankhing conc and a eer xg the mln scr ed Tilly fol too al ma of coe. kr hep cla ow aguge ses ere te sac sete all eoenmers h'sheh mening re mae AS SSS ei else the abet mane” 2 Sec ngag s e wee, sepa he a etal arate) tee wh fapenng Seu, wha Formal text baat ascent Bese and Gress one wa he mtr few ft noun, be sea ot ec one ngage twas Scala ita Tepe som eine he tne of prac Bee ts tengo cera Bad the es fr wetne aggoe th fd amour ete han clo) Te IG het the paruapn, ther Fespectte Sans 8 Tee ahn's commacrve echge (sparc uh estuary fe agg sed ins [eahaeie al einen comers The mde ee eaber Say ooh he Tange ding fete aa channel of cradee “atin bles or wen er one contain Gia ea Tg mvc have ee tly Seren we ef mae frou we of ttm Hy’ norms cn be sneer 8 ‘Slows Fi Wier Wate estaba ‘ous Mowers Fe Reg adres alld coun of language sraton is ofen refered 0 a8 a22 Lengua os Diss fonconl spproxch ie vet kere in Hingis Sars fr eee Son tite nether i he prin isterened ip sentence (Sess leve seston af gus fore. is ain iret {Se tuncione wtih are tealued by soc forms in a rey) of ‘Been ds of te The they ab emphass on neue ‘Sosa scrote, on lanutge arn i lan 0 sec contexts on ‘Toerpdone of lnpunge secrang 20 the user Gale) and SSording eave (apes or mtr). The tem ‘eps a wit ‘Saplyed cnc and we shall contnue 10 refer co hee Take dhe noon ef epic wily apeed pba wsefl way of stnating te deraty of etal ran in «langage cn vi hip eters wi wrk to Bae bond easifaione of for teaching pups. Ita olfers scar and accel framework. for sidetseftaing thei langue smaceess by learning not ‘ep ae npuge tt eat se langage aed els om bow ie eones i dierent cores ase ee secon 4.9) ‘Yet net of rer ot wiht i proline the snore its imenigted, the moe sippery a iia eon down i ‘rcrmes One of tbe mas rensons forts at bo ies and Sinem pes) fore + conway eds) rep in varias fre and in soning dees. Some regters contain predieabe {Eater of lnpinge ond one-one comespondence DME [emgage and stare con be posted. For eample, cern lex lero G fondeemen oie snd cea orhgrapbie convention, (Gg no puctution nl testament ad ena) are exe ‘Sood wi the language of law. Some repsters sch a the Tangunge of ata comtol ate con more Tested Ther repters ako apyea tobe soils sruighorwerd. For cxampl, thee wool ser tbe United acto eats esecated at weather Orecatng in lange, sandy set of dorain~ Speci lcd ene sch 8 fr, igh rere, uh, rand, Drei nt oom, et, ogres wih se of sac Sues ‘Which cme slerence to fare bine and which all apron: redicion, Bats ite bought wid revel that there ates eater forcast a thee are stations which sch forests ae Tide A wea rca ins newspaper willbe dlr frm a TV Ar ralo browns there il be iferences in foray Beween evspapes tn twee dierent "TV and adc chanels ht the Foote ef presentation wil prenune diferent audiences. A shiping feeceot key to be rich ere speclcl, dctaled and repeal specie comured ih + Deas leison rains Sather repr: eve thus clear, as Wallce (1981) anges, hat ve Dining te wed of diver 23 ust be ee to 1k aboot haw one reper is ino the eal Tcern of reginrs in a vary of language’ whie a the seine lng tk acount or varaen ne aes earns fore han he crarece of one separ Wallace noes atonal a a Sfmt af eps can be aeqatly dened onl ec Eey mit Soe or eevee ifererrepiil fess, ‘Teaches wbo repre ables for the Kinds of araconl wc requred Of tent ithe wold of woth oe stress the ‘Kaerley et mort ne domains of doco they ae hey to (Seite face eillcal a emage suas of work in (Shek reports wuld ot be ge realy read ef capes a TeetcTice in an onganiaten they acre expined. Howes, te aged ar here te a ran reper of repos ee 26 Zine rilng er defevng them Repersmight for example be Peged ir ike folowing cones and or the wing mi ues: {6A fremn/firovonan seporing on. tbe condition of some ‘racine or on how a piece of maine works a Rnune tering en the propess cf 2 pues cis represeentive epi on aco deren i esonse base, 0 taperer cerpesng an annual performance repr. Sha Bremner ning ap 4 repr of 4 rece conducted 1 Role ing & report ofan expeinent 1A oon completing s voor een 2 language couse he ot he bas st undergone ‘The eamps indicate thatthe wring fhe seo fs mae il 0 trite prover of Fst nocttnal, second langage earners bt (ties Key excae one the les Ye the report all 8 De ting er reine i mca homogeneous ora wll ied the ge term report may sumest Cater (19803) args that Sgr can be ttonaly salable, that is fret Hinds of Sieang con commute 4 purl Gur one cnspany or business TREE.Srs 0 aruter or fom one siject domain wo another in 8 SeReT ecllege. Tren ain the sme company repos can eA “ircn ching to dren darter iho the cave that reports cen do ore dun th ar convenicray svoned to do. ore of present gent ich ‘Sian, Moch depen onthe pros ta repo. Repu can e eulune, can vecmmend «course faction oh SNES24 Longe a1 Dhaene pheeemens or crest i 2 highly specie manger In exch cae the Tayo ave lees or Inge and wl ea ee i cotrsing oles “There b ary «danger here tha henson of reper becomes so dipper as te impacal for purposes of detrangeiferest ‘pes of te Hone, the vey estonce f the tr ip wo at ter fem such a8 narae ot anne! usin ident 4 Share iansune waren ofthe een of och tents and hat they ‘ter from one ater recognizable ways 16 Genres “The ides that thee may te andehng recaren etees which ae seep ara py an er lich tess tht they ae stan ted on touching how aug Bitsed in «tage of sommuncntve conto such ar tthe post ‘icin he buh; spp ia the superar at cst and 0 fn. Ofen sch eaunen ues spon proficiency and ae deemed © te of ejecl we w stake Ing, working or being ‘any othe ret gue, Work nthe ana f spn eat mss be. of pariclar relevance in Jscing” Wie pater of ‘commaniciton oe ard i such comes. Funconal deserts ‘ftom ofthe Lind wnderaken by gaa Hsin and ater are (eel suring pat eg Hain 1979) lowing the exanpcs of Michel (1957, sho sted the ‘ses socal emouner win Ligon eae, Hasan (9TH) has stad scree encounters ofthe bed where someone feels «service fm ance, uch 9a deta? sarge oF bun tha cling win market Following Hen, Vena (1987) ha Malad sere encase within» post fe, a sll scent Sop and al ages Ie cumple 113 the daa are dra fos estos exchange: To} Gist respenetestar ne [Scr eee customer: Eieunpepices ere step ntnertan sane Ding the sol of discure sapere nts e eB ent soe Tae Sinemet cme sonre Render Feber eumandeniveny Eee cesroure: Thateenim euius ‘tt psec sri eee Waele marginieesernetfreie oa oe same ramen, nus ga ser ent Fone dag stn The wenger Ltr ne Mil ate ence crene feet rn Store panre a hcprve aeshen nae ebetdcnmic al ene eens a a Mefeuturadinlcah srt cops Deco eestor Sr om SSS Fk anthee teamed sn cosronek Yeh (asa minpeatnersot ssn: Ropeden cake eS feecmcpecine ne sani SSie ems Siok (sr Rates wre a, 198) Cie wsurgmengene Seen wey Feat geen, EES eae mnie (pei imc tse aera mane. = In both ease an ofr of series mad, howe26 Lene w Disoune shop i ed be more tan s-seb tenets by the Sener tat he cr she ready to see, a fequest fr scree and frrmicuan occur and hough max veprdued here) + sation ‘dese the encounter. The shoe shop reqles move inthe way of ‘pelteness and Intererseal sll, ard much more conersten ‘pealy ees Rerween aver and sel Alo, serace encom ints frequent cna unpedible verre tequne=, Mere Seer and esrers cig ay thing ebb or cnclire avi socalsetenenps se las example mata dats (eo ‘ato 15883). (040, tesco sonable te outlines Heprispene peng utente sy nd dou nest dea ing) ra ena nie veo ae (odo da, 1992) ‘Bat hough fenues of the reper may vary ee the relersip ‘ubuhe), the enerng pee pater seul’ aintaned ‘Owersing cot how people ener themsehet in ther Hite ‘Verel (1987, points out dat nc enecante are pte here socal process which realize the sci, enol! wages and ‘ing so achieve aerate goal er purse Within such an account ewes ace ths sage, gal-deced lnguage evens. Genes fenbrce spoken and wrinen tex. A coma feature of Hiss {0978 theese te noton of ee crc penal CSP). The [GSP ot sets spect resto offload ade whi fora ‘cote eoniguraon’"The GSP i vealed i specie forme of lnguige bat is Dest eon at an abstract com whch ‘species the Trl posse range of puters and sutures ave toe sletion within» ene ‘Our account of gare ts far my suggest tat ale et gcore ast uve a anf vain gaan. The era penal fn gerencseutae peti) deine Hanns ven Ot re 2 ‘cthinuen of blige and opdonalelemens. iis the exec of sed, abr estes» purucatsequece which dines the ms ‘of a genre and. alows usw Weny incomplete ot Ding te med of iene 2 erepresenai text ant ding beeen erent genre Tome, Bur the eatence of pea etues meas ha thre ae 8 fange of svat chices whic alow lrgunge ters 10 vay he fore of thr langage within » generally ed genene sae 16.1 Genres: ro main prototypes xara 1.17 and 1.18 ate of genres of writing produced by ear ‘chou circa in Atria ‘The examples ae anased in dtl Giie (1980), These tes are chosen beeause they can Be Henied a belonging @ diferent cortasing gees an Tow SSA. Noe pce tse ek fas ae i fencers eae a chet econ wns. Non ra ero hee Ma Shans ane ped ene parc ing wwe yoy ie haere beneath oer caro Bictionlhe tenet ne rser deed ao ‘atpssemolinerct esther ate maya heen Cah a ‘Shion ne warsardt pect phen paps ateoh 16 Tew Sitter woes wid ara at magpie a on {Stata dn sal pop ayo) The sr seer ec ent ged son Wa outa SES adhere tne ‘One broad tinction brwsen these wo pees of wring i ta txt R'is cwmied, nowshrosclopcaly aed tox Be xpiiaed ‘uoncloialy. Te: Bis naratedin the past ens, werent A is presemed gl Ina simple present eae Gn main Canes Text [Bis ure peren-cete eves ere pronouns (th, ete eer enapes the eat rch Cava you ie 9. T forthe cave wth ext A. The references 1 the hangaoo in tex ae fervosived and inate (ofan species iu co eeapered with references 0 the shank cr ida which sere © eros) fay, ask a eared a ext AK woul ave ‘igned pen rther han nda preperse; equa. be sme eset fase conveys here mo on much presenness a wnchanen28 Layne a Dison ener! carcino. One faker poi of conta erwee he mo {Sis in the nds of kage ene clases and setenes. Tee B's eurked by a predominandy tempor! sequence of end or ond dea; tot A sactues infrmaton Cero wad fers 1 the eaters number of eno, cans oF eplnaions i Sper ofthe pearl tus concerning he sbal’s tur. These ae ncveyed by cnluncanssuch ano hp of ob « mate ff ‘apt eles to ass 1 Sg ~ cmon in osm 1 Seen moses prosons and though vers he motor ally conrens them imo genera steerer han Cihppone serine TewtB dealing cs in unig ees ad peck inddaskoed.parsopaes, is 6 mead af Sesepes 1.62. Genres and twaching genres “The preins dacon, ot well ab Ue anys which sumpons Aeiniy 2 ce pe 443), ilntaee that cm be am adage 10 Teacher le ace bow parteaar forms of langage function the ‘Seaton of dierent ype of tex. The dicsion abo undernes thar anys of ans cn reveal paterns which eouble diferent Key genres to be ented. ler Ut nares are onze mney cerns wa om eestor. Cesena fh hese Cnrting fetes none sgn wring devopnea in bh fest {Eu s scone Inpiage std the mote teases Lae bout such fees the beter eifped they can bet Sapper” stuleas Svtemadeaty tha deepen ‘Section 181 dor, however, rse umporant questions fo the teschong of grates orwell (hey esti foe dat Dot fer the ‘eionhipfeween aa tne ad the eachingof teats. These ‘Genons ide the folewing 1 tf veachers ae gen clssicans of es might they ot tae hem sansmisteeh, acrdirg (0-2 hind of formulaic gr? ‘Shou teichen td “nodes? Does this ate agus seventies and ley th eeaton of tex? 2 Weacher teach ony language ano exer fees ef (genes dows hs ut produces tic, econ peasy? Should gecer aot be toght in relation Wo the audience art prose eth gente a well at ode coment or which produced? caching Englsh Langage ie the teaching prima for Diving she rd of dome 79 insnancxeal purposes or for purpose which allow core (or the “nag af expereince bythe idol rer Sho echo {Suds ove repens thun rans beeave sce andthe wid low ropes np a ane oar? What ae she Wolo Saneaione of eich ces on te pat of teachers! Ie i, of enue, impo to answer all these qeesons ia a Tecdctry cere rmsd af this chapter de aa s pane eorenca dpractal pris which bear decison the eT shck the ori ef dean died. A fart am 6 Wo clsinon of numer of pedagogic ad idcelopial tues ee ceura ih gee teen A member of those snes are etme in chapter 163 Genres, ideologies and theories of teaching Much ofthe deste work in dein severe pet bas een ‘Gneraten by nga lv Auveala The Acstraan “pee schoo! deereetted «mph stint boy of work daring the 19805, MSF heniy raced oy the shterifunsonl theosis of (iMguge devloped by Miche! Hay (1978 and 1985), The main arackie pei encerand wits ishing gees arc: Marin Pa Rey 1981, Kies (1982, Christie and Rothery 989) and hts (1989), Oae the onal sateen rom Ansan Fete theories a lane iy cuca ae Sige ans toe cee sense ama Naeceret pati rycen one ‘Se comnrand oop eel ofp opm ino and ‘macro wa (edie so Rae 188) Ae we conse, of reat importance 1 Aastaian gene hens he Dine of choce The pcp operates at tmo main lew the Pl ate idee een ces om nti he Mico (Siti em resioe diferent mening For camp, te ‘Bic nile pt nse preference tse preset em oF techn # purer tnge temporal congener ha 330 Laxmage as Downe se: of mo-tempra consoions 1 mae chaces wich cet in {teen ope of test Thi se level of etal che, The lee Gltkohgel ice inches broaer soci mewing. For tame, ‘Restrain pene theorss such a Kees and Crise pss the fence generic diet Wadinauy provided in Auseaban woos ‘renne ofan emphasis on tate ones fo tbe extasion ct an suivant eae on, fr ep, report or emptor gente. Both (Chione and Krewe ensie the neers” legs of lena figures Engh ngvae tucson ech ss Join Daan ee Dn 1995) and James Mate (ee Mati 1968) who ses the pina clung snd the Br mani, “tomaste’siew of anpge ‘ucaien sich geeks prea eperonce and perscnsenied Siting The fliming quote eotne the sun putes of their postion amy ew nally wes eid te wor eon he ‘ages ams ate eamed atone pnb Daan. et ‘aod ‘resend inmock est hs, frit nea pst puncte cocenedl sone nyu ‘Scape ear om iduaren se on Sinckocmeisenve nk accent en gues ae fr Bk one of Eg sear renennenh oe a ste sese ihe ‘iad Fei te Baoan Rotimi sone tr qtr pnb concer telins oes pocenete mech coi dl ‘Spe sold ache bes smneed A Soom prcemtn sr mprourscaayreen einen wt ‘nine farsi beet efuring oettctung retin ‘heerlen tome prease ee vcaae! {hutsrn Mann sae nase keg cha ecsuth ‘ranked hohe lapaae pteres omen mer oe Reese ice ort eo (esol An ete bs Say ae fm who pci "ce hse one cot changronc’ wold smite reson cutee wu olan a tates. Indpanefdncepegthe es cane chee 1985: 22) “The geen armen atone sat atau nm ee Ticltigures piatuanane om seinen raced coal {ere dhs ain otnin exe Once pen ha ‘Evacered Gr mesbsnof aay prc bounded Dring the wad femme 3 etna Byrne Ber is ery ato ‘aegis tnd scsy que wee eo Sear inl sy ert geen pain igre Toes pier nes igneous smote oe bel penes Fe etietcdat tne Ach rome eet sae eee eerie aenme wy Wt oly of gee Sis tiop rea naa he ze are ‘ear orate ey Os aa may erence aaron em re oS ESN en Sonera ws possi hee ‘ne 107-48) “Tse statment rd ters He thom gow the eat ofa mum of Fe pelogore and Usenpne questions hed sve sa 1 Sool and te pace of ponte aed teaching about genres i "Barua A coue-eunete ey help further amare and ‘tty tee fies The etal fs quote by Dan (1947) 28 part hs gem arent agaist whut he feck 0 be the xcsshely Tingusos text nmin sou err of many af the Austaon Mims The excl drove rr a bck ead wih ls Er scaroe and arue y Cie 985) be an ange of (01) then ji es ale mth pe Th hi Feel dancboe Atanas ae aed Chase (1985) ses the flowing characterise tnguste frames a the sdranie pee: the ura present tome the ingeroaal pesive the setts eal aperental prceses The cemenees eased ber shan famed 2 qusions) and ‘one veabe prpmiens. Honest, Dito (1987 args thatthe above fears ae not uae te seemmfic Sacoure’ and cold appear ia 1 2 ‘ seat aw ey. est SSeS ark Severe ct erect ssc ur scalps age Waa 3 aS RIT ee tmp cece ah S2icNicacts lemme sored eae wet ans, eer Sentra (ion 198: 19)32 Langage a: Dione Dina a concerned shat ier of frmal etures may deze {cake sed pup atone tothe rhetoric of fess, {strony knead hilt the ceil comes in which ‘Me produced, Even ti ween of the eller language cbc ale wo wrics bo behairarise or mor empiric 09 ‘snr routine and formal for Ds ase ing writers te be sense reader and write asp 19 partis spay © the ner fears of te rig proces shoul be «rsa objec, For Dao cach aenton fo conta mote aprpra 4px tnd wring pedapny which ares wha stds nd docs fo ealce a deck sew af lating Nich, by folowing & [redeemined sto see, several that an ant de, Dac Foner tat tre ve lnguage-spetie pete choles Wat rather Seren henner ‘astecd sss pronscea ut ta be resid ceonang 1 the meas Sal panos the wie want to acre. Acmiy 6 (pp. 8-31) ‘lure many apes of «process bused peach he tac eng 164. How many genres? Inpict Dons esenans sour wrk on ei oration reer hatte despa exept of ils gee funy ot te as cea cot av h sometines aed, [5 the, for ‘Carp, + lime tte set af genres oF the word of discourse ‘Stoecttoed ty infite teal aren? There f some wera ineng the man propners, For example, 1982 Gunter Kress Jot amd and Sn ube enter pen oh edit cme pein sr wn wane. The du itt nieces stew ene tpewanbeor deca ceat nae Saracens re 198: 98) In 1987 the ase has ber mde Ia he following a ‘Gsm. pein he rami terra xo ‘Sete onchange wre encc pees ee t ‘eetrdhene, fn staragean "tesa pac frac Econ et fr nrc es 874) 1 Dit sgt here may be many ven genres of siti Disidng te wots drone 33 sting depending om the parr of the we, There ta aso Be we thige cat of cerer Wi some genes ewig with OMe ‘Boater form reece ends Tena be chat there ae 9 a> ‘SEtpens forthe ln wb prone wih th ek hat hein of ecomes a sipeny a8 = non of reper lit, New Soke ve dlerentae hebeee a gone and + vepett, Peary to dtinglh betacen a reget anda fore at all) Thos Tinead of caiog snot the Fare of report i may be ore save to ee aout reper Gla oF the ain of po. {mead of king aot the genre of aciene it ray be mere ‘Mop wk about secre gees a abet he atin of aeeiag or genepinng. The condasa, has snpurust weer i Jacesten of tex npelopes and of dvding up he (aif at dnoure ner becomes eae to be urmeted nd tela we ther desing wth language aration 165 Staging “The piece of wre abot sts (esp 1.17) can be casted 6 istermaton repert =a Ne of ep wig en required of ‘Sulton n sco sn one fod langage couse books The Ge ewiceg south Largreo (example 1.18) bin the form of eS nae ofthe mont evene of ges and consid by Inuy tobe ie proses or are gee Drem genres are allereniy waged’. AS we ave sen, ‘doniogal end on-chveelepea forms af rte ending Gea Rte cfthe inion they come. Report pares and Oe ‘enon oper «pacer oe relate singly coms For gies dere ba ge in which the pomamenon 5 generally Geena’ sn‘ sage in which ineemion about he pec Carers of the pherunenon gh “Tae mre gere es been cen and (ee Longcre 191k), Ove of te un vielycrphyedaraeal models ~ tat {deope ty Labon (1972) ~ dies th man snes of be nara ie a eons ‘Avance — Whats going be st ‘rene ~ Wha ep hn te Conghening ~ “Trenshtbapeno Wha peers sere FMlaan Wane pita he ony Som mnt, = Wotilefarsne bomebeseat Wha oa np