8/7/2020

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A. What is it?

- procedure used to analyze mean differences between more

than two groups.

1. Factor: an independent variable

Single factor design (one way ANOVA)

Factorial design (two or more way ANOVA)

2. Hypotheses

H0: There are no differences

H1: There are differences between groups

B. The logic of ANOVA

1. Between treatments variability

a. Individual differences

b. Experimental error

c. Treatment effect

2. Within treatments variability

a. Individual differences

b. Experimental error

F = variance between treatments

variance within treatments

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C. The symbols of ANOVA

1. Terms and symbols

a. Levels of a factor -- individual treatment conditions of

one factor

b. k = number of conditions

c. n = number of sjs in that condition.

d. N = number of sjs altogether.

e. X for each condition = T

f. X altogether = G

2. Degrees of freedom

a. dfTOTAL = N - 1

b. dfWITHIN = (n - 1)
=N-k

c. dfBETWEEN = k - 1

d. NOTE: dfTOTAL = dfWITHIN + dfBETWEEN

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3. Mean Squares
MSBETWEEN = SSBETWEEN
df
MS = SS
df MSWITHIN = SSWITHIN
df

4. F ratio

F = MSBETWEEN
MSWITHIN

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MSBETWEEN = SSBETWEEN MSWITHIN = SSWITHIN

df df
= 445.4 = 1009
3 36
= 148.467 = 28.028

F = MSBETWEEN
MSWITHIN

= 148.467
28.028
= 5.297

D. An ANOVA example on SPSS

– Schizophrenia and Drug Dosage

A one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to

test the hypothesis that the dosage of a drug influenced the
number of symptoms of schizophrenia observed in
participants diagnosed with the illness.
A significant difference was found in the number of
symptoms observed in the four different dosage conditions,
F(3, 36) = 5.297, p < .05.
Increasing dosages influenced symptoms to a varying
degree.

See Figure 1 for an illustration of the mean symptom levels

for each dosage.

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F. Assumptions with an ANOVA

Assumptions with the ANOVA:

 Scores are interval or ratio scale data
 Scores are normally distributed
 The individual observations are independent
 The samples are independent
 The variability measures of the samples are essentially
equivalent (there is homogeneity of variance)

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E. Doing Post Hoc Tests on SPSS

a. What are post hoc tests?

- statistical comparison of each possible pair of means

AFTER you have a significant result in an ANOVA

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E. Doing Post Hoc Tests on SPSS

a. What are post hoc tests?

- statistical comparison of each possible pair of means

AFTER you have a significant results in an ANOVA

b. For our example we have four conditions, giving us six

ways to make pairs:

dose 1 vs. dose 2 → Sig. = .160, NOT different

dose 1 vs. dose 3 → Sig. = .003, YES, different
dose 1 vs. dose 4 → Sig. = .001, YES, different
dose 2 vs. dose 3 → Sig. = .092, NOT different
dose 2 vs. dose 4 → Sig = .046, YES, different
dose 3 vs. dose 4 → Sig = .737, NOT different

c. Writing the results.

Dose one was significantly different from dose three and

dose four.

Dose two was significantly different from dose four.

No other comparisons were significant.