= CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/M.M.F. EQUATIONS 535 Table below shows the speeds and directions of rotation of armature m.m.fs. with respect to the armature of the three-phase windings. Synchronous speed is represented by unity and the direction of rotation of the field structure relative to the armature is taken as positive. Speeds and directions of rotation of components of armature m.m.f. of three-phase windings Onder of Order of time harmonics space : harmonic r 1 3 5 7 | 9 ul 2B oi ai es +7 so “il +3 - 21 oo 23 | ae epee aoe ea (on | os | as 5 5 1 5 i 1: 7 +7 ; 4 thm -4 + | 1 po | | | is | 5 eT | tt ai u a +a -4 +1 -2 aT | & z | a 13 +B -B ta on | B +1 1 3 | 1s +t ay | 1 se in“) 3 17 “7 nen ar 7 7 ~ + 7 “7 1 3. aE u 3B io | “19 ou» 19 | a9 a SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 1 A 2-pole, 50 Hz, 2500 KVA, 6.6 KV, three-phase star-connected turbo-generator has the armature winding distributed in 60 slots with 4 conductors per slot. The armature coils have a span of five-sixths of pole Pitch. The rotor has 8 slots per pole and shown in Fig. 12.3 (a). Each slot contains 5000 ampere conductors and the slot pitch is 14°. Determine the fundamental component of the rotor m.m.f. per pole and armature m.m.f. Per pole at full load.“== 536 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Solution, Rotor mmf: Eo. (tik 123 (@) shows that there are 8 slots per pole. Referring to ‘q. (12.8), the fundamental rotor m.m-f. per pole Ai = 4 aby kp AT/pole where A = peak of the stepped m.m.f distribution shown in Fig. 12.13. ks) = fundamental frequency distribution factor. p1 = fundamental frequency pitch factor. Applying Ampere’s law A = wa = Bsme = 20,000AT - where n = number of slots per pole = 8 Though Fig. 12.3 (a) shows that the coil-pitches are different for different coils, the coils may be assumed to be full-pitch so far as the m.m.f. distribution in the airgap is concerned. So kp = 1, and ky, = S22 2/2 _ sin56 _ 9 4, where a = angle between adjacent slots Therefore A, = + Akyy kp AT/pole = 120000 > 0.85 = 21650 AT/pole. Armature m.m.f.; e With reference to Eq. (12.32), the fundamental armature m.m.f. for a3-phase machine is A, = 0.9 Niky, AT/pole where N = number of turns per pole J = current in conductors, i.e, phase current if the conduc- tors are series-connected which is the usual practice. yy and k,y are as defined above. 2500 x 1000 The phase ct tl = = 218. phase current V3 x 6600 8.7 A - N = 2X4 | co turns Ken nsina/2 where n is the number of slots per pole per phase and a is thi between adjacent slots, ie, angular slot pitch. i ansle Assuming narrow-spread coils, i.e., 60° Phase spread- - eee Wh] CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/M.M.F. EQUATIONS 537 n 60 2x0 sin 30° Po kos = gues = 0.955, 1 kp) = 00s § where p = 12 = 30° as the coils have the pitch five-sinths of pole-pitch. So kj, = cos 15° = 0.966, Therefore A; = O.9NIkya kp. = 0.9 x 60 x 218.7 x 0.955 x 0.966 10895 AT/pole. Example 2 An alternator has a uniformly distributed winding with full-pitch coils. Find distribution factors for fundamental, third and fifth harmonic m.m.fs (a) when the three-fourths of the slots are wound, (b) when all slots are wound. Find (c) ratio of single-phase outputs with three-fourths and all slots wound, (d). ratio of single-phase output with three-fourths of slots wound to three-phase output, (e) ratio of single-phase output with all slots wound to three-phase output. Solution. (a) When three-fourths of all slots wound: ae x As the winding is uniformly distributed « > 0 and . a na nsin> > 2 2Re ELECTRICAL MACHINES (b) When ail slots are wound: 88 Fn sin§ =F asa 0 = 2 =0637 x 1 x 2 sin sin : het 2 220177 oe a2) woe E it (c) Obviously it is the ratio of fundamental e.m.fs., that is ratio of 0.784 x 37 4 (distribution factors x number of turns) = 7e87T = 0.923 where T is the total turns if all slots are wound. (d) In this case the ratio of the outputs is the ratio of (fundamental phase e.m.fs x number of phases), i.c., the ratio of (numer of phases number of turns per phase x distribt factor). . Now for three-phase winding all the slots have to be wound and its distribution factor assuming 60° phase spread sin sin we oa "ha 7 = 0.955 2 6 7 0.785 x . T erefore the ratio of outputs = | puts fn = 0.616 3x 3x 0.955 where Tis the total turns if all slots are wound. (€) Similarly the ratio of outputs when all slots are wound _ 0637 xT aT, 3x 3 x 0.955 0.667| — = = - " coNSTRUCTIONAL FRATURES AND E.M.F/MM.P. EQUATIONS 539 pxample 3 The flux density in the airgap of a synchronous machine is ted by B = By sin@ + By sin3 (0-as) + Bssin 5 (0 ~ a), where reine angle in electrical degrees from the neutral (interpolar) axis. ermine the values of a3 and as for which the flux per pole will be independent of lux harmonics. Under the above condition if the flux per pole is 0.11 Weber, Bp = 0.38, and Bs = 0.1 By, what is the r.m.s. voltage induced per conductor if the frequency is 50 Hz. Solution. The flux per pole can be independent of harmonics if all harmonic fluxes under a pole are equal to zero. Let D be the armature diameter and / be the axial length of the armature then r-th harmonic flux in a pole-pitch @ Jo,sinr@-ay2 (2a0)i | 0 Boose (a —a,) — cosra,| The above value will be zero, if —a, = a, or a, = 5 So the flux per pole will be independent of harmonics if a3 = a5 = 5 The rms. value of fundamental e.mf. per conductor = 2.22 91 f = 2.22 x 0.11 x 50 = 12.21 V, because ¢; is the total flux per pole. Again in a conductor e, = 22detf where ris the order of the harmonic. Average flux density per pole is 2 times peak flux density and pole-pitch for rth harmonic is = So 2, 2D =2,,2 =z 1D xD. or _B Thi — wt ie ge Us a OT ; Bl{AL MACHINES ca ELECTRIC. By = eye Bim 03 x 1221 = 3.66 V 1 Bs Vv es = Ge = Ox 12.21 = 1.22 By The resultant r.m.s. voltage Per conductor egregtes = 128 Vv Example 4 eae i three-phase star~ Calculate the phase and line voltages of a @ i istributed windi of total ¢ turns, h uniformly distributes ng Of tems) is connected alternator wit d cach of pitch five-sixths of full-pitch and in each of which é induced in the following two cases: (a) The phase spread is 60°. (b) The phase spread is 120°. Solution. The induced voltage =e, Tks per phase E where T = turns per phase = 3 AeA sinna/2_, sinna/2 distribution factor ky = = Sing/2 > na/2_ for uniformly distributed winding. ‘The line voltage Eine = V3 Epa 2 (ona = 120° = B= 08211, = 0.27646, volts 0.955 : 0.955 E=e,.T.ky = a fe = 0.318 fe, volts Eine = V3E = 0.55 te, volts. Example 5 A 50 Hz alternator has singl it a er gle-turn full-pitch coils, inde in each coli constat ove the mide two-thirds of each bal. mal . . s Calas ee sae ly over the remainder, its r.m.s. value being 20 V.CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/M.M.F. EQUATIONS 541 Solution. The induced e.m.. in a conductor at any instant is Blv. us its wave shape is same as that of the flux distribution in the airgap. herefore its r.m.s. value € = Ky. egy = Ky Bay Iv, where Ky is the form faetor, Le, Fatio of rms. value and average Valu, eq, = average value of induced emf. and B,, = average value of flux density. i: wy HOE es Now égy = Bay lv ,|* 7 6 = 26f P Therefore e = 2k, gf. Again as the coils Consist of full-pitch turns, the induced e.m.f. per turn is double of that of e and its shape as that of ¢ (Fig. 12.32). Therefore coil voltage e. = 4t Kyo f, where't = turns per coil. rs Fig. 12.32. Wave-form of induced e.m.f. pertaining to example 5. ‘The form factor K; can be computed from the wave shape of the coil voltage (Fig, 12.32)ow J ELECTRICAL MACHINES V2 [3 + 5] = Sy, = 0.833 V, me TZ + | = G Ym = 08 im eae 7 0833 = 1059. / Now? = 1, as the coils have single turn. Therefore e, = 4Kof So Ky = Sot . 2882 or 20 = 4 x 1059 x x 50:5 21189 ~20_ or = Fi1q = 0.094 Weber. Example 6 A 3-phase, 12-pole, 500 r.p.m., star-connected alternator has 144 slots with i eee per slot ‘The coils are full-pitch and the flux per pole is 0.094 Wb. Determine the phase and line e.m.fs. What harmonics do you expect due to slots? What will be the phase voltage if the coils are connected to form a balanced two-phase winding? Solution. As harmonics are neglected, the phase e.m.f. is E = 4449 Tfky kp j Now flux per pole ¢ = 0.04 Wb 1 144 Turns per phase =T = nxt = 240 turns \ 12 x 500 , Frequency fe ao =O aD 7 OH. . i 12 . Distribution factor k, = amon Assuming 60° phase spread which is the normal practice, na = 60°, the number of slots in 60° phase 144 = spreadn = 53503 = 4 therefore a = 15° So ky = 2.30. = 0958, 4sin 72 ) 2 As the coils are full-pitch k, = 1, So E = 4446 Thky ky = 4.44 X 0.04 x 240 x 50 x 0.958 } = 2041. { As the alternator is star-connected, line voltage Ejine = V3E = V3 x 2041 = 3535 V, The slots per double pole-pitch 29 = 1442 _ same pole-pitch 2Q 12 = 24.So the tooth- ippl harmonics = 2Q + 1 = 25th and 27th,INSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/M.M.P. EQUATIONS: 543 al at 10 x 144 For 2-phase winding T = “35-5 co! = 360 turns. There are 12 slots n _ Sin 45S? porpoleie, n= 5 = 6 THUSK, = 6 Sin af 0.903. ‘The voltage per phase = 4.44 x 0.04 x 360 x 50 x 0.903 = 2887 V. Example 7" ‘The field form of a star connected 3-phase machine is given by 30 sin 39 + 10 sin 58, where 0 is measured from the inter-polar axis, If the stator has 9 slots per pole and coils are full-pitch, determine the waveform of phase voltage in terms of Vj, the amplitude of the fundamental phase voltage. Determine also the r.m.s. values of phase and 100sin@ + line voltages. What are the. phase and line voltages if the flux is sine distributed with the same total flux per pole? ‘Solution. Now if E, is the r.m.s.r-th harmonic phase voltage, then E, _ By Kirke Ey By ky kpy ‘Assuming 60° phase spread, which is the normal practice, na = 60°, the numberof slots inthe 60° phase spread = 3 = 3, and soa = 20° Therefore, _ sinna/2 __sin30°_ ku = jsina/2 = 3sin 10° = 0% ; Ke 0.667 Kis = As the coils are full-pitch, ky1 = kp3 = Kps = 1. Byki So = 2383 p= 93 x 2602 = 3 = Be pa Et = 03 X Gigg X 0.907 Vn = 0.147 Vn the amplitude = V2 x 0.147 Vp, = 0.208 Voy Bs kys 0.218 Es=— OR, = ——— = 5B Ge Et = OLX Gag X 0.707 Vn = 0-16 Vin the amplitude = V2 x 0.016 Vp = 0.023 Vr». The wave shape of the phase voltage544 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Ep = V2 (Ey sinwt + E3 sin 3ot + Es sin Swt) with f = Qis so chosen that wf = 6. Thus Eqy = Vp Sin cot + 0.208 Vy sin 30t + 0.023 Vn sin 5 0%. Its rams. value =-V EV + E}+E3 = V 010? + 0.147? + 0.0167 = 0,722 Vie The r.m.s: value of the line voltage BV E+E = y3 V 0.707 + 0.016" = 1.225 Viys : ‘The flux per pole = 2 { (100sing + 30sin30 + 10 sin 56)d0 = PE (99 4 2 4 0) = (| x2 P 3 P When the'same total flux is sine-distributed, the field form is 112 sin 6. Y, Now fundamental flux 100 sin @ develops = as the r.m.s. phase voltage so 112 sin @ will develop 2 Vp, = 0.79 Vy as the phase voltage. The line voltage = V3 X 0.79 Vm = 137 Vie Example 8 ’ Each slot of the rotor of a 3-phase, 50 Hz synchronous machine contains 1000 ampere-conductors. There are 3 rotor slots per pole, the angle between two successive rotor slots being 30°, The area and length of the airgap are 0.05 m? and 2 nim respectively. The number of turns of each phase winding is 100 turns per phase and the winding is narrow-spread. Determine r.m.s. value of fundamental phase voltage. Solution. Refer to Fig, 12.13. For airgap m.m-f,, the winding may be considered as fuli-pitch, as in Example 1. Thus k,, = 1, anda = 30°,n = 3, From Eq, (12.8) the fundamental m.m.f. 4 Ay = 3 Ako pt x . where A = 2D _ 32100 _ 1599 AT/pole sin" 2 _ sin 45 kn = — oe Ee 1 2 = Faas 7091CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/MM ®. EQUATIONS 545 4 Therefore Ai = = X 1500 x 0.91 = 1738 AT/pole a A The peak fundamental flux density B, = 5 zo where fis the length , of the airgap in m. The reluctance of the iron part is neglected. 1738 2x 103 So B= x 4m x 1077 = 1.092 Wb/m? ‘The fundamental flux per pole @y = 2B; x area of each pole = 2 x 1.092 x 0.05 = 0.0348 Wb Now the fundamental induced e.m-f. per armature phase \ ¥ Ey = 4449 Thksikps | Given T = 100 turns, f = 50 Hz. Assuming uniformly distributed | sin30° 3 A aie ~~ 095 . As the coils are full-pitch kp; = 1. Therefore winding with 60° phase spread, ky) = f E, = 4.44 x 0.0348 x 100 x 50 x 0,955 = 737.8 V. Example 9 * ‘The flux distribution in the airgap of a 50 Hz salient-pole alternator may be assumed to be rectangular, the base being three-fourths of the pole pitch. Given: turns per phase 120, phase spread 60°, pole-pitch 0.5 m, stator length 0.75 m, maximum flux density in the airgap 0.8 Wh/m? Calculate the r.m.s. value of the fundamental e.m.f. Solution. The fundamental value of flux density, as per Eq. (123), B= 48, cose Now referring to Fig. 12.33, ¢ = 224°, By, = 0.8 Wb/m?. SS Therefore, By = 4 x 0.8 x cos 22! = 0.94 Wb/m? The fundamental airgap flux per pole xD, _2 P __ Given turns per phase = 120, frequency f = 50 Hz. Assuming uniformly distributed narrow-spread winding, ' z M1 = ZBL x 0.94 x 0.5 x 0.75 = 0.224 Wb. ee |BLECTRICAL MACHINES sin 60/2 _ 3 yy = SOE = 5 = 0.955 Assuming full-pitch coils kyy = 1. ‘Therefore fundamental induced e.m.f. per phase Ey = Addy Ty ky kot = 4,44 x 0,224 x 120 x 50 x 0.955 = 5700 V. wv Bm = 3 ez] 225 am ae Pole pitch Fig, 12.33. Rectangular flux distribution pertaining to example 9. PROBLEMS FOR EXERCISE 1. A 1000 KVA, 11 KV, 50 Hz, 3000 r.p.m. alternator has 10 slots per pole in the rotor, the angular slot pitch being 10°. The rotor has 2000 ampere conductors per slot. The armature winding has 180 full-pitch turns distributed over 60 slots. Compute fundamental components of rotor m.mf. and armature m.m.f, at full-load. [Ans. 11190 AT/pole, 4060 AT/pole] 2. A 3-phase, 50 Hz star connected alternator runs at 600 r.p.m. It has 60 stator slots with 4 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.06 Wb per pole sine-distributed. Determine phase and line e.m.fs. What harmonics do you expect due to slots? If the flux is non-sinusoidally distributed with same total flux as above and the flux density waveform is given by B, (sin + 0.36 sin 30 + 0.2 sin 58), determine phase and line e.m.fs. [Ans. 514.7 V, 891.5 V, 11th and 13th, 459.5 V, 769.6 V] 3. The flux distribution curve of a 2-pole 3000 r.p.m. synchronous Benctaion, is given as B = sin 6 + 0.2 sin 30 + 0.2 sin SO + 0.1 sin 70 W/m?, where 4 is measured from the interpolar axis. The pole pitch is| CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND E.M.F/M.M.F. EQUATIONS 547 | 0.4m and the core length is 0.3 m. Each armature coil has 4 turns, the pitch being five-sixths of full-pitch. Measuring time from the instant when the axis of the coil coincides with that of the poles, determine the equation of the emf. induced in it and its r.m.s. value. [Ans, 23.17 sin of + 3.39 sin 30" + 1.24 sin Scot -0.62 sin Jon V, 23:34 V] Hint: Any r-th harmonic voltage including fundamental is its peak value x sin nwt, as each harmonic flux linkage with the coil is maximum at t = 0. he flux distribution in a salient-pole machine is rectangular, the base being two-thirds of pole-pitch. The peak value of flux density is 1 Wb/m?, Draw one complete cycle of the e.m.f, induced in a single-turn coil which has the pitch of five-sixths of full pitch and moves with a uniform velocity of 30 m per sec. The armature conductor length is 2 m. Calculate the r.m.s. value of the voltage. [Ans. 91.7 V] Tejera) Bip eared I 6 a0 6 Pole pitch = 7) i “ : ' i 1 i ' 1 Hl i i 1 1 a a | ZL 4a L + 6's 2 ete Wt=0 wt=N Fig, 12.34. Flux and voltage waveform pertaining to Prob. 4