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Pai Public School Nabil Chem
Pai Public School Nabil Chem
SCHOOL[CBSE], PUNE.
CHEMISTRY PROJECT.
TOPIC: - ALL ABOUT DYES.
NAME: -NABIL AHMED SIDDIQUI.
ROLL NO: -______.
CLASS: - 12.
INDEX
Sr.no. Content Page
no.
1. Certificate of Excellence 1
2. Acknowledgment 2
3. Aim 3
4. Apparatus Required 4
5. Chemical required 5
6. Background 6
7. Introduction 9
8. Reaction 16
9. Procedure 17
10. Precautions 18
11. Bibliography 19
Certificate 1
Roll No: ______ Exam No: _______
Regards,
______________ ______________
Teacher in charge Examiner
_____________
Principal
2
Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, Many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with this project.
Primarily I would like thank God for being able to
complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mrs. SALTANAT PATEL mam and my
Chemistry teacher Ms. ROSHANI MANIYAR whose
Valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success, his suggestions
and instruction has served as the major contribution
towards
the completion of this project. Then I would like to thank
my parents who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance have been very helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.
Aim: - 3
To prepare 2-Naphthol Aniline
Dye from aniline, sodium
nitrite, hydrochloric acid and
alkaline solution of β-naphthol
also called 2-naphthol.
Apparatus Required: - 4
1. Aniline.
2. Sodium nitrite.
3. Hydrochloric acid.
4. 2-Naphthol.
5. Sodium hydroxide solution.
6. Beaker.
7. Test tube.
8. Buchner funnel.
9. Pipette.
10. Capillary tube.
11. Thermometer.
12. Distilled water.
13. Hot air oven.
14. Ice bath.
5
Chemicals Required: -
1. Aniline.
2. Sodium nitrite.
3. Hydrochloric acid.
4. 2-Naphthol.
5. Sodium hydroxide solution.
6
Background
The natural or synthetic organic compounds impart colour to fabric
are called dyes. In ancient times, for colouring fibres and fabrics, dyes
are obtained from plants and other living substances.
But if some part of light is absorbed and some part is reflected, then a
particular colour is observed. Visible light is mainly made up of seven
colours: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow. Orange and Red. The
wavelength of light increases from 400 nm to 750 nm as we move from
violet to red. The colour of reflected light is complementary to the
colour of absorbed light. For example, if a substance absorbs green
colour, then the substance is violet in colour. This means that violet
colour is complementary to green colour.
8
First useful dye was synthesised in 1856 by W.H. Parking who was only
18 years old at that time. He prepared violet dye by impure aniline
which is basically 6-phenyl phenosafranine and its homologue.
Introduction 9
A dye is a coloured compound, normally used in solution, which is
capable of being fixed to a fabric. The dye must be 'fast' or chemically
stable so that the colour will not wash with soap and water, fade on
exposure to sunlight, etc. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution
containing dyes and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye
molecules have an uncut Chemical bond with fibre molecules. The
temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. The
dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral origin with no
or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been
from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood,
but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
[A] History of Dye:
Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history,
people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available
materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent
colours such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson
kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval
world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, Indigo, saffron, and madder
were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe.
Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist
dyeing techniques to control the absorption of colour in piece-dyed
cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were
brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of
Europe were carried by colonists to America.
When any one of these features is lacking from the molecular structure
the colour is lost. In addition to chromophores, most dyes also contain
groups known as auxochromes (colour helpers), examples of which are
carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amino, and hydroxyl groups. While these
are not responsible for colour, their presence can shift the colour of a
colorant and they are most often used to influence dye solubility.
12
[C]The major difference between dyes and pigments: -
Reactions 16
Procedure 17
1. Dissolve 5 ml of aniline in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric
acid and water.
2. Cool the solution in an ice bath between 0-5 oC.
3. Add a solution of 4 gm sodium nitrite in 15 ml of water dropwise
with continuous shaking and controlling the temperature below
5 oC.
4. Take another flask to dissolve 8 gm of 2-naphthol in a solution of 5
gm sodium hydroxide solution in 50ml of water.
5. Cool the solution in the ice bath to 0-5oC.
6. Now mix the two cold solutions slowly dropwise with constant
stirring.
7. Continue the stirring for at least half an hour without allowing the
temperature to rise above 10oC.
8. An orange colour azo dye called 2-naphthol aniline separates out.
9. Filter the crude sample and wash it with cold water.
10. Dry and recrystallise it from ethyl alcohol or glacial acetic
acid.
OBSERVATION
Colour of crystals orange crystals
Expected yield 13gm
Precautions 18
1.The solution must be cooled to 5 oC. Do not raise the
temperature.
Bibliography 19
Chemistry (Part I& Part 2) –
Textbook NCERT
Together With Lab Manual
Chemistry XII;
www.wikepedia.com
www.google.com
https://www.allaboutchemistry.net/