PAI PUBLIC

SCHOOL[CBSE], PUNE.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT.
TOPIC: - ALL ABOUT DYES.
NAME: -NABIL AHMED SIDDIQUI.
ROLL NO: -__2____.
CLASS: - 12.

INDEX
Sr.no. Content Page
no.

1. Certificate of Excellence 1
2. Acknowledgment 2
3. Aim 3
4. Apparatus Required 4
5. Chemical required 5
6. Background 6
7. Introduction 9
8. Reaction 16
9. Procedure 17
10. Precautions 18
11. Bibliography 19

Certificate 1
 Roll No: __2____ Exam No: _______

This is to certify that NABIL AHMED SIDDIQUI student of class 12th

has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of Ms. ROSHANI MANIYAR during
the year of 2023-2024 in partial fulfilment of Chemistry practical
examination conducted by N.G International school.

Regards,

______________ ______________
Teacher in charge Examiner
_____________
Principal

2
Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, Many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with this project.
Primarily I would like thank God for being able to
complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mrs. SALTANAT PATEL mam and my
Chemistry teacher Ms. ROSHANI MANIYAR whose
Valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success, his suggestions
and instruction has served as the major contribution
towards
the completion of this project. Then I would like to thank
my parents who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance have been very helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.

Aim: - 3
To prepare 2-Naphthol Aniline
 Dye from aniline, sodium
nitrite, hydrochloric acid and
alkaline solution of β-naphthol
also called 2-naphthol.

Apparatus Required: - 4

1. Aniline.
2. Sodium nitrite.
3. Hydrochloric acid.
4. 2-Naphthol.
5. Sodium hydroxide solution.
6. Beaker.
7. Test tube.
 8. Buchner funnel.
9. Pipette.
10. Capillary tube.
11. Thermometer.
12. Distilled water.
13. Hot air oven.
14. Ice bath.

Chemicals Required: -

1. Aniline.

2. Sodium nitrite.

3. Hydrochloric acid.
4. 2-Naphthol.

5. Sodium hydroxide solution.

 6
Background
The natural or synthetic organic compounds impart colour to fabric
are called dyes. In ancient times, for colouring fibres and fabrics, dyes
are obtained from plants and other living substances.

There is no difference in usage of dyes and pigments. The main

difference between the two is that dyes are the substances which
are soluble in water and other solvents whereas pigments are the
substances which are insoluble in water and other solvents.

Pigments colour substance by coagulation thereby forming a layer on

the substance. In other words, dyes functions by absorbing from the
solution of the substance whereas pigments work by forming layer on
the substance.

Pigments colour substance by coagulation thereby forming a layer on

the substance. In other words, dyes functions by absorbing from the
solution of the substance whereas pigments work by forming layer on
the substance

A dye has following characteristics:

 It must have a suitable colour.

 It can be fixed on the fabric either directly or with the help of
mordant.
 It, must be resistant to ‘the action of water, acid and alkalis.
The groups, responsible for colour, are called chromophore.
These should be unaffected by light.
 7
The colour of a substance depends on the dye present in it and the
light falling on it. When white light is incident on a substance, then it is
reflected and absorbed. When all the light falling on a surface gets
reflected. The substance appears white in colour. When all the part of
incident light gets absorbed, the substance appears black in colour.

But if some part of light is absorbed and some part is reflected, then a
particular colour is observed. Visible light is mainly made up of seven
colours: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow. Orange and Red. The
wavelength of light increases from 400 nm to 750 nm as we move from
violet to red. The colour of reflected light is complementary to the
colour of absorbed light. For example, if a substance absorbs green
colour, then the substance is violet in colour. This means that violet
colour is complementary to green colour.
 8
First useful dye was synthesised in 1856 by W.H. Parking who was only
18 years old at that time. He prepared violet dye by impure aniline
which is basically 6-phenyl phenosafranine and its homologue.
 Introduction 9
A dye is a coloured compound, normally used in solution, which is
capable of being fixed to a fabric. The dye must be 'fast' or chemically
stable so that the colour will not wash with soap and water, fade on
exposure to sunlight, etc. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution
containing dyes and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye
molecules have an uncut Chemical bond with fibre molecules. The
temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. The
dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral origin with no
or very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been
from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood,
but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
[A] History of Dye:
Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history,
people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available
materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent
colours such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson
kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval
world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, Indigo, saffron, and madder
were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe.
Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist
dyeing techniques to control the absorption of colour in piece-dyed
cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were
brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of
Europe were carried by colonists to America.

yed flax fibres have been found in the Republic of Georgia in a

prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 BP. Archaeological evidence shows
that, particularly in India and Phoenicia, dyeing has been widely carried
out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from animal,
vegetable, or mineral sources, with no to very little processing. By far
the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably
 10
roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood, only a few of which are used on
a commercial scale. Ancient hieroglyphs describe the extraction and
application of natural dyes. Countless attempts have been made to
extract dyes from brightly coloured plants and flowers, yet only a dozen
or so natural dyes found widespread use. Undoubtedly most attempts
failed because most natural dyes are not highly stable and occur as
components of complex mixtures, the successful separation of which
would be unlikely by the crude methods employed in ancient times.
Nevertheless, studies of these dyes in the 1800s provided a base for
the development of synthetic dyes, which dominated the market by
1900.

he first synthetic dye, mauve, was discovered serendipitously by

William Henry Perkin in 1856. The discovery of mauveine started a
surge in synthetic dyes and in organic chemistry in general. Other
aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsine, safranine, and induline. Many
thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared. The discovery of
mauve also led to developments within immunology and
chemotherapy. In 1891 Paul Ehrlich discovered that certain cells or
organisms took up certain dyes selectively. He then reasoned that a
sufficiently large dose could be injected to kill pathogenic
microorganisms if the dye did not affect other cells. Erlich went on to
use a compound to target syphilis, the first time a chemical was used in
order to selectively kill bacteria in the body, he also used methylene
blue to target the plasmodium responsible for malaria.

[B] Principles of colour:

Dyes possess colour because they
1) absorb light in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm)
2) have at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group)
3) have a conjugated system, i.e., a structure with alternating double
and single bonds.
 11
4) exhibit resonance of electrons, which is a stabilizing force in organic
compounds.

When any one of these features is lacking from the molecular structure
the colour is lost. In addition to chromophores, most dyes also contain
groups known as auxochromes (colour helpers), examples of which are
carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amino, and hydroxyl groups. While these
are not responsible for colour, their presence can shift the colour of a
colorant and they are most often used to influence dye solubility.
 12
[C]The major difference between dyes and pigments: -

D) Natural and Synthetic Dyes:

Natural dyes are simply dyed substances extracted from natural

sources. Although the main source of dyes for early times, they have
largely been replaced by synthetic dyes, which are usually more
 13
reliable, cheaper and can be supplied more readily. Natural dyes still in
use include hematoxylin, carmine, orcein.

Colouring materials have been used for many thousands of years by

man. Leather, cloth, food, pottery and housing have all been modified
in this way. Some of our most common dyes are still derived from
natural sources. These are termed natural dyes. The Colour Index uses
this as a classification and naming system.

Each dye is named according to the pattern:

 Natural + base colour + number

Natural dyes are often negatively charged. Positively charged natural
dyes do exist but are not common. In other words, the coloured part of
the molecule is usually the anion. Although the molecular charge is
often shown on a specific atom in structural formulae, it is the whole
molecule that is charged. Many, but by no means all, natural dyes
require the use of a mordant. Synthetic dye:

Dyes derived from an organic or inorganic compound are known as

synthetic dyes. Examples of this class of dyes are Direct, acid, Basic,
Reactive, Mordant, Metal complex, Vat, Sulphur, Disperse dye, etc.
Synthetic dyes quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes
They cost less, they offered a vast range of new colours, and they
imparted better properties to the dyed materials dyes are now
classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process.
14
 15

Reactions 16
 Procedure 17

1. Dissolve 5 ml of aniline in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric

acid and water.
2. Cool the solution in an ice bath between 0-5 oC.
 3. Add a solution of 4 gm sodium nitrite in 15 ml of water dropwise
with continuous shaking and controlling the temperature below
5 oC.
4. Take another flask to dissolve 8 gm of 2-naphthol in a solution of 5
gm sodium hydroxide solution in 50ml of water.
5. Cool the solution in the ice bath to 0-5oC.
6. Now mix the two cold solutions slowly dropwise with constant
stirring.
7. Continue the stirring for at least half an hour without allowing the
temperature to rise above 10oC.
8. An orange colour azo dye called 2-naphthol aniline separates out.
9. Filter the crude sample and wash it with cold water.
10. Dry and recrystallise it from ethyl alcohol or glacial acetic
acid.

OBSERVATION
Colour of crystals orange crystals
Expected yield 13gm

Melting point 131`C

Precautions 18

1.The solution must be cooled to 5 oC. Do not raise the

temperature.
2. Do not touch the dye otherwise it will stick to hands.
3. Not to touch the concentrated acids otherwise, it will cause
irritation.
4. Wash the crude sample repeatedly with cold water in order to
remove soluble impurities.
5. Maintain the pH between 4-5.

Bibliography 19

 Chemistry (Part I& Part 2) –

Textbook NCERT
 Together With Lab Manual
Chemistry XII;
 www.wikepedia.com
 www.google.com
 https://www.allaboutchemistry.net/