Glucose regulation and

Pancreas Histology
Learning Objectives:

Syllabus: 5.1.4

(d) how blood glucose concentration is regulated

(e) the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
mellitus
(f) the potential treatments for diabetes mellitus
Now – Pancreas Histology:
Complete page 24 in your booklets.
Complete ‘Pancreatic Histology’ sheet.
1
2
3
4
Task:
1. Use p.31-32 in Biology 2 and p.25 in purple OCR books to
make very short, clear notes on:

- what effects insulin has on myocytes (muscle cells).

- What effects insulin has on hepatocytes (liver cells).
- what effects glucagon has on hepatocytes.

2. Write a paragraph linking these words to explain what

happens when blood glucose levels are to high and too
low:

Glucagon Insulin Alpha cells Beta cells

Pancreas Glucose Glycogen Increase

Decrease Gluconeogenesis
How is insulin secretion controlled?
K+ channels
Ca2+ voltage gated channels
Task:

• Fill in the Control of Insulin Secretion” Sheet using

p.33 in the Biology 2 books and p.26 in the purple OCR
books.

Extension:
• ‘Control of Blood glucose’ sheet
• ‘Mechanism of insulin secretion’ sheet
• ‘Carbohydrate metabolism in the liver’ sheet
 cell - normal glucose levels
• K+ channels are open and K+
constantly diffuses out.
• This causes the membrane to
become and stay polarised,
with a potential difference of
-70mV.
• Ca2+ voltage gated ion
channels are closed.
• There is a high concentration
of calcium ions outside the cell.
• Vesicles full of insulin are
waiting to be released.
 cell - high glucose levels
1. High blood glucose levels cause
glucose to move inside.
2. The glucose is metabolised in
respiration to make ATP.
3. The increase in ATP causes the
K+ channels to close.
4. K+ can’t diffuse out of the  cell
anymore. This depolarises the
membrane: as the positively
charged ions are stuck inside.
5. Ca2+ voltage gated ion channels
open and Ca2+ diffuse in.
6. Ca2+ cause the vesicles to
release contents by exocytosis.
 Diabetes
Objectives for today
• Compare and contrast the causes of Type 1 and Type
2 diabetes mellitus.
• Discuss the use of insulin produced by genetically
modified bacteria and the potential use of stem cells
to treat diabetes mellitus.
Syllabus: 4.1.3 g & h.
Clinistix – test for glucose

negative A little Some Lots of

glucose glucose glucose

Clinistix – test for protein

negative A little Some Lots of

protein protein protein
The diagnostic test for diabetes is a glucose-tolerance test

Diabetic

Normal

What does this show us?

Do this now:
1. Read p.34-37 of Biology 2 books and p.27 of the OCR
books.
2. Fill in the table to compare type I with type II.
3. Explain what hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are
and what the effects can be.
4. Have a go at Q.5 on p.35 of Biology 2. Answers on
p.265-266.
Extension:
Have a go at Qs.6 & 7 on p.36 & 37 of Biology 2.
Answers on p.266.
 Type I Type II
Typical age starts at. Early childhood Middle age
• Obesity: BMI>27
Risk factors Unknown • Little exercise.
(what things make genetic & • Apple shape.
you more likely environmental
to get it?) • Eating lots of sugar.
factors.
• AC or Asian heritage.
Autoimmune
What do scientists attack of pancreas
think it is caused by? triggered by virus Unknown.
infection?
Do they produce
No Not enough & it is
insulin? not very effective.
Insulin, diet & Often just diet &
How is it treated? monitor blood exercise, sometimes
sugar level. insulin.
Type 1 diabetes: insulin injection
Type 2 diabetes: a complex metabolic
disorder
A fermenter used to grow
recombinant bacteria.
Use p.36-37 of
Biology 2 books to:
1. Annotate the
diagram to explain
how GM human
insulin is made.
2. Write down 3
advantages of GM
human insulin over
insulin from animals
or dead people.
3. Describe how stem Extension: what problems need
cell therapy could to be overcome to make stem
help diabetics. cell treatment of diabetes
possible?