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10. This approach to understanding behavior attempts to explain all behavior, including
private events.
A. Structuralism
B. Radical behaviorism
C. Methodological behaviorism
D. Mentalism
True/False
1. TRUE or FALSE. The overarching purpose of applied behavior analysis as field of study
is to concentrate on socially important or significant behaviors.
2. TRUE or FALSE. There are three levels of understanding that persist in science, and
each level contributes to the overall knowledge base in a given field.
3. TRUE or FALSE. The highest level of scientific understanding is prediction or the
ability to correlation between events.
4. TRUE or FALSE. Empiricism is the assumption upon which science is predicted, that
the universe is a lawful and orderly place, and events occur as the result of other events.
6. TRUE or FALSE. Psychology in the early 1900’s was dominated by the study if
behavior through a measurable and observable means.
7. TRUE or FALSE. B.F. Skinner is considered the founder of the experimental analysis of
behavior.
Short Answer/Essay
1. Describe the level(s) of understanding that science provides and the overarching
purpose(s) and goal(s) of science.
3. Describe what is meant by a functional relation, and provide a concrete example for a
human organism.
Chapter 1
Multiple Choice
1. A
2. A, B, C, A, C, B, B, C, A, B
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. B
True/False
1. True
2. True
3. FALSE. The highest level of scientific understanding is control, and when functional or
causal relationships are able to be demonstrated.
4. FALSE. Determinism is the assumption upon which science is predicted, that the
universe is a lawful and orderly place, and events occur as the result of other events.
5. True
6. FALSE. Psychology in the early 1900’s was dominated with the study of consciousness,
images, and other mental processes.
7. True
Short Answer/Essay
1. Answers should include some variation of the following response: there are three levels
of understanding within science: prediction, description, and control. Each level of
understanding contributes to the overall knowledge base within a given field. Description
is the level of science involving the collection of facts about observed events that can be
quantified, classified, & examined for possible relations with other know facts.
Description often suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research. Prediction is
the relative probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur.
Prediction is primarily based on repeated observation revealing relationships between
various events. Prediction demonstrates correlation between events, and enables
preparation. Control is the highest level of scientific understanding in which functional
relations can be derived. The overarching purpose/goal of science is to achieve a
thorough understanding of the phenomenon under investigation by seeking to discover
real truths about the phenomenon.
2. Answers should include the attitudes of science: Determinism, Empiricism,
Experimentation, Replication, Parsimony, and Philosophic doubt as well as a brief
definition for each of the attitudes.
3. Answers will vary. Answers should include information about a functional relation such
as: A functional relation is only achieved through control and involves a specific change
in one event (dependent variable), that can reliably be produced by specific
manipulations of another event (independent variable, and the change in the dependent
variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables).
In addition, answers should include an example of a functional relation for a human
organism.
5. Answers will vary. Answers should include a brief description of radical behaviorism,
mentalism, methodological behaviorism, and structuralism at minimum. Learners may
also include explanations of Watsonion psychology or S-R psychology and behavior as it
was viewed in the early 1900’s. Answers should elaborate on each of the explanations of
behavior by comparing and contrasting and/or providing concrete examples of how an
individual with this philosophy would view behavior.
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compare the mention in Evelyn’s Fumifugium noticed above),
refers to Vauxhall Gardens. Monconys, the French traveller
(1663), briefly describes “Les Jardins du Printemps” at Lambeth,
but it can hardly be made out whether he is alluding to the garden
called by Pepys the Old Spring Garden at Vauxhall or to the New
Spring Garden, i.e., Vauxhall Gardens (cp. Tanswell’s Lambeth, p.
181). The supposed site of the Old Spring Garden at Vauxhall (or
Lambeth) is indicated in a map in Manning and Bray’s Surrey, iii.
p. 526 (cp. Walford, vi. 340). The statement of Aubrey and Sir
John Hawkins, usually accepted by modern writers, that Sir
Samuel Morland occupied in 1675 a house on the site of Vauxhall
Gardens, is evidently erroneous (cp. Vauxhall Papers, No. 4, p.
28).
[320] Swift to Stella, 17 May, 1711.
[321] The Spectator, 20 May, 1712, No. 383. As notices of the
Spring Garden are rare at this period, the following advertisement
may be worth quoting:—“Lost in Fox Hall, Spring Garden, on the
29th past a little Spaniel Dog, Liver Coloured and white long Ears,
a Peak down his Forehead, a small Spot on each knee” (The
Postman, May 3–6, 1712). The pleasant walks of the Spring
Garden are referred to in 1714 in Thoresby’s Diary, ii. 215.
[322] A New Guide to London (1726). Guildhall Library,
London.
[323] Lockman in his Sketch of the Spring Gardens (1753?)
praises Jonathan Tyers for having reformed the morals of the
Spring Garden when he became proprietor in 1728.
[324] Several of the Vauxhall season tickets were designed for
Tyers by Hogarth. They are engraved in Nichols’s Lambeth, pl. xv.
p. 100, and in Wilkinson’s Londina lllustrata. A good though not
complete collection of Vauxhall tickets is in the British Museum,
including the series of silver tickets brought together by Mr.
Edward Hawkins. Tyers presented Hogarth as a return for his
services with a gold ticket, inscribed in perpetuam beneficii
memoriam, which was a free pass to the gardens for ever. Mrs.
Hogarth had it after her husband’s death, and in 1856 it was in the
possession of Mr. F. Gye who bought it for £20 (cp. Nightingale in
The Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xviii (1856), p. 97). In 1737 the
season tickets admitting two persons cost one guinea; in 1742
they were twenty-five shillings; in 1748, two guineas.
[325] In honour of Frederick, Tyers constructed the “Prince’s
Pavilion” at the western end of the Gardens facing the orchestra.
[326] This description is adapted from the Scots Magazine for
July 1739.
[327] The lamps about the middle of the eighteenth century
were about 1,000–1,500 in number; they afterwards greatly
exceeded this total.
[328] Smollett’s Humphry Clinker.
[329] Goldsmith’s Citizen of the World, Letter lxxi.
[330] The cascade was varied in the course of years. In 1783
the background was a mountain view with palm trees.
[331] The Connoisseur, 15 May, 1755.
[332] From A description of Vauxhall Gardens, London, S.
Hooper, 1762.
[333] Further details as to the form of the Gardens may be
seen in the guides of Lockman and “Hooper.” Mr. Austin Dobson
(Eighteenth Century Vignettes, 1st series) gives the best modern
account of the Vauxhall geography.
[334] From about 1827 the entrance chiefly used by the public
was the “coach-entrance” at the corner of Kennington Lane.
[335] This has been attributed to Roubillac, but Mr. Dobson
thinks that it was probably by Henry Cheere who made such
leaden statues for gardens. The statue was cleared in 1779 of the
bushes that had grown round it, and it was still in the gardens in
1817.
[336] In 1818 it was removed to the house of Dr. Jonathan
Tyers Barrett in Duke Street, Westminster; it was described lately
(1894) as being in the possession of Mr. Alfred Littleton.
[337] On Lowe, see supra, p. 50, p. 101 f., and p. 243.
[338] As to the introduction of the covered walk see infra, § 4.
[339] Trusler’s London Adviser, p. 163.
[340] Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ix. (1884), p. 208.
[341] Evelina, Letter xlvi. Cp. The Macaroni and Theatrical
Magazine for September 1773, p. 529, which gives a plate
showing “the Macaroney Beaus and Bells in an Uproar, or the last
Evening at Vauxhall Gardens” (W. Coll.).
[342] The Gazeteer and New Daily Advertiser, 29 June, 1772.
[343] The Vauxhall Affray, or the Macaronies defeated, London,
1773; Westminster Magazine for September 1773, p. 558; The
Macaroni and Theatrical Magazine for August 1773, where there
is a copper-plate showing the parson fighting the footman (W.
Coll.).
[344] British Magazine, 6 August, 1782.
[345] Westminster Magazine, May 1775.
[346] Middlesex Journal, July 23–25, 1775.
[347] On the gala nights the charge was three shillings.
[348] A burlesque account in the Bon Ton Magazine, June
1791, with plate (W. Coll.).
[349] Her husband, Mr. Mountain, was leader at Vauxhall from
1792.
[350] On Mrs. Bland, see supra, p. 137 (White Conduit House).
[351] Miss Tunstall, another singer, was in repute at the
gardens about 1820.
[352] Sketches from St. George’s Fields (1821), 2nd ser. p.
216.
[353] In 1806 the opening of the gardens on Saturdays was
discontinued on account of the disorderly persons staying on late
into Sunday morning. From about this time the gardens were for a
long period usually open on three days of the week only.
[354] Already in 1769 an awning or other covering was placed
over one of the walks, and “covered walks” are afterwards alluded
to. The permanent colonnade was not erected till 1810.
[355] Some accounts say £28,000.
[356] Admission, three shillings and sixpence.
[357] This Prince’s Gallery was burnt down in 1800.
[358] Among the curious characters of Vauxhall Gardens must
be noticed a youth named Joseph Leeming, who called himself
“the Aeriel” and “the Paragon of Perfection,” and offered himself
for inspection to artists and surgeons as a model of bodily
perfection. On 2 July, 1825, and on subsequent occasions he
mingled with the other visitors at Vauxhall and created excitement
by his extraordinary Spanish costume and by distributing three or
four hundred “Challenges” to the people in front of the orchestra.
One of these curious challenges is in my collection. It is a small
card printed with the words “The Aeriel (sic) challenges the whole
world to find a man that can in any way compete with him as
such. No.—.” (cp. Hone’s Every Day Book, i. p. 1456, ff.).
[359] An earlier balloon ascent from Vauxhall Gardens by
Garnerin in 1802 may be noted.
[360] A detailed account of the voyage is given in Monck
Mason’s Aeronautica, London, 1838.
[361] The publication came to an end on 23 August, 1841. It
consisted of sixteen parts, sixpence each. A set of these is in my
collection. Mr. H. A. Rogers, of Stroud Green, has recently
undertaken an interesting facsimile reprint of this scarce little
journal.
[362] This part of Tyers Street was formerly called Brunel
Street.
[363] Punch for 21 August, 1869, “The Lament of the
Colonnade.”
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.
2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been
retained as in the original.
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PLEASURE GARDENS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ***
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