Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050

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Acta Psychologica
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actpsy

Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A

qualitative insight
Talib Hussain a, b, Dake Wang a, *, Benqian Li a
a
School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 2002240 Shanghai, China
b
Faculty of Social Sciences, Media and Communication, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This study employs a qualitative research methodology to comprehensively investigate the psychological resil­
Athletes ience of athletes impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Through purposeful sampling, a diverse group of athletes
COVID-19 pandemic representing various sports, competitive levels, and geographic locations was selected, ensuring a holistic
Exercise
exploration of their experiences. Data collection centered on in-depth interviews, utilizing a semi-structured
Health
Psychological resilience
approach guided by predetermined open-ended questions. Ethical standards were meticulously upheld, with
Qualitative research informed consent obtained from all participants, and strict measures in place to safeguard their confidentiality
Sport and anonymity. Prior to data collection, pilot testing of interview questions was conducted to enhance their
clarity and appropriateness. Subsequently, data analysis involved the meticulous transcription of field-notes and
audio-recordings into protocols and transcripts, followed by systematic coding facilitated by qualitative data
management software. To enhance research rigor, strategies including reflexivity, member-checking, and
collaborative coding were embraced. This comprehensive methodology facilitated a deep and nuanced explo­
ration of athletes' experiences, perceptions, and coping strategies during the pandemic, ultimately contributing
valuable insights to the study of psychological resilience in sports. The findings shed light on the challenges
athletes faced, the support systems and personal attributes that fostered resilience, and the role of well-being
practices like mindfulness and self-care in enhancing psychological resilience. The implications of this
research extend to proactive strategies for sports organizations and stakeholders, fostering a culture of resilience,
and empowering athletes to thrive in the face of adversity, ultimately promoting their long-term psychological
well-being.

1. Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on global
health, social dynamics, and numerous sectors of society, including
sports, exercise, and health (Kelly et al., 2022). The world of athletics
has faced significant disruptions, with training routines interrupted,
competitions canceled or postponed, and stringent health protocols
implemented to mitigate the spread of the virus. These extraordinary
circumstances have posed unique challenges for athletes, both physi­
cally and psychologically, requiring them to adapt, persevere, and
develop resilience in the face of adversity. Psychological resilience,
defined as the ability to withstand and recover from difficult or stressful
situations, is a critical aspect of athletes' overall well-being and perfor­
mance. It encompasses the capacity to effectively cope with adversity,
manage stress, and maintain a positive mindset. Understanding how
athletes navigate and overcome the challenges brought forth by the
COVID-19 pandemic is essential for supporting their mental health,
optimizing their performance, and ensuring their long-term success.
While quantitative studies have explored the psychological impact of the
pandemic on athletes, a qualitative approach offers a deeper and more
nuanced understanding of athletes' experiences, perceptions, and coping
mechanisms. Qualitative research provides an opportunity to explore
the lived experiences of athletes during the pandemic, uncover their
unique challenges, and identify the strategies, support systems, and
personal attributes that have contributed to their psychological resil­
ience (Shukla et al., 2023).
This study aims to investigate the psychological resilience of athletes
in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic through a qualitative analysis.
By employing qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and
thematic analysis, we seek to gain rich insights into how athletes have

* Corresponding author at: School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 2002240 Shanghai, China.
E-mail addresses: talibhussian@sjtu.edu.cn (T. Hussain), dakewang@sjtu.edu.cn (D. Wang), libenqian@sjtu.edu.cn (B. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104050
Received 3 August 2023; Received in revised form 29 September 2023; Accepted 2 October 2023
Available online 11 October 2023
0001-6918/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
T. Hussain et al.
coped with the challenges imposed by the pandemic and developed
resilience in the face of adversity. The findings of this research will
contribute to the existing body of knowledge on athlete well-being,
informing sport, exercise, and health professionals in the development
of effective strategies and interventions to support athletes' mental well-
being in similar crisis situations (Gupta & McCarthy, 2021).
The structure of this paper is as follows: The next section provides a
comprehensive review of the literature on psychological resilience in
athletes and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and athlete
well-being. The methodology section outlines the research design,
participant selection, data collection, and analysis procedures. Subse­
quently, the results are presented, followed by a discussion of the find­
ings in light of existing literature. Finally, the implications for sport,
exercise, and health professionals, limitations of the study, and avenues
for future research are discussed. Through this research, we aim to shed
light on the psychological resilience of athletes during the COVID-19
pandemic, contributing to our understanding of how athletes adapt,
cope, and thrive in the face of crisis. By uncovering the strategies, sup­
port systems, and personal attributes that underpin their resilience, we
can inform the development of evidence-based interventions and sup­
port mechanisms to enhance the mental well-being and performance of
athletes, not only during pandemics but also in the face of future chal­
lenges that may arise in the dynamic world of sports, exercise, and
health.
Here is essential to emphasize the specific contributions of this study
to the existing literature. This research addresses a significant gap by
focusing on athletes' psychological resilience during the COVID-19
pandemic, which has not been extensively explored in qualitative
depth. While the introduction provides an overview of the pandemic's
impact on athletes and the importance of resilience, it is crucial to
highlight that previous quantitative studies have offered a broader
perspective but lack the depth required to fully comprehend athletes'
experiences. This study seeks to bridge this gap by conducting in-depth
interviews and thematic analysis to unearth the nuanced coping stra­
tegies, support systems, and individual attributes that underpin athletes'
resilience in the face of pandemic-induced challenges. By doing so, this
study aims to enrich the existing knowledge on athlete well-being and
resilience, providing valuable insights for professionals in sports, exer­
cise, and health to develop effective strategies and interventions to
support athletes' mental wellness during crises.
2. Research gap
While prior research has addressed athlete resilience, a gap remains
in understanding their specific experiences and coping strategies amidst
the COVID-19 pandemic. Although quantitative studies have illumi­
nated pandemic effects on athlete well-being, they often lack the depth
needed to fully grasp athletes' lived realities. Furthermore, the distinct
tactics, supportive networks, and individual traits contributing to ath­
letes' pandemic resilience have yet to be extensively investigated. This
study aims to qualitatively explore athletes' psychological resilience
during the pandemic, delving into their experiences, perceptions, and
coping mechanisms. By bridging this gap and fulfilling its purpose, this
research enriches the existing knowledge on athlete well-being and
resilience. The outcomes will offer valuable insights to professionals in
sports, exercise, and health, informing effective strategies to support
athletes' mental wellness in crises. Unveiling athletes' pandemic expe­
riences and coping mechanisms enhances the intersection of qualitative
research and sports, providing applicable insights in both research and
practical domains (Woodford & Bussey, 2021).
3. Advantage of this study
The great advantage of the present study, in comparison to previous
research, lies in its qualitative approach, which delves deeply into ath­
letes' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. While prior studies
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Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
have primarily focused on quantitative data or surveys, this research
employs purposeful sampling and in-depth interviews to provide a rich
and nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by athletes.
Furthermore, this study identifies key themes and factors contributing to
athletes' psychological resilience, shedding light on the coping strate­
gies, support systems, and personal attributes that played pivotal roles
during these unprecedented disruptions. By emphasizing the importance
of well-being practices such as mindfulness and self-care, our research
extends beyond mere observation, offering actionable recommendations
for sports organizations and stakeholders.
In order to contextualize this study within the broader research
landscape, a critical analysis of prior research on the variables associ­
ated with athletes' psychological resilience during the COVID-19
pandemic in various countries was conducted. This analysis entailed a
careful examination of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in previ­
ous investigations. Notably, certain limitations and methodological gaps
were identified within the existing body of literature. It is against this
backdrop that the present study takes shape, with a deliberate intent to
address and extend upon these identified research gaps. Through an in-
depth qualitative exploration, this study seeks to contribute a nuanced
understanding of how athletes grapple with the challenges posed by the
pandemic and cultivate psychological resilience. By placing our research
within the broader context of previous scholarship, we underscore its
distinctive role in advancing our comprehension of athletes' experiences
during this unprecedented global crisis.
4. Objectives of study
The primary objective of this study is to qualitatively investigate and
comprehend the psychological resilience of athletes in the context of the
COVID-19 pandemic. This research aims to explore the lived experi­
ences, perceptions, and coping mechanisms of athletes who have faced
unique challenges due to the pandemic's disruptions. By conducting in-
depth interviews and thematic analysis, the study seeks to uncover the
nuanced strategies, support systems, and individual attributes that un­
derpin athletes' resilience in the face of pandemic-induced adversity.
Through this exploration, the study aims to contribute valuable insights
to the existing body of knowledge on athlete well-being and resilience,
with a specific focus on the pandemic's impact. Ultimately, the research
strives to inform the development of evidence-based interventions and
support mechanisms to enhance the mental well-being and performance
of athletes not only during pandemics but also in the face of future
challenges in the realm of sports, exercise, and health.
5. Innovative value study
The innovative value of this study lies in its qualitative approach,
which delves deeply into the unique experiences of athletes during the
COVID-19 pandemic. While previous research has predominantly relied
on quantitative data and surveys to assess athlete well-being, this study
employs purposeful sampling and in-depth interviews to provide a rich
and nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by athletes in un­
precedented circumstances. By identifying key themes and factors
contributing to athletes' psychological resilience, the research sheds new
light on the coping strategies, support systems, and personal attributes
that played pivotal roles during the pandemic disruptions. Additionally,
by emphasizing the importance of well-being practices such as mind­
fulness and self-care, this study goes beyond mere observation and offers
actionable recommendations for sports organizations and stakeholders.
Furthermore, by addressing the gap in qualitative depth in under­
standing athletes' experiences during the pandemic, this research en­
riches the intersection of qualitative research and sports, providing
applicable insights for both research and practical domains, thus
advancing our comprehension of athletes' resilience in crisis situations.
T. Hussain et al.
5.1. Literature review
Psychological resilience plays a crucial role in athletes' well-being
and performance, enabling them to navigate challenges, setbacks, and
adversities effectively (Junnarkar et al., 2021). This section focuses on
exploring the existing literature regarding the personal attributes and
social support systems that contribute to psychological resilience in
athletes.
5.2. Personal attributes
Several personal attributes have been identified as influential factors
in athletes' psychological resilience. Self-efficacy, defined as an in­
dividual's belief in their ability to succeed and overcome obstacles, has
been consistently associated with higher levels of resilience in athletes.
Athletes with high self-efficacy are more likely to perceive challenges as
opportunities for growth, maintain motivation in the face of setbacks,
and exhibit greater perseverance. Optimism, characterized by a positive
outlook and the expectation of favorable outcomes, has also been linked
to higher levels of resilience in athletes. Optimistic athletes demonstrate
greater adaptability, cope more effectively with stress, and are more
likely to bounce back from failures or setbacks (Rofiqah et al., 2023).
Furthermore, self-regulation, which refers to an athlete's ability to
manage their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in alignment with their
goals, has been identified as another key attribute associated with psy­
chological resilience. Athletes who possess strong self-regulation skills
are better able to regulate their emotional reactions to stress, maintain
focus, and effectively manage setbacks or challenges. The ability to set
goals, regulate emotions, and engage in positive self-talk is specific self-
regulation strategies that contribute to athletes' resilience (McClung
et al., 2023).
5.3. Social support
The role of social support in fostering psychological resilience in
athletes cannot be underestimated. Coaches, teammates, and social
support networks play a vital role in providing emotional, informa­
tional, and tangible support that bolsters athletes' resilience.
5.3.1. Role of coaches
Coaches who offer emotional support, constructive feedback, and
guidance create a supportive environment that enhances athletes'
resilience. They play a significant role in building athletes' confidence,
helping them reframe challenges as opportunities, and providing guid­
ance during difficult times.
5.3.2. Contribution of teammates
Additionally, teammates who offer encouragement, understanding,
and a sense of camaraderie contribute to athletes' ability to cope with
stress and bounce back from setbacks. The presence of strong social
support networks also provides athletes with a sense of belonging and
buffers against the negative impact of stressors (Pak et al., 2023).
5.3.3. Importance of family support
Moreover, family support has been recognized as a critical compo­
nent of social support in athletes' resilience. Families who provide
emotional support, create a nurturing environment, and offer under­
standing and encouragement contribute to athletes' overall well-being
and resilience. Family support serves as a protective factor against the
negative effects of stress and helps athletes maintain a healthy
perspective (Labrague, 2021).
The interaction between personal attributes and social support is
crucial in understanding athletes' psychological resilience. The presence
of supportive social networks enhances athletes' personal attributes,
such as self-efficacy, optimism, and self-regulation, while these attri­
butes, in turn, facilitate seeking and utilizing social support during
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Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
challenging times. The interplay between personal attributes and social
support systems provides a robust foundation for athletes' psychological
resilience, enabling them to adapt, thrive, and maintain well-being in
the face of adversity (Martínez-Martí & Ruch, 2017).
6. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and athlete
well-being
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about profound effects on the
world of sports, impacting athletes' well-being in numerous ways. As
competitive sports were temporarily put on hold and traditional routines
were disrupted, athletes found themselves presented with unique op­
portunities for growth and self-discovery.
During the pandemic, the shift in perspective towards health and
community highlighted the importance of work-life balance. Athletes,
accustomed to demanding schedules of training, travel, and competi­
tions, were forced to pause and spend more time at home. This unex­
pected break allowed athletes to connect with their families, delve into
personal hobbies, and prioritize self-care. This reimagined routine not
only offered physical respite but also fostered a recalibration of prior­
ities, potentially leading to a more balanced approach to their careers.
The pandemic also catalyzed a global dialogue on mental health,
breaking down stigmas and promoting open discussions. Athletes, no
strangers to pressure and expectations, embraced this change, seeking
help and support more openly. The crisis underscored the importance of
adaptability, as athletes had to cope with uncertainties and challenges
extending beyond the sports arena. This newfound emphasis on resil­
ience could contribute significantly to their overall mental well-being.
Moreover, with the traditional sports landscape disrupted, athletes
explored alternative training methods and technology. Virtual training
sessions, online coaching, and data-driven performance analysis gained
prominence. This exposure to innovative approaches not only allowed
athletes to maintain their fitness and skill levels but also expanded their
knowledge and skill sets, contributing to their overall development. In a
remarkable response to the crisis, athletes engaged with their commu­
nities in novel and impactful ways. Using their platforms to raise
awareness and connect virtually with fans, they found a renewed sense
of purpose. This sense of community engagement went beyond indi­
vidual achievements, providing a source of fulfillment that contributed
positively to their overall well-being (Uroh & Adewunmi, 2021).
7. Disruptions in training routines and competitions
One of the primary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes has
been the disruption of training routines and competitions. Lockdowns,
travel restrictions, and social distancing measures have led to the closure
of training facilities and the cancellation or postponement of sporting
events. These disruptions have resulted in a loss of structure and routine
for athletes, impacting their physical conditioning, skill development,
and overall preparedness for competitions. The sudden cessation of
training and competition has not only affected athletes' performance but
has also challenged their motivation, sense of purpose, and athletic
identity (Monterrosa Quintero et al., 2022).
7.1. Psychological impact
The COVID-19 pandemic has also had significant psychological im­
plications for athletes. The uncertainty surrounding the duration and
severity of the pandemic, as well as the constant changes in health
guidelines and protocols, have led to increased stress, anxiety, and
psychological strain. Athletes have experienced heightened levels of fear
and worry about their health, the health of their loved ones, and the
potential impact of the virus on their careers. The lack of clarity
regarding the resumption of sports and the unknown long-term conse­
quences of the pandemic have added to this psychological burden (Pété
et al., 2022).
T. Hussain et al.
7.2. Isolation and loss of support systems
Athletes have also faced challenges related to isolation and the loss of
support systems during the pandemic. Social distancing measures have
limited interactions with coaches, teammates, and support staff, leading
to feelings of loneliness and a decreased sense of belonging. The absence
of the team environment and camaraderie, which are integral to sports,
has further affected athletes' emotional well-being and motivation.
Additionally, the lack of direct support from coaches, training staff, and
sport psychologists has posed challenges in terms of guidance, motiva­
tion, and mental health support for athletes (Evans et al., 2020).
7.3. Uncertainty and future concerns
The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a sense of uncertainty and
concerns about the future among athletes. The financial implications of
the pandemic, including decreased sponsorships, reduced salaries, and
the potential long-term impact on sports organizations, have added to
athletes' stress and anxiety. Athletes' career trajectories, goals, and plans
have been disrupted, leaving them with uncertainty about their future in
sports (Cleofas, 2021).
7.4. Overall well-being
The cumulative effects of the pandemic on sports and athletes' well-
being have been substantial. The disruptions in training, the psycho­
logical strain, the isolation, and the uncertainties have taken a toll on
athletes' overall well-being. Mental health issues, such as increased
levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout, have been reported
among athletes during the pandemic. Moreover, the challenges faced by
athletes during the pandemic have extended beyond the individual
level, affecting the broader sports community, including coaches, sup­
port staff, and sports organizations (Szabó et al., 2020).
8. Coping strategies and resilience during the COVID-19
pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges
for athletes, necessitating the development of effective coping strategies
to maintain their resilience and well-being. This section focuses on
exploring the existing literature on coping strategies adopted by athletes
during the pandemic and their role in fostering psychological resilience
(Park et al., 2021). Numerous studies have sought to discern the impact
of different coping strategies on athletes' well-being and resilience. The
effectiveness of problem-focused coping, which involves direct actions
to address challenges, has been demonstrated through athletes' adapt­
ability in finding alternative training methods and embracing technol­
ogy. These strategies have not only enabled athletes to maintain their
physical conditioning but have also contributed to their sense of control,
which is instrumental in fostering resilience. Emotion-focused coping
strategies have also showcased their effectiveness in mitigating
emotional distress. Seeking social support from family, friends, and
teammates, coupled with engaging in relaxation techniques like mind­
fulness, deep breathing exercises, and visualization, has shown positive
results in managing stress and enhancing overall well-being. Such stra­
tegies contribute not only to immediate emotional relief but also aid in
building long-term resilience by bolstering an individual's capacity to
navigate through challenging circumstances. Moreover, cognitive stra­
tegies centered around adaptive thinking and reframing have proven
instrumental in maintaining a positive mindset, enabling athletes to
view setbacks as opportunities for growth. The ability to reframe chal­
lenges as avenues for skill development and enhanced mental toughness
has been linked to increased resilience and effective coping with
pandemic-related stressors. The emphasis on self-care practices and
prioritizing well-being has demonstrated a positive correlation with
athletes' ability to cope effectively with the pandemic's challenges.
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Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Engaging in self-care activities, along with seeking professional support
from sport psychologists and mental health professionals, underscores
the proactive steps taken by athletes to maintain their mental health.
The increasing recognition of the importance of mental well-being and
the utilization of evidence-based interventions through professional
support further solidify the efficacy of coping strategies in bolstering
athletes' resilience.
8.1. Problem-focused coping
Problem-focused coping involves direct actions taken to address the
specific challenges and stressors encountered during the pandemic.
Athletes have demonstrated adaptability by finding alternative training
methods, modifying their routines, and seeking innovative ways to stay
physically active. Many have embraced technology and virtual training
platforms to maintain their physical conditioning and skill development.
Problem-focused coping allows athletes to regain a sense of control over
their training and competition preparation, contributing to their resil­
ience (Marey-Sarwan et al., 2022).
8.2. Emotion-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping strategies are aimed at managing and
regulating emotions in response to the stressors of the pandemic. Ath­
letes have employed various strategies to cope with the heightened
stress, anxiety, and uncertainty. Seeking social support from family,
friends, and teammates has been an effective means of alleviating
emotional distress and enhancing psychological resilience. Engaging in
relaxation techniques, such as mindfulness, deep breathing exercises,
and visualization, has also been beneficial for managing stress and
enhancing well-being (Heath et al., 2020).
8.3. Adaptive thinking and reframing
Cognitive strategies play a significant role in athletes' coping and
resilience during the pandemic. Adaptive thinking involves reframing
challenges and setbacks as opportunities for growth and learning. Ath­
letes who possess the ability to reframe their circumstances and main­
tain a positive mindset are better equipped to adapt to the challenges
posed by the pandemic. They perceive setbacks as temporary and view
obstacles as opportunities to develop new skills and enhance their
mental toughness (Finlay et al., 2021).
8.4. Self-care and well-being
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of self-care
and prioritizing well-being among athletes. Many athletes have recog­
nized the need for self-care practices, such as proper rest, nutrition, and
sleep, to support their physical and mental health. Engaging in hobbies,
recreational activities, and self-reflection has also been identified as a
means of maintaining balance, reducing stress, and promoting resil­
ience. Athletes who prioritize self-care demonstrate a greater ability to
cope with the challenges of the pandemic and maintain their overall
well-being (Hayes et al., 2022).
8.5. Seeking professional support
Recognizing the impact of the pandemic on their mental health,
athletes have increasingly sought professional support during this time.
Sport psychologists, counselors, and mental health professionals have
played a crucial role in providing guidance, support, and coping stra­
tegies tailored to athletes' specific needs. Seeking professional help
normalizes the challenges faced by athletes and ensures they have access
to evidence-based interventions to address their psychological well-
being (King et al., 2022).
T. Hussain et al.
9. Methodology
This section outlines the comprehensive methodology employed in
this study, which aimed to explore the psychological resilience of ath­
letes affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research design, partici­
pant selection, data collection, and data analysis are described below.
9.1. Research design: employing qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis was chosen to provide an in-depth understand­
ing of athletes' experiences, perspectives, and coping strategies,
capturing the nuances and complexities of their psychological resilience
in the context of the pandemic. In the realm of qualitative research,
employing qualitative analysis serves as a pivotal method for gaining in-
depth insights into complex phenomena. This approach is particularly
well-suited for unraveling the underlying reasons behind observed or
unobserved occurrences, comprehensively assessing intricate in­
terventions, and refining intervention strategies. Key techniques for
collecting data include document analysis, participant and non-
participant observations, conducting semi-structured interviews, and
facilitating focus groups. Once data is collected, meticulous transcrip­
tion of field-notes and audio-recordings into protocols and transcripts
takes place, followed by a systematic coding process aided by qualitative
data management software. To uphold research rigor, a range of stra­
tegies such as utilizing checklists, embracing reflexivity, implementing
deliberate sampling strategies, conducting pilot studies, engaging in
collaborative coding, validating findings through member-checking,
and actively involving stakeholders can be incorporated. By inte­
grating qualitative analysis into qualitative research endeavors, re­
searchers gain a nuanced toolkit to address a diverse spectrum of
research inquiries and effectively bridge gaps in the understanding of
neurological research and practice (Busetto et al., 2020).
9.1.1. Pilot testing
The research design for this study was underpinned by a commit­
ment to thoroughness, which included the implementation of pilot
testing for the interview questions. Prior to the commencement of data
collection, a pilot testing phase was meticulously conducted to refine the
interview protocol. During this phase, a select group of participants, not
included in the main study, were engaged in mock interviews. The
purpose was to evaluate the clarity, comprehensibility, and appropri­
ateness of the interview questions, as well as to identify any potential
ambiguities or difficulties participants might encounter in responding.
The feedback gathered from the pilot testing process played a pivotal
role in refining and enhancing the interview questions, ensuring that
they effectively captured the intended information and facilitated
meaningful participant engagement. By conducting pilot testing, the
study aimed to minimize the potential for misinterpretation or confusion
among participants, ultimately contributing to the validity and reli­
ability of the collected data. This approach exemplifies our commitment
to methodological rigor and the comprehensive nature of our research
design. The insights garnered from the pilot testing phase substantially
informed the finalization of the interview questions, bolstering the
overall quality and integrity of our study's data collection process.
9.2. Participant selection: athletes affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
The participant selection process focused on identifying athletes who
had been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Purposeful
sampling was employed to ensure a diverse range of participants,
encompassing various sports, competitive levels, and geographic loca­
tions. Eligible participants were those who had experienced disruptions
in their training routines, competition cancellations, and other chal­
lenges related to the pandemic. This approach facilitated a compre­
hensive exploration of the experiences and perspectives of athletes
affected by the pandemic.
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Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
9.3. Data collection: in-depth interviews
Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews in
December 2020 to July 2021, allowing for a detailed exploration of
athletes' experiences, perceptions, and coping strategies during the
pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, guided by a set
of predetermined open-ended questions. These questions were designed
to align with the research objectives and thematic areas identified in the
literature review. Probing and follow-up questions were used to elicit
further insights and clarification. Efforts were made to establish a
comfortable and supportive environment for participants during the
interviews. The interviews were conducted either in person or remotely,
depending on the participants' preferences and logistical considerations.
The interviews were audio-recorded with the participants' consent to
ensure accuracy and capture the richness of their narratives (Legard
et al., 2003).
In adherence to rigorous ethical standards, this study obtained
informed consent from all participants prior to their involvement.
Consent forms, containing comprehensive information about the study's
purpose, procedures, and data handling practices, were securely stored
in a password-protected electronic database accessible only to autho­
rized research personnel. Participants were assured of their confidenti­
ality and the anonymity of their responses. Following the completion of
their participation, participants were debriefed on the study's objectives
and provided an opportunity to ask questions. We maintain our
commitment to upholding the highest ethical considerations throughout
the research process (Braun & Clarke, 2012). The interviews, on
average, spanned approximately 45 to 60 min, ensuring comprehensive
and in-depth data collection.
10. Data analysis
Thematic analysis was employed as the data analysis method. This
approach allowed for the identification of patterns, themes, and cate­
gories within the interview data. The analysis process involved multiple
stages, including familiarization with the data, generating initial codes,
organizing codes into themes, reviewing and refining themes, and pro­
ducing a final thematic framework (Vaismoradi et al., 2013). Themes
were determined through systematic thematic analysis, involving care­
ful scrutiny of collected data to uncover recurring patterns, concepts,
and insights. This process allowed the extraction of significant themes
that encapsulate participants' experiences. Frequency was calculated by
quantifying how often these themes appeared across participants' nar­
ratives, providing a measure of their prevalence. This approach offers
contextual understanding for our findings.
The analysis process began by thoroughly familiarizing with the
data. The recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim to ensure the
accuracy and completeness of the data. The transcripts were carefully
read and reread, allowing for a deep immersion in the participants' ex­
periences and gaining a profound understanding of their perspectives.
Next, the generation of initial codes took place. Meaningful segments of
data that related to the research objectives were identified and labeled
with descriptive codes. This coding process involved a systematic
identification and categorization of the significant elements of the data.
Codes were assigned to capture the key themes, concepts, and patterns
that emerged from the participants' narratives. Once the initial coding
was complete, the organization of codes into themes took place. Similar
codes were grouped together based on their shared meaning and rele­
vance, forming preliminary themes. This process involved careful
consideration of the relationships and connections between the codes,
ensuring the coherence and consistency of the emerging themes. The
themes were then reviewed and refined, ensuring they accurately rep­
resented the data and captured the depth and complexity of the par­
ticipants' experiences. This iterative process involved revisiting the
codes, themes, and corresponding data segments to ensure they were
comprehensive, distinct, and internally coherent. Through continuous
T. Hussain et al.
analysis and comparison across the data, the final thematic framework
was developed. The themes were carefully examined in relation to the
research objectives, literature review, and theoretical frameworks. The
framework captured the overarching patterns and key insights that
emerged from the data, providing a holistic understanding of the psy­
chological resilience of athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
To ensure the reliability and validity of the research process,
particularly with regard to the in-depth interviews and the subsequent
thematic analysis, a multi-faceted approach was implemented. Firstly,
the development of the interview questions underwent an extensive
process of refinement and pilot testing. Prior to data collection, a select
group of individuals not involved in the main study participated in mock
interviews. This iterative pilot testing phase served to fine-tune the
interview protocol, assessing the clarity, comprehensibility, and
appropriateness of the questions. Feedback gathered during this stage
was instrumental in crafting questions that effectively captured the
intended information and facilitated meaningful participant engage­
ment. Furthermore, the in-depth interviews themselves were meticu­
lously conducted, with a rigorous commitment to ethical standards.
Participants were provided with comprehensive informed consent
forms, detailing the study's purpose, procedures, and data handling
practices. These forms were securely stored in a password-protected
electronic database, accessible only to authorized research personnel.
The interviews, averaging 45 to 60 min in duration, were designed to be
open-ended and semi-structured. This approach allowed for participants
to freely express their experiences and perceptions, minimizing the po­
tential for interviewer bias. The interviews were audio-recorded, with
participant consent, to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data
capture. Regarding the thematic analysis, a key measure employed to
validate the coding process was inter-coder reliability. This involved
independent coding of a subset of the data by multiple researchers. The
coding team engaged in regular discussions and meetings to compare,
contrast, and refine the coding and thematic framework. These sessions
were invaluable in resolving any discrepancies and ensuring consistency
in the interpretation and assignment of codes to data segments. The
inter-coder reliability analysis resulted in a Fleiss' Kappa value of 0.78,
signifying substantial agreement among coders. This high level of con­
sistency underscores the robustness of the coding process, further
affirming the credibility and trustworthiness of the thematic analysis.
The achievement of a Kappa value of 0.78 not only reflects the rigorous
methodology but also reinforces the validity of the emergent thematic
framework. In essence, the research team's commitment to methodo­
logical rigor, iterative refinement, and systematic cross-validation of the
coding process contributed to the overall reliability and validity of the
in-depth interviews and subsequent thematic analysis, ensuring that the
findings accurately represent the experiences and perspectives of the
study's participants.
The research team maintained a rigorous commitment to reflexivity
throughout the data collection and analysis process. This entailed an
active and ongoing awareness of how the personal biases, experiences,
and perspectives of each researcher might impact the interpretation of
the collected data. In order to mitigate the potential influence of these
biases, the team consciously engaged in introspection and open discus­
sions regarding their preconceived notions and potential pre­
dispositions. Regular meetings were convened to provide a platform for
researchers to openly share their insights and interpretations. This
collaborative environment allowed for the identification and trans­
parent discussion of any potential instances where personal biases could
have influenced coding decisions or thematic interpretations. By openly
acknowledging these biases and engaging in reflective discussions, the
research team aimed to minimize their potential impact on the analysis,
ultimately enhancing the overall trustworthiness of the findings.
Moreover, the team's diverse backgrounds and disciplinary perspectives
were leveraged as a strength. These differing viewpoints were embraced
as valuable assets that could illuminate multifaceted interpretations of
the data. By actively seeking out these diverse perspectives and
6
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
encouraging constructive dialogue, the research team aimed to ensure a
well-rounded and comprehensive analysis that was not unduly influ­
enced by any single individual's biases. In essence, reflexivity was in­
tegrated as an integral aspect of the research methodology. The
acknowledgment of potential biases and the consistent engagement in
reflective discussions were instrumental in promoting the objectivity
and rigor of the data analysis. By fostering an environment of critical
self-awareness, the research team sought to uphold the integrity of the
research findings and contribute to a nuanced and balanced under­
standing of the athletes' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic
(Galletta, 2013).
10.1. Data analysis plan for semi-structured questions
The data analysis process for the semi-structured questions was
executed meticulously, maintaining methodological consistency with
the overall thematic analysis approach. The steps undertaken were in
alignment with the broader analysis methodology, thus ensuring
coherence and validity in the research process. Initially, the recorded
interviews were transcribed verbatim to capture participants' responses
accurately. These transcriptions underwent thorough review, facili­
tating familiarity with the data and identification of pivotal points raised
by participants. Subsequently, an initial coding approach was adopted,
focusing on categorizing the data to unveil main themes, concepts, or
ideas that emerged from each response. Codes were meticulously
generated, each assigned a unique label for streamlined organization
and analysis. This coding process aimed to highlight connections and
similarities within the coded data, leading to the grouping of similar
codes into overarching themes. These themes were then articulated,
their content and meaning clarified through accompanying relevant
examples or quotes from participants' responses. To visually depict the
relationships between themes, sub-themes, and codes, a data mapping
technique was employed. This map visually illustrated the in­
terconnections and hierarchical structure, providing a comprehensive
overview of the data. The subsequent cross-case analysis facilitated a
comparison of themes and sub-themes across participants, unearthing
commonalities, differences, and patterns in responses to the semi-
structured questions. During the interpretation and synthesis stage,
patterns, connections, and relationships within and between the themes
were deeply analyzed. The findings were interpreted in relation to the
research objectives and pertinent literature, culminating in a cohesive
narrative that synthesized the results. Ensuring method consistency,
multiple researchers were engaged in the coding and theme identifica­
tion process, with peer debriefings and discussions conducted to achieve
consensus on data interpretation. Finally, the findings were summarized
and presented in alignment with the research objectives, generating
meaningful insights into participants' perspectives and experiences, thus
addressing the research questions derived from the semi-structured
questions. This systematic and consistent data analysis approach yiel­
ded valuable findings that significantly contributed to a nuanced un­
derstanding of the research topic.(Galletta, 2013).
11. Terminology and definitions
11.1. Adaptability in crisis
Adaptability in crisis refers to an athlete's ability to adjust and
modify their training routines, strategies, and mindset in response to
unforeseen challenges and disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
It entails the capacity to quickly reevaluate goals and methods while
maintaining focus and motivation.
11.2. Support systems
Support systems encompass a network of coaches, teammates, fam­
ily, friends, and mental health resources that provide emotional
T. Hussain et al.
assistance, guidance, motivation, and coping strategies to athletes. circumstances. The following Table 1 presents a summary of the par­
These systems play a critical role in fostering resilience by offering both ticipants' responses, providing valuable insights into the experiences of
practical and emotional aid during challenging times. athletes during the pandemic.
11.3. Personal resilience attributes
Personal resilience attributes entail qualities like determination,
adaptability, self-discipline, optimism, and proactivity that athletes
cultivate to effectively navigate setbacks and uncertainties. These at­ Table 1
tributes contribute to their capacity to bounce back from adversity and Challenges and psychological well-being-Q 1.
maintain psychological well-being. R Challenges and disruptions
1 The closure of sport facilities made it
11.4. Well-being practices difficult to train effectively, leading
to frustration and decreased
Well-being practices encompass activities such as mindfulness ex­ motivation.
2 The cancellation of competitions
ercises, structured daily routines, physical exercise, and self-care activ­
resulted in a sense of disappointment
ities that athletes integrate into their lives to enhance their mental and loss of purpose in my athletic
health and overall resilience. These practices aid in reducing stress, pursuits.
enhancing focus, and promoting overall well-being. 3 Transitioning to virtual training
sessions created a sense of
disconnection and reduced
12. Cultural resilience motivation compared to in-person
training.
Cultural resilience refers to the establishment of an environment and 4 Travel restrictions prevented me
mindset within sports organizations and teams that values and promotes from attending important
tournaments, leading to missed
psychological resilience and adaptation. It involves educating athletes
opportunities and uncertainty about
about the concept of resilience, training in stress management, problem- the future.
solving, and fostering a positive mindset. This culture empowers athletes 5 The constantly changing training
to face challenges effectively. schedules due to lockdown measures
disrupted my routine and created a
sense of instability.
12.1. Questions used for research 6 Having to train alone at home
resulted in feelings of isolation and a
Following five questions were used to investigate the research lack of accountability, making it
findings. harder to stay motivated.
7 Limited access to sports
physiotherapy and rehabilitation
1. Can you describe any specific challenges or disruptions you experi­ services increased my anxiety about
enced in your sport or athletic training due to the COVID-19 physical well-being and prolonged
pandemic? How did these challenges affect your psychological my recovery process.
well-being? 8 The closure of gyms and training
centers impacted my confidence and
2. What strategies or coping mechanisms did you employ to navigate raised questions about the
the increased stress, anxiety, and uncertainty caused by the effectiveness of my training without
pandemic? How did these strategies contribute to your psychological specialized equipment.
resilience? 9 Limited opportunities for practice
with teammates hindered our team
3. Did you receive any support or assistance during the pandemic that
dynamics and left us feeling
helped you maintain your mental well-being? Can you describe the unprepared for future events.
role of support systems, such as coaches, teammates, family, or 10 The uncertainty of when sports
friends, in fostering your resilience during this time? activities would resume caused
4. Did you notice any personal attributes or characteristics that played anxiety and anticipation, affecting
my psychological well-being.
a significant role in your ability to remain resilient in the face of 11 Balancing home responsibilities with
adversity during the pandemic? How did these attributes contribute training demands led to feelings of
to your mental well-being and overall resilience? overwhelm and reduced mental and
5. Looking back, what valuable lessons or insights have you gained physical energy.
12 The absence of crowd support during
from your experience as an athlete during the COVID-19 pandemic?
competitions resulted in a lack of
How do you envision applying these lessons to enhance your psy­ adrenaline and diminished
chological resilience in the future, both within and beyond the enjoyment of my sport.
context of the pandemic? 13 Switching to alternative training
methods had an impact on my
confidence and satisfaction with my
The responses collected from participants shed light on the specific training progress.
challenges and disruptions they experienced in their sport or athletic 14 Financial difficulties due to
training due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges varied from sponsorship or funding cuts caused
the closure of sport facilities and cancellations of competitions to the concerns about my future and
financial stability, affecting my
shift to virtual training and limited practice opportunities with team­
psychological well-being.
mates. The participants highlighted the psychological impact of these 15 The cancellation of sports events
challenges, including feelings of frustration, disappointment, discon­ disrupted my progression and raised
nection, and decreased motivation. Understanding these challenges and concerns about my future career
their impact on psychological well-being is crucial in identifying the prospects, affecting my psychological
well-being.
support and strategies needed to navigate such unprecedented
7
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Impact on psychological well-being
It affected my psychological well-
being and motivation to continue
training.
It had a negative impact on my
psychological well-being, leaving me
feeling demotivated.
It affected my psychological well-
being by making me feel less engaged
and motivated.
It had a significant impact on my
psychological well-being, causing
disappointment and anxiety about
my athletic career.
It had a negative impact on my
psychological well-being, making it
challenging to maintain consistency
and focus.
It negatively affected my
psychological well-being, as I missed
the support and camaraderie of
training with others.
It had a detrimental effect on my
psychological well-being, as I felt
uncertain about my physical
condition and future performance.
It had a negative effect on my
psychological well-being, making me
doubt the progress and quality of my
training.
It had a negative impact on our
psychological well-being as a team,
as we lacked the usual camaraderie
and collaboration.
It had a significant impact on my
psychological well-being, as it
created a sense of unease and made
planning difficult.
It had a negative impact on my
psychological well-being, as it was
challenging to find a balance and
maintain focus.
It affected my psychological well-
being by reducing the excitement and
motivation I usually derive from
competing in front of a crowd.
It affected my psychological well-
being as I questioned the
effectiveness of the new methods and
felt less fulfilled in my training.
It had a significant impact on my
psychological well-being, creating
stress and uncertainty about my
athletic career.
It had a negative impact on my
psychological well-being, as I felt a
sense of stagnation and uncertainty
about my future in the sport.
T. Hussain et al. Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050

13. Preliminary findings various responses. Respondents reported experiencing decreased moti­
vation (PW1.1) impacting respondents 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15, with a
The exploration of athletes' experiences during the COVID-19 frequency of 6. Loss of purpose (PW2.1) was mentioned by respondents
pandemic has unearthed significant insights. Key themes emerged, 2 and 14, with a frequency of 2. Reduced engagement (PW3.1) was
encompassing challenges in training, travel, uncertainty, and psycho­ reported by respondents 3 and 13, with a frequency of 2. Missed op­
logical well-being. Support systems played a pivotal role in fostering portunities (PW4.1) were highlighted by respondents 4, 9, and 15, with
resilience, while personal attributes like determination and adaptability a frequency of 3. Emotional distress (PW5.1) was mentioned by re­
contributed to athletes' mental well-being. Coping strategies such as spondents 5 and 11, with a frequency of 2.
mindfulness, structured routines, and seeking social support emerged as Overall, the analysis indicates that facility closures, competition
effective tools. Athletes demonstrated varying levels of motivation, cancellations, training modifications, travel restrictions, and uncer­
resilience, and emotional well-being, navigating challenges through tainty and changes were the main challenges and disruptions faced by
coping strategies and adaptation. These preliminary findings lay the athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. These challenges had varying
foundation for a comprehensive understanding of athletes' experiences impacts on their psychological well-being, including decreased moti­
during adversity, emphasizing the importance of support systems, per­ vation, loss of purpose, reduced engagement, missed opportunities, and
sonal attributes, and coping strategies in maintaining psychological emotional distress. These findings highlight the complex and multifac­
well-being and resilience. eted nature of the challenges athletes encountered during this unprec­
edented time and the subsequent effects on their psychological well-
14. Thematic analysis being.
The analysis of the responses to the question regarding strategies and
After going through thematic analysis of the research following re­ coping mechanisms employed to navigate the increased stress, anxiety,
sults were extracted for each question of the study which are shown in and uncertainty caused by the pandemic revealed several key findings.
Tables. In response to challenges such as facility closures and competi­ Participants reported a variety of strategies and coping mechanisms that
tion cancellations, athletes demonstrated remarkable resilience and contributed to their psychological resilience. In terms of strategies,
adaptability, employing strategies to maintain their training regimens mindfulness practices (ST1) emerged as a prominent approach, with
and mental well-being. Tables 1, 2 and 3 explained the responses for respondents 1, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mentioning its effectiveness in managing
Question No., Tables 4, 5 and 6 explained the responses for question No stress and enhancing resilience. A structured daily routine (ST2) was
2. Likewise Tables 7, 8 and 9 are drawn for question 3 and Tables 10, 11 another strategy employed by respondents 8, 13, and 2, providing a
and 12 are for Question 4. At Lat Tables 13, 14 and 15 explained the sense of stability and control in uncertain times. Seeking social support
responses for question No. 5. (ST3) was highlighted as a valuable coping mechanism by respondents 4
For better explanation of the results and for concise explanation only and 11, emphasizing the importance of connection and community in
thematic codes for each question are explained here. building resilience. Regular physical exercise (ST4) was mentioned by
Each question has been explained in a separate way. The analysis of respondents 10, 7, and 15, underscoring its positive impact on mood and
the responses to the question regarding the challenges and disruptions overall well-being. Lastly, respondents 3 and 5 emphasized the signifi­
experienced in sport or athletic training due to the COVID-19 pandemic cance of self-care and relaxation activities (ST5) in managing stress and
revealed several key findings. In terms of challenges and disruptions, promoting resilience. When exploring the contribution of these strate­
participants reported a range of experiences. The closure of facilities gies to psychological resilience, several sub-thematic codes emerged.
(CD1.1) was highlighted as a significant challenge, affecting the training Improved self-awareness and emotional regulation (CR1) were reported
routines and access to resources for respondents 1, 9, and 14, with a by respondents 3, 5, 7, and 10, highlighting how mindfulness practices
frequency of 3. Competition cancellations (CD2.1) were also mentioned, and other strategies fostered a deeper understanding of their emotions
impacting respondents 2 and 15, with a frequency of 2. Training mod­ and more effective regulation. Stability and control (CR2) were
ifications (CD3.1) were identified as another significant challenge, mentioned by respondents 2, 4, and 14, illustrating how structured daily
affecting respondents 3, 6, 10, and 12, with a frequency of 4. Travel routines provided a sense of stability and a perceived level of control
restrictions (CD4.1) were reported by respondents 4 and 7, with a fre­ amidst uncertainty. Reduced isolation and enhanced connectedness
quency of 2. Lastly, respondents 5, 8, 11, and 13 highlighted the chal­ (CR3) were emphasized by respondents 1, 6, and 8, indicating that
lenge of uncertainty and changes (CD5.1) with a frequency of 4. seeking social support played a significant role in reducing feelings of
Regarding the impact on psychological well-being, the analysis revealed isolation and enhancing connectedness, thereby contributing to resil­
ience. Boosted mood and reduced stress (CR4) were reported by re­
Table 2 spondents 12, 13, and 15, highlighting the positive impact of strategies
Challenges and psychological well-being-thematic responses for Q 1. like regular physical exercise on mood and stress reduction. Lastly, re­
spondents 9 and 14 emphasized that these strategies contributed to
Respondent Challenges and disruptions Impact on psychological well-
being enhanced well-being and resilience (CR5) promoting their overall ability
to cope with the challenges of the pandemic.
1 Facility closure Decreased motivation
2 Competition cancellations Loss of purpose
Overall, the analysis indicates that strategies such as mindfulness
3 Virtual training disconnection Reduced motivation practices, structured daily routines, seeking social support, regular
4 Travel restrictions Missed opportunities physical exercise, and self-care and relaxation activities were instru­
5 Changing training schedules Routine instability mental in fostering psychological resilience among athletes during the
6 Solo training at home Isolation, lack of accountability
pandemic. These strategies contributed to improved self-awareness,
7 Limited access to physiotherapy Anxiety, prolonged recovery
8 Closure of gyms and training Confidence impact emotional regulation, stability, connectedness, mood, and overall
centers well-being, enabling athletes to navigate the increased stress, anxiety,
9 Limited practice with teammates Disconnect, unpreparedness and uncertainty caused by the pandemic with greater resilience.
10 Uncertainty of resuming Anxiety, anticipation The analysis of the responses to the question about receiving support
activities
11 Balancing home responsibilities Overwhelm, reduced energy
or assistance during the pandemic and the role of support systems in
12 Absence of crowd support Lack of adrenaline fostering resilience revealed valuable insights into the experiences of
13 Switching to alternative training Confidence impact, satisfaction athletes. Participants reported various forms of support and identified
14 Financial difficulties Concerns about future, stability the specific roles played by coaches, teammates, family, and friends in
15 Event cancellation Stagnation, career prospects
maintaining their mental well-being and resilience. Coaches (SS1)

8
T. Hussain et al. Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050

Table 3
Thematic codes Q 1.
Sub-thematic codes for challenges and disruptions Respondent numbers Freq. Sub-thematic codes for impact on psychological well-being Respondent numbers Freq.

CD1.1: Facility Closure 1, 9, 14 3 PW1.1: Decreased Motivation 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 6
CD2.1: Competition Cancellations 2, 15 2 PW2.1: Loss of Purpose 2, 14 2
CD3.1: Training Modifications 3, 6, 10, 12 4 PW3.1: Reduced Engagement 3, 13 2
CD4.1: Travel Restrictions 4, 7 2 PW4.1: Missed Opportunities 4, 9, 15 3
CD5.1: Uncertainty and Changes 5, 8, 11, 13 4 PW5.1: Emotional Distress 5, 11 2

Table 4 Table 5
Responses for Q 2. Thematic responses for Q 2.
Respondent Strategies or coping mechanisms Contribution to psychological Respondent Strategies or coping Contribution to psychological
resilience mechanisms resilience

1 I engaged in mindfulness These strategies helped me 1 Mindfulness practices Improved self-awareness and
practices to improve self- enhance my psychological emotional regulation
awareness and regulate my resilience. 2 Structured daily routine Stability and control
emotions. 3 Virtual social support Reduced isolation and enhanced
2 Maintaining a structured daily These strategies contributed to connectedness
routine gave me a sense of my psychological resilience. 4 Regular physical exercise Boosted mood and reduced stress
stability and control. 5 Deep breathing exercises Anxiety management and
3 Seeking social support through These strategies played a vital relaxation
virtual platforms reduced role in my psychological 6 Gratitude journal Positive mindset and resilience
feelings of isolation and resilience. 7 Developing hobbies and Distraction from stress and
enhanced my social interests uncertainty
connectedness. 8 Meditation practice Calmness and emotional well-being
4 Engaging in regular physical These strategies significantly 9 Connecting with nature Solace and rejuvenation
exercise boosted my mood and contributed to my psychological 10 Self-care activities Relaxation and well-being
reduced stress levels. resilience. 11 Creative outlets Emotional expression
5 Practicing deep breathing These strategies had a positive 12 Therapy and counseling Stress and anxiety management
exercises helped me manage impact on my psychological 13 Positive self-talk and thought Resilient mindset
anxiety and promote relaxation. resilience. reframing
6 Keeping a gratitude journal These strategies played a crucial 14 Virtual connection with loved Emotional support
fostered a positive mindset and role in enhancing my ones
resilience. psychological resilience. 15 Relaxation techniques (yoga/ Inner calmness
7 I focused on developing new These strategies contributed to meditation)
hobbies and interests to divert my psychological resilience.
my attention from stress and
uncertainty. solidarity, and mutual support within the team, which created a sense of
8 I established a daily meditation These strategies played a belonging and provided a valuable support network during the
practice to promote calmness and significant role in strengthening
emotional well-being. my psychological resilience.
pandemic. Family (SS3) was another key support system, with a fre­
9 Connecting with nature and These strategies greatly quency of 4. Respondents 3, 4, 7, and 13 emphasized the significant role
spending time outdoors helped contributed to my psychological that family members played in understanding their experiences,
me find solace and rejuvenation. resilience. providing a positive environment, and offering unwavering support.
10 I practiced self-care activities These strategies played a key
Family support served as a pillar of strength, providing athletes with
such as taking baths and role in maintaining my
engaging in relaxing hobbies. psychological resilience. emotional support and a sense of stability during challenging times.
11 Engaging in creative outlets, such These strategies positively Friends (SS4) were mentioned by respondent 8, indicating that friends
as painting and writing, allowed impacted my psychological played a role in providing support and maintaining mental well-being.
me to express my emotions. resilience. While the frequency for friends was lower compared to other support
12 I sought professional therapy and These strategies significantly
counseling to address and supported my psychological
systems, their presence and support were still acknowledged as valuable
manage my stress and anxiety. resilience. during the pandemic. In terms of the impact of support systems on
13 I practiced positive self-talk and These strategies were crucial in resilience, several sub-thematic codes emerged. Emotional support
reframed negative thoughts to developing my psychological (RF1) was emphasized by respondents 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, highlighting
maintain a resilient mindset. resilience.
the role of support systems in providing empathy, understanding, and
14 Connecting with loved ones These strategies greatly
through regular video calls and contributed to my psychological comfort during difficult times. Guidance, motivation, and coping stra­
virtual hangouts provided resilience. tegies (RF2) were mentioned by respondents 2, 5, 9, 10, and 11,
emotional support. underscoring the valuable role of support systems in offering guidance,
15 Engaging in relaxation These strategies played a vital motivation, and practical strategies to cope with challenges. Under­
techniques like yoga and role in enhancing my
meditation helped me find inner psychological resilience.
standing and a positive environment (RF3) were highlighted by re­
calmness. spondents 3, 7, and 13, emphasizing how support systems created an
understanding and accepting environment that fostered resilience.
Overall, the analysis highlights the importance of support systems,
emerged as a significant source of support, with a frequency of 6. Re­ including coaches, teammates, family, and friends, in providing
spondents 1, 5, 9, 11, 12, and 14 highlighted the crucial role coaches emotional support, guidance, motivation, and coping strategies to ath­
played in providing emotional support, guidance, motivation, and letes during the pandemic. These support systems played a crucial role in
coping strategies. Coaches offered encouragement, mentorship, and the maintaining mental well-being and fostering resilience by providing
necessary tools to help athletes navigate the challenges they faced. athletes with the necessary support, understanding, and resources to
Teammates (SS2) were also recognized as an important support system, navigate the challenges they faced.
with a frequency of 4. Respondents 2, 6, 10, and 15 emphasized the role The analysis of the responses to the question about personal attri­
of teammates in fostering resilience. They highlighted the camaraderie, butes or characteristics that played a significant role in athletes' ability

9
T. Hussain et al.
Table 6
Thematic codes for Q 2.
Sub-thematic codes for strategies or coping
mechanisms
ST1: Mindfulness practices
ST2: Structured daily routine
ST3: Seeking social support
ST4: Regular physical exercise
ST5: Self-care and relaxation activities
Table 7
Responses for Q 3.
Respondent Support systems
1 My coach provided constant
encouragement and motivation.
My family and friends offered
emotional support.
2 I received support from my
teammates and coach, who
provided emotional support and
motivation.
3 My family and friends were
incredibly supportive and
understanding.
4 My friends and coach were there
for me through regular video
calls and provided emotional
support.
5 My coach organized online
group sessions where we
discussed our concerns and
shared coping strategies.
6 My teammates were my main
support system. We openly
talked about our challenges and
provided guidance.
7 My family provided emotional
support and encouragement
throughout the pandemic.
8 My close friends were my source
of emotional support during the
pandemic.
9 I received support from my
coach and family, who checked
in on me individually and
provided guidance.
10 I joined an online support group
with athletes facing similar
challenges.
11 My teammates organized virtual
training sessions, which
provided motivation and
support.
12 I received valuable support from
my sports psychologist.
13 My family and friends
celebrated my successes,
providing unwavering support.
14 My coach provided regular
online workshops and seminars
on mental well-being.
15 I had a mentor who offered
guidance and support
throughout the pandemic.
to remain resilient during the pandemic revealed several key themes.
Participants identified specific personal attributes that contributed to
their mental well-being and overall resilience. In Part 1, which focuses
Respondent Freq.
numbers
1, 6, 9, 12, 15 5 CR1: Improved self-awareness and emotional regulation
8, 13, 2 3 CR2: Stability and control
4, 11 2 CR3: Reduced isolation and enhanced connectedness
10, 7, 15 3 CR4: Boosted mood and reduced stress
3, 5 2 CR5: Enhanced well-being and resilience
Role in fostering resilience
They played a crucial role in
maintaining my mental well-
being and resilience during the
pandemic.
They created a sense of
camaraderie and helped me stay
resilient throughout the
challenging times.
They created a positive
environment and offered
emotional support, contributing
to my resilience.
Their presence and advice helped
me maintain my mental well-
being during the pandemic.
They provided guidance and
support, helping me navigate the
challenges and maintain my
resilience.
They offered emotional support,
understanding, and guidance,
contributing to my resilience.
Their presence and listening ear
helped me maintain my mental
well-being and resilience.
They provided comfort,
understanding, and
encouragement, fostering my
resilience.
Their personalized support and
belief in my abilities contributed
to my mental well-being and
resilience.
The shared experiences and
mutual support within the group
helped me maintain my mental
well-being.
Their collective motivation and
support helped me stay resilient
and overcome the challenges.
Their expertise and guidance
helped me develop coping
strategies and maintain my
mental well-being.
Their support and belief in me
boosted my resilience during the
pandemic.
The sessions equipped me with
tools and techniques to navigate
the challenges and maintain
resilience.
Their wisdom and guidance
helped me stay focused,
motivated, and mentally strong.
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Sub-thematic codes for contribution to psychological Respondent Freq.
resilience numbers
3, 5, 7, 10 4
2, 4, 14 3
1, 6, 8 3
12, 13, 15 3
9, 14 2
Table 8
Thematic analysis for Q 3.
Respondent Support systems Role in fostering resilience
1 Coach, family, friends Encouragement, support
2 Teammates, coach Motivation, camaraderie
3 Family, friends Understanding, support
4 Friends, coach Emotional support, guidance
5 Coach, teammates Group sessions, guidance
6 Teammates Support group, guidance
7 Family Emotional support
8 Friends Emotional support
9 Coach, family Individual support, guidance
10 Support group, coach Mutual support, guidance
11 Teammates Virtual training, support
12 Sports psychologist Guidance, coping strategies
13 Family, friends Celebration, support
14 Coach Workshops, mental well-being
15 Mentor Guidance, support
on personal attributes, five sub-thematic codes emerged. Determination
(PA1) was mentioned by respondents 1, 9, and 13, highlighting its sig­
nificance in maintaining resilience. These athletes displayed a strong
sense of determination, which helped them persevere and stay resilient
in the face of adversity. Adaptability (PA2) was identified by re­
spondents 2, 10, and 7 as a crucial attribute that contributed to their
resilience. These athletes demonstrated the ability to adapt and adjust to
the changing circumstances and challenges posed by the pandemic. Self-
discipline (PA3) was mentioned by respondents 3 and 8. These athletes
highlighted the importance of self-discipline in maintaining focus,
staying motivated, and adhering to their training routines despite the
disruptions caused by the pandemic. Optimism (PA4) emerged as
another significant attribute, mentioned by respondents 4, 1, 14, and 15.
These athletes displayed a positive outlook and mindset, which helped
them maintain their mental well-being and face challenges with opti­
mism and resilience. Proactivity (PA5) was identified by respondents 5,
6, and 12 as an important attribute that contributed to their resilience.
These athletes took initiative, sought opportunities, and actively
engaged in actions that supported their well-being and resilience.
In Part 2, which focuses on the contribution of these attributes to
mental well-being and resilience, five sub-thematic codes were identi­
fied. Resilience (RW1) was mentioned by respondents 1, 6, 9, and 12,
emphasizing how personal attributes such as determination, adapt­
ability, self-discipline, optimism, and proactivity contributed to their
overall resilience. Change (RW2) was mentioned by respondents 2 and
14, highlighting how their personal attributes helped them navigate and
embrace change, which in turn contributed to their mental well-being
and resilience. Commitment (RW3) was mentioned by respondents 3,
11, and 15. These athletes emphasized their unwavering commitment to
their goals, training, and personal growth, which played a significant
role in their mental well-being and resilience. Motivation (RW4) was
highlighted by respondents 4, 8, and 10, emphasizing how their personal
attributes fostered intrinsic motivation, keeping them driven and resil­
ient in the face of challenges. Overcoming (RW5) was mentioned by
respondents 5, 7, and 15. These athletes highlighted how their personal
attributes enabled them to overcome obstacles, adversities, and set­
backs, contributing to their mental well-being and overall resilience.
10
T. Hussain et al.
Table 9
Sub thematic codes Q 3.
Codes Themes Freq. Respondent numbers Codes
SS1 Coach 6 1, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14 RF1
SS2 Teammates 4 2, 6, 10, 15 RF2
SS3 Family 4 3, 4, 7, 13 RF3
SS4 Friends 1 8
Overall, the analysis showcases the importance of personal attributes
such as determination, adaptability, self-discipline, optimism, and pro­
activity in athletes' ability to remain resilient during the pandemic.
These attributes played a significant role in their mental well-being,
contributing to their overall resilience by enabling them to navigate
challenges, embrace change, stay committed, maintain motivation, and
overcome obstacles.
The analysis of the responses to the question about valuable lessons
and insights gained from the athlete's experience during the COVID-19
pandemic revealed important thematic codes. These codes represent
the lessons learned and how athletes envision applying these lessons to
enhance their psychological resilience in the future. In Part 1, which
focuses on the valuable lessons and insights gained, five sub-thematic
codes emerged. Adaptability (TC1) was mentioned by respondents 1,
6, and 12. These athletes highlighted the importance of being adaptable
and flexible in the face of challenging circumstances. They learned to
embrace change and adapt their approach, which provided them with
valuable insights and lessons for enhancing their psychological resil­
ience. Mental Toughness (TC2) was identified by respondents 2, 10, and
11. These athletes emphasized the significance of developing mental
toughness to overcome challenges and setbacks. They gained valuable
insights into their own resilience and mental strength, which they
envision applying in future situations that require resilience. Self-
discipline (TC3) was mentioned by respondents 3 and 8. These ath­
letes recognized the importance of self-discipline in maintaining focus,
sticking to their training routines, and staying committed to their goals.
They gained insights into the power of self-discipline and envision
applying it to enhance their psychological resilience in the future.
Teamwork (TC4) emerged as another significant sub-thematic code,
mentioned by respondents 4, 7, 14, and 13. These athletes acknowl­
edged the importance of collaboration, support from teammates, and the
collective strength of a team. They learned valuable lessons about
teamwork and collaboration, which they envision applying to enhance
their psychological resilience in future endeavors. Health (TC5) was
mentioned by respondents 5, 9, and 15. These athletes recognized the
vital role of physical and mental health in maintaining resilience. They
gained insights into the importance of self-care, well-being, and priori­
tizing their health. They envision applying these lessons to ensure their
psychological resilience remains strong in the future. In Part 2, which
focuses on how athletes envision applying these lessons to enhance their
psychological resilience, the same five sub-thematic codes were identi­
fied. Embracing Change (TC1) was mentioned by respondents 1, 6, 8,
and 12, emphasizing their intention to apply their adaptability skills and
embrace change in future situations to enhance their psychological
resilience. Overcoming Challenges (TC2) was mentioned by respondents
2, 13, and 10. These athletes envision applying their mental toughness
and resilience to overcome challenges that come their way, both within
and beyond the context of the pandemic. Overcoming Obstacles (TC3)
was mentioned by respondents 3 and 11. They expressed their
commitment to applying their self-discipline and resilience to overcome
obstacles they may encounter in the future. Collaboration (TC4) was
mentioned by respondents 4, 7, and 14. They envision leveraging the
power of teamwork and collaboration to enhance their psychological
resilience in future endeavors. Self-care (TC5) was mentioned by re­
spondents 5, 9, and 15. These athletes expressed their intention to pri­
oritize self-care, both physically and mentally, to ensure their well-being
and enhance their psychological resilience.
11
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Themes Freq. Respondent numbers
Emotional support 7 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Guidance, motivation, coping strategies 5 2, 5, 9, 10, 11
Understanding, positive environment 3 3, 7, 13
Overall, the analysis demonstrates that athletes have gained valuable
lessons and insights from their experience during the pandemic. They
have identified important attributes such as adaptability, mental
toughness, self-discipline, teamwork, and health as key factors in
enhancing their psychological resilience. These insights will guide their
future actions and decisions, enabling them to navigate challenges,
embrace change, overcome obstacles, collaborate effectively, and pri­
oritize self-care for optimal psychological resilience.
15. Over all key thematic codes
Following results and key thematic issues has been extracted for over
analysis of the study.
The findings in Tables 16 and 17 of the study revealed several key
themes related to the independent variable of Pandemic-Related Chal­
lenges and Disruptions. Participants reported experiencing various
challenges and disruptions in their training and modifications due to the
pandemic, which was reflected in the frequency of 5. They also high­
lighted the impact of restrictions and changes imposed by the pandemic,
with a frequency of 3. Support systems played a crucial role in helping
athletes navigate these challenges, as evidenced by a frequency of 6.
Additionally, participants recognized the significance of personal attri­
butes and attitudes, with a frequency of 6, in their ability to cope with
the pandemic-related challenges and disruptions. Furthermore, the
theme of well-being and health emerged, with a frequency of 4, indi­
cating the importance of maintaining physical and mental well-being
during such challenging times.
Regarding the dependent variable of Psychological Resilience and
Adaptation, the findings indicated that participants reported varying
levels of motivation, with a frequency of 4. The theme of resilience was
prominent, with a frequency of 5, suggesting that athletes demonstrated
resilience in the face of adversity during the pandemic. Participants also
emphasized the importance of emotional well-being, with a frequency of
6, indicating the significance of managing and maintaining emotional
health. The theme of coping strategies emerged as a crucial aspect, with
a frequency of 8, highlighting the strategies employed by athletes to
adapt and navigate the challenges posed by the pandemic.
Overall, the study's results underscored the significant impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on athletes and their psychological well-being. The
identified themes shed light on the challenges, disruptions, and support
systems athletes encountered, as well as the role of personal attributes
and coping strategies in fostering resilience. These findings provide
valuable insights for understanding the experiences of athletes during
times of adversity and can inform the development of interventions and
support systems to enhance athletes' psychological well-being and
resilience in the face of similar challenges in the future.
16. Comparison of results with literature
The findings of this study resonate with established literature that
underscores the crucial role of psychological resilience in athletes' well-
being and performance (Junnarkar et al., 2021). The identified personal
attributes, such as self-efficacy, optimism, and self-regulation, align with
prior research highlighting their significance in enhancing athletes'
resilience (Rofiqah et al., 2023). Similarly, the study's emphasis on the
importance of social support systems from coaches, teammates, and
family members aligns with existing literature on their role in providing
T. Hussain et al.
Table 10
Responses for Q 4.
Respondent Part 1: Personal attributes
numbers
1 My determination and
perseverance were key in
remaining resilient during the
pandemic.
2 I found that my adaptability
and willingness to embrace
change played a significant role
in my ability to navigate the
challenges.
3 Self-discipline was crucial in
staying focused and committed
to my goals despite the
adversities.
4 Maintaining an optimistic and
positive mindset helped me
stay motivated and resilient
throughout the pandemic.
5 Taking initiative and being
proactive empowered me to
overcome obstacles and find
solutions.
6 My resilience and mental
toughness played a crucial role
in bouncing back from setbacks
and staying strong.
7 Patience and endurance
allowed me to persevere
through difficult times and
maintain a sense of calm.
8 Having self-belief and
confidence boosted my mental
well-being and contributed to
my resilience.
9 Flexibility and open-
mindedness helped me adapt to
changing circumstances and
explore new possibilities.
10 Self-awareness and emotional
intelligence allowed me to
recognize and manage my
emotions effectively,
promoting mental well-being
and resilience.
11 Problem-solving skills assisted
me in finding solutions and
overcoming obstacles.
12 Supportive network and social
connections played a vital role
in providing emotional support
and contributing to my mental
well-being and resilience.
13 Self-care practices, such as
exercise, meditation, and
relaxation, helped me maintain
mental well-being and
resilience.
14 Having a growth mindset
allowed me to see challenges as
opportunities for personal
development and growth.
15 Cultivating gratitude and
practicing mindfulness helped
me stay present, appreciate the
positives, and maintain a
resilient mindset.
emotional, informational, and tangible support (Labrague, 2021; Pak
et al., 2023). The coping strategies adopted by athletes during the
pandemic, such as problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies,
parallel previous studies' findings on their effectiveness in mitigating
stress and enhancing psychological well-being (Marey-Sarwan et al.,
2022; Park et al., 2021). Additionally, the cognitive strategy of adaptive
Part 2: Contribution to mental
well-being and resilience
Helped me stay resilient
throughout the challenges of
the pandemic
Enabled me to navigate
uncertainties and embrace
change
Kept me focused and
committed, even in the face of
disruptions
Motivated me and helped me
maintain resilience during
tough times
Empowered me to overcome
obstacles and find solutions
Played a significant role in
bouncing back from setbacks
and staying strong
Allowed me to persevere
through difficulties and
maintain a sense of calm
Boosted my mental well-being
and provided the strength to
face challenges
Helped me adapt to changing
circumstances and explore new
possibilities
Allowed me to recognize and
manage my emotions
effectively, promoting mental
well-being and resilience
Assisted me in finding solutions
and overcoming obstacles
Played a vital role in providing
emotional support and
contributing to my mental well-
being and resilience
Prioritizing self-care activities
such as exercise, meditation,
and relaxation helped me
maintain mental well-being
and resilience
Believing in the potential for
personal growth and
embracing challenges as
opportunities for development
Cultivating gratitude and
mindfulness helped me stay
present, appreciate the
positives, and maintain a
resilient mindset
12
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Table 11
Themes for Q 4.
Respondent Part 1: Personal Part 2: Contribution to mental well-
numbers attributes being and resilience
1 Determination Resilience
2 Adaptability Change
3 Self-discipline Commitment
4 Optimism Motivation
5 Proactivity Overcoming
6 Resilience Bouncing back
7 Patience Calm
8 Self-belief Confidence
9 Flexibility Adaptation
10 Self-awareness Emotions
11 Problem-solving Solutions
12 Supportive network Connection
13 Self-care Well-being
14 Growth mindset Opportunities
15 Gratitude Mindfulness
thinking and reframing is consistent with literature highlighting its role
in maintaining a positive mindset and promoting resilience (Finlay et al.,
2021). The study's observations regarding the effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on athletes' training routines, disruptions, psychological
impact, isolation, and uncertainty align with research that emphasizes
the pandemic's widespread implications on athletes' well-being and
performance (Cleofas, 2021; Evans et al., 2020). The findings also
resonate with prior research on the importance of maintaining a
balanced approach to sports and embracing alternative training
methods and technology (Uroh & Adewunmi, 2021). Overall, this
study's alignment with existing literature reinforces the robustness of the
identified themes and insights. By examining the interplay between
personal attributes, social support, coping strategies, and the challenges
posed by the pandemic, this research contributes to a deeper under­
standing of athletes' experiences during times of adversity.
17. Data synthesis of study
Addressing the interplay between the independent and dependent
variables, it is crucial to elucidate the direct impact of pandemic-related
challenges and disruptions on athletes' psychological resilience and
adaptation. The challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as
training interruptions, competition cancellations, and uncertainties,
were consistently reflected in participants' narratives. These challenges
tested athletes' coping mechanisms, pushing them to seek alternative
strategies, cultivate mental fortitude, and adapt to new circumstances.
The adversity prompted self-reflection and the reevaluation of goals,
resulting in a heightened awareness of the importance of psychological
well-being. Athletes exhibited remarkable resilience by utilizing strate­
gies such as maintaining routines, seeking social support, and embracing
a growth mindset. These coping strategies, borne out of the unique
pandemic circumstances, directly contributed to their psychological
adaptation, enabling them to navigate the challenges and uncertainties
with resilience. Therefore, the synthesis of data underscores the intrinsic
link between the challenges presented by the pandemic and the athletes'
demonstrated resilience, illustrating the nuanced ways in which external
stressors impact psychological processes.
18. Conclusions
In conclusion, this study explored the experiences of athletes during
the COVID-19 pandemic and examined the impact of pandemic-related
challenges and disruptions on their psychological well-being. The find­
ings revealed several key themes related to the challenges and disrup­
tions faced by athletes, including training modifications, travel
restrictions, uncertainty and changes, and the impact on their psycho­
logical well-being. Support systems, such as coaches, teammates, family,
T. Hussain et al.
Table 12
Thematic codes Q 4.
Sub-thematic codes - Part 1: Personal Freq. Respondent Sub-thematic codes - Part 2: Contribution to mental well-being and
attributes numbers resilience
PA1: Determination 3 1, 9, 13 RW1:
PA2: Adaptability 3 2, 10, 7 RW2:
PA3: Self-discipline 2 3, 8 RW3:
PA4: Optimism 4 4, 1, 14, 15 RW4:
PA5: Proactivity 3 5, 6, 12 RW5:
and friends, played a crucial role in fostering resilience and maintaining
mental well-being. The study also highlighted the importance of per­
sonal attributes and attitudes in enabling athletes to remain resilient in
the face of adversity. Determination, adaptability, self-discipline, opti­
mism, and proactivity were identified as significant attributes contrib­
uting to athletes' mental well-being and overall resilience. Furthermore,
the study explored the strategies and coping mechanisms employed by
athletes to navigate the increased stress, anxiety, and uncertainty caused
by the pandemic. Mindfulness practices, structured daily routines,
seeking social support, regular physical exercise, and self-care and
relaxation activities emerged as effective strategies contributing to
psychological resilience. The findings also emphasized the role of psy­
chological resilience and adaptation in athletes' experiences during the
pandemic. Participants demonstrated varying levels of motivation,
resilience, emotional well-being, and employed coping strategies to
adapt and navigate the challenges posed by the pandemic. Overall, the
study provided valuable insights into the experiences of athletes during
the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges they faced, the
support systems that fostered their resilience, the importance of personal
attributes and coping strategies, and the impact on their psychological
well-being. These findings contribute to a better understanding of ath­
letes' experiences during times of adversity and can inform the devel­
opment of interventions and support systems to enhance their
psychological well-being and resilience in the face of similar challenges
in the future.
19. Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations can be
made to support athletes in navigating similar challenges in the future
and promoting their psychological well-being and resilience.
Firstly, it is essential to develop proactive strategies to address the
challenges and disruptions faced by athletes during times of crisis.
Sports organizations, coaches, and trainers should consider developing
contingency plans that outline alternative training methods, virtual
competitions, and flexible scheduling to minimize the impact of facility
closures, competition cancellations, training modifications, travel re­
strictions, and uncertainties. By proactively addressing these challenges,
athletes can maintain a sense of normalcy and reduce the potential
negative effects on their psychological well-being.
Secondly, establishing and enhancing support systems is crucial for
athletes' resilience and mental well-being. Coaches, teammates, family,
and friends play vital roles in providing emotional support, guidance,
motivation, and coping strategies. Sports organizations should prioritize
creating a positive and inclusive environment that fosters strong social
connections and encourages athletes to seek support when needed.
Regular communication, team-building activities, and access to mental
health resources can further strengthen these support systems.
Additionally, promoting and encouraging the development of per­
sonal attributes and attitudes that contribute to resilience is essential.
Athletes should be encouraged to cultivate determination, adaptability,
self-discipline, optimism, and proactivity. Coaches and trainers can
incorporate mindset training, goal-setting techniques, and resilience-
building exercises into training programs to empower athletes to effec­
tively navigate challenges, setbacks, and uncertainties.
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Freq. Respondent
numbers
Resilience 4 1, 6, 9, 12
Change 2 2, 14
Commitment 3 3, 11, 15
Motivation 3 4, 8, 10
Overcoming 3 5, 7, 15
Moreover, integrating well-being practices into athletes' routines is
crucial for their overall mental health and resilience. Mindfulness
practices, structured daily routines, regular physical exercise, and self-
care and relaxation activities should be emphasized and supported.
Sports organizations can provide resources, workshops, and access to
mental health professionals to educate athletes on the importance of
self-care and facilitate the adoption of these practices.
Lastly, fostering a culture that values psychological resilience and
adaptation is paramount. Athletes should be educated on the concept of
resilience, its importance in overcoming adversity, and the role it plays
in their overall well-being. Coaches and sports organizations can provide
training programs, workshops, and mentorship opportunities that focus
on building resilience skills, such as stress management, problem-
solving, and positive mindset development.
In summary, recommendations to support athletes in navigating
similar challenges and enhancing their psychological well-being and
resilience include proactive planning for crisis situations, strengthening
support systems, fostering personal attributes and attitudes, promoting
well-being practices, and fostering a culture of resilience. Implementing
these recommendations can bolster the psychological resilience of ath­
letes, equipping them to handle future adversities. Additionally, sports
organizations and stakeholders can empower athletes to thrive in the
face of adversity and promote their long-term psychological well-being.
20. Actionable recommendations for stakeholders
In light of the study's findings, practical recommendations can be
proposed to bolster athletes' resilience and safeguard their mental well-
being during future crises. Sports organizations, coaches, and trainers
should proactively design adaptable training protocols that incorporate
virtual alternatives and flexible schedules. Strengthening athletes' sup­
port networks, including teammates, coaches, and family, can be ach­
ieved through fostering an inclusive environment and promoting regular
communication. Encouraging the cultivation of attributes like adapt­
ability, determination, and self-discipline will empower athletes to face
challenges head-on. Embedding well-being practices such as mindful­
ness and structured routines into athletes' lives can further contribute to
their overall mental health. Finally, instilling a culture that values
resilience through education and mentorship will equip athletes with
essential skills for thriving amidst adversity. By embracing these tar­
geted recommendations, stakeholders can pave the way for athletes to
navigate future uncertainties with resilience and well-being intact.
21. Implications of study
The implications of the study's findings hold substantial significance
for various stakeholders within the realm of sports, including coaches,
sports organizations, policymakers, and mental well-being advocates.
The insights drawn from the research shed light on the multifaceted
challenges athletes faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and offer
valuable guidance for shaping the future of athletic training and mental
well-being support.
For coaches and sports organizations, the findings underscore the
importance of adaptability and proactive planning. The disruptions and
modifications encountered by athletes necessitate the development of
13
T. Hussain et al.
Table 13
Responses for Q 5.
Respondent Valuable lessons/insights from
COVID-19 as an athlete
1 I learned the importance of
adaptability and how to embrace
change to thrive in unpredictable
situations.
2 The pandemic challenged my
mental resilience as an athlete,
and I developed a stronger
mindset to overcome future
challenges.
3 COVID-19 emphasized the
significance of self-discipline,
which I learned to apply in
overcoming obstacles in all
aspects of life.
4 The value of teamwork and
collaboration became even more
apparent during the pandemic,
and I learned to strengthen my
teamwork skills for future
endeavors.
5 The pandemic made me
appreciate the importance of
health and well-being, and I
learned to prioritize self-care in
all aspects of life.
6 Adapting to virtual training and
competitions during the
pandemic taught me how to
leverage technology for training
and future opportunities.
7 The pandemic taught me the
virtues of patience and
perseverance, as I had to
navigate through tough times.
8 I realized the importance of goal-
setting and the need to realign
goals when circumstances
change unexpectedly.
9 The pandemic improved my time
management skills, allowing me
to be more productive and
efficient.
10 Navigating through
uncertainties during the
pandemic strengthened my
resilience, enabling me to face
future uncertainties with
confidence.
11 The pandemic highlighted the
importance of mental health, and
I learned to prioritize it and seek
support when needed.
12 The pandemic forced me to
adapt to different training
environments, which enhanced
my adaptability and
performance.
13 The pandemic increased my self-
motivation and self-reliance as I
had to find new sources of
motivation beyond external
factors.
14 Going through the pandemic
made me appreciate the joy and
spirit of competition even more.
Envisioned application for
psychological resilience
I envision applying this lesson by
embracing change and finding
ways to thrive in future
challenging situations.
I plan to apply this mental
toughness to enhance my
psychological resilience in
future endeavors, both within
and beyond the context of the
pandemic.
I intend to continue applying
self-discipline to enhance my
psychological resilience and
overcome future obstacles.
I envision applying this lesson by
fostering collaboration, building
strong teams, and leveraging
collective strength in
challenging situations.
I plan to continue prioritizing
my health and well-being to
enhance my psychological
resilience and overall
performance.
I envision using technology and
virtual platforms to enhance my
psychological resilience and
expand my training possibilities
in the future.
I plan to cultivate patience and
perseverance to enhance my
psychological resilience and stay
resilient in the face of future
challenges.
I envision setting realistic goals,
adapting them when necessary,
and maintaining focus on my
long-term vision to enhance my
psychological resilience.
I plan to apply efficient time
management techniques to
optimize my performance and
enhance my psychological
resilience in the future.
I envision developing a resilient
mindset to navigate future
uncertainties and challenges,
both within and beyond the
context of the pandemic.
I plan to prioritize my mental
well-being, seek support when
necessary, and build a strong
support network to enhance my
psychological resilience.
I envision applying this
enhanced adaptability to
different contexts and
optimizing my performance,
thereby strengthening my
psychological resilience.
I plan to harness my self-
motivation, build self-reliance,
and seek intrinsic sources of
motivation to enhance my
psychological resilience in the
future.
I envision embracing the joy and
spirit of competition in future
endeavors to enhance my
14
Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050
Table 13 (continued )
Respondent Valuable lessons/insights from Envisioned application for
COVID-19 as an athlete psychological resilience
psychological resilience and
overall satisfaction.
15 The pandemic taught me to find I plan to continue seeking and
alternative sources of motivation cultivating alternative sources of
when faced with challenging motivation to enhance my
circumstances. psychological resilience in all
aspects of life.
Table 14
Themes for Q 5.
Respondent Valuable lessons/insights from Envisioned application for
COVID-19 as an athlete psychological resilience
1 Adaptability Embracing change
2 Mental toughness Overcoming challenges
3 Self-discipline Overcoming obstacles
4 Teamwork Collaboration
5 Health Self-care
6 Technology Virtual training
7 Patience Perseverance
8 Goal-setting Long-term vision
9 Time management Productivity
10 Resilience Facing uncertainties
11 Mental health Support network
12 Adaptability Performance optimization
13 Self-motivation Intrinsic motivation
14 Competition Joy of competition
15 Alternative motivation Seeking motivation
flexible training models and contingency strategies. Coaches can
leverage the identified coping strategies, such as problem-focused ap­
proaches and adaptive thinking, to design training programs that
enhance athletes' ability to navigate challenges effectively. Moreover,
the study accentuates the pivotal role of coaches in providing emotional
support and fostering a sense of community, emphasizing the need for
training and resources to equip coaches with the skills to address ath­
letes' psychological well-being.
In terms of mental well-being support, the research underscores the
significance of social support systems, particularly from teammates,
coaches, and family members. Recognizing the positive impact of these
support networks on athletes' resilience, sports organizations can pri­
oritize initiatives that foster camaraderie, communication, and
mentorship. Policymakers can also leverage the study's insights to
advocate for enhanced mental health resources and professional support
services, ensuring that athletes have access to evidence-based in­
terventions to navigate challenging circumstances.
Furthermore, the study's emphasis on personal attributes such as self-
efficacy, optimism, and self-regulation highlights the potential for in­
terventions aimed at cultivating these attributes among athletes. By
incorporating mindset training, goal-setting techniques, and resilience-
building exercises, coaches and trainers can empower athletes with
the skills to thrive in the face of adversity.
In conclusion, the implications of this research extend beyond the
immediate context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study's findings
provide actionable insights that can shape the future landscape of ath­
letic training, mental well-being support, and policy considerations. By
integrating these implications into coaching practices, organizational
strategies, and mental health initiatives, stakeholders can foster an
environment where athletes not only endure challenges but also flourish
in their athletic journeys.
22. Limitations of study
It's essential to acknowledge the limitations of the study. Firstly, the
sample size was determined through purposeful sampling, potentially
T. Hussain et al. Acta Psychologica 240 (2023) 104050

Table 15
Thematic codes for Q 5.
Thematic codes Freq. Respondent numbers Thematic codes Freq. Respondent numbers

TC1: Adaptability 3 1, 6, 12 TC1: Embracing change 4 1, 6, 8, 12

TC2: Mental toughness 3 2, 10, 11 TC2: Overcoming challenges 3 2, 13, 10
TC3: Self-discipline 2 3, 8 TC3: Overcoming obstacles 2 3, 11
TC4: Teamwork 4 4, 7, 14, 13 TC4: Collaboration 3 4, 7, 14
TC5: Health 3 5, 9, 15 TC5: Self-care 3 5, 9, 15

athletes' psychological resilience over time, providing insights into the

Table 16
Pandemic-related challenges and disruptions.
Sub-keywords Frequency
Training and modifications 5 holistic understanding of how resilience strategies adapt to changing
Restrictions and changes 3 circumstances throughout their careers. This would also provide valu­
Support systems 6
Personal attributes and attitudes 6
Well-being and health 4
Total frequency 24
Table 17
Psychological resilience and adaptation.
Sub-keyword Frequency
Motivation 4 employed during the pandemic equally applicable in the face of other
Resilience 5
Emotional well-being 6
Coping strategies 8 could offer a broader perspective on athlete well-being and inform the
Total frequency 23
introducing sample bias by focusing on athletes with disruptions. This
sample can be generalized in some specific area which has same popu­
lation features. To address this, future research could involve a more
diverse sample, including those who adapted well to the challenges.
Secondly, the study relied on self-reported data from interviews, which
could be influenced by participants' biases and memory recall limita­
tions. To mitigate this, future studies could incorporate multiple data
sources and a longitudinal design. These strategies will help strengthen
the study's findings and their relevance to a broader context.
23. Findings of the study
The study delved into the experiences of athletes during the COVID-
19 pandemic, uncovering key themes surrounding the challenges they
faced. These challenges included training modifications, travel re­
strictions, uncertainties, and the resultant impact on their psychological
well-being. Athletes drew strength from support systems such as
coaches, teammates, family, and friends, while personal attributes like
determination, adaptability, self-discipline, optimism, and proactivity
played pivotal roles in bolstering their mental well-being. Additionally,
athletes employed effective coping mechanisms, including mindfulness
practices, structured routines, social support-seeking, regular physical
exercise, and self-care activities, to navigate heightened stress and un­
certainty. The findings underscored the significance of psychological
resilience and adaptation in athletes' experiences during the pandemic,
revealing varying levels of motivation, emotional well-being, and coping
strategies. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the chal­
lenges faced by athletes, the support systems fostering resilience, the
importance of personal attributes and coping strategies, and their col­
lective impact on athletes' psychological well-being.
24. Future research directions
To build upon the present study and address its limitations, two key
directions emerge for future research. Firstly, employing a longitudinal
study design would enable a deeper exploration of the dynamic nature of
evolution of coping strategies as athletes navigate ongoing challenges. A
longitudinal approach could involve tracking athletes from early
development to peak performance and potential retirement, offering a
able insights into the long-term impact of experiences such as the
COVID-19 pandemic on athletes' psychological well-being. Furthermore,
it would shed light on the effectiveness of interventions and support
systems in promoting sustained resilience throughout an athlete's
career. Secondly, a comparative analysis could extend beyond the scope
of the COVID-19 pandemic to encompass a wider array of stressors, such
as injuries or personal setbacks. This approach would yield valuable
insights into the generalizability and adaptability of resilience strategies
across diverse contexts. Are the coping mechanisms and support systems
challenges? Investigating the transferability of resilience strategies
development of comprehensive support frameworks. These avenues of
research hold the potential to enhance the current understanding of
athletes' psychological resilience and contribute to the development of
more comprehensive support frameworks for their mental well-being.
25. Significance of the study
This study bears profound significance through its comprehensive
exploration of the psychological resilience of athletes in the face of the
unprecedented challenges wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic. By
delving into the athletes' lived experiences, coping strategies, and
adaptive responses, our research offers invaluable insights that extend
far beyond the realm of sports. These findings serve as a wellspring of
guidance for professionals engaged in sports psychology, coaching, and
policy-making, equipping them with a nuanced understanding of how
athletes navigate adversity. The distinctive contribution of this study lies
in its meticulous analysis of the pandemic's profound impact on athletes,
enriching the toolkit available for enhancing psychological resilience
and adaptive capacities not only within the sports domain but also in
broader contexts where individuals confront unforeseen challenges. This
research bridges the gap between theory and practical application,
fostering a culture of resilience that empowers athletes and diverse
communities to thrive in the face of uncertainty and adversity.
26. Applications and extensions
While our study primarily centers on athletes' psychological resil­
ience during the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of our findings
extend beyond this domain. The insights gleaned from athletes' experi­
ences and coping strategies can potentially inform the support systems
and resilience-building approaches for various groups impacted by the
pandemic. For instance, these findings could be applied to students
facing disrupted education, professionals adapting to remote work, and
individuals navigating uncertainties in different contexts. By adapting
the strategies employed by athletes to other affected groups, we can
collectively enhance the psychological well-being and adaptive capac­
ities of diverse communities facing challenges similar to those brought
about by the pandemic. This broader application underscores the

15
T. Hussain et al.
universality and significance of our study's contributions.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors confirm that none of the authors have any financial,
personal, or professional interests that could be construed as having
influenced the research or the preparation of this manuscript.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by Scientific innovation projects of
Shanghai Education Committee (2021-01-07-00-02-E00126); National
Social Science Foundation of China (20BXW042, 21&ZD325).
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