International Journal of Fruit Science

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Recent Advances in the Modeling and Predicting

Quality Parameters of Fruits and Vegetables
during Postharvest Storage: A Review

Fakhreddin Salehi

To cite this article: Fakhreddin Salehi (2019): Recent Advances in the Modeling and Predicting
Quality Parameters of Fruits and Vegetables during Postharvest Storage: A Review, International
Journal of Fruit Science, DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2019.1653810

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1653810

Published online: 13 Aug 2019.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE
https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2019.1653810

Recent Advances in the Modeling and Predicting Quality

Parameters of Fruits and Vegetables during Postharvest
Storage: A Review
Fakhreddin Salehi
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), fuzzy Adaptive neurofuzzy
logic (FL), and adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inference system; artificial
have been applied in every aspect of food science in the recent neural network; fuzzy logic;
years. These models are useful tools for fruit and vegetable genetic algorithm
monitoring; grading and classification; modeling the respira-
tion rate; predicting and modeling quality properties; model-
ing of microbial growth; and forecasting chemical, physical,
and sensorial characteristics during processing and postharvest
storage. These models hold an enormous deal of promise for
modeling difficult task;s in practice control and simulation and
in the use of machine perception including machine vision
system and electronic nose for fruit and vegetable quality
control. In addition, these models were used for different
fruit and vegetable storage process modeling, for detecting
chilling injury, to detect defects, for controlling various drying
process, and for improving climate control. The present study
reviews the efficiency and applications of ANN, GA, FL, and
ANFIS models to predict and control the quality parameters of
various fruits and vegetables during postharvest storage.

Introduction
Postharvest storage is one of the several methods that follow after harvesting
period in an agricultural food-producing process. One way of guaranteeing
food security is through the enhancement of postharvest storage procedures.
Under storage, postharvest products produce heat, moisture, CO2, and ethy-
lene gases. The physicochemical changes of fruits and vegetables following
postharvest treatments are a highly nonlinear one involving respiration rate
and quality loss.
Artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), fuzzy logic (FL)
and adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are analytical alternative
to usual modeling methods, which are often limited by strict assumptions of
linearity, normality, homogeneity, and variable independence (Bahramparvar

CONTACT Fakhreddin Salehi FS1446@Yahoo.com Department of Food Industry Machines, Bu-Ali Sina
University, Hamedan, Iran
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wsfr.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
2 F. SALEHI

et al., 2014; Ramzi et al., 2015; Salehi and Razavi, 2016b). These models are
useful tools for fruit and vegetable monitoring; grading and classification;
modeling the respiration rate; predicting and modeling quality properties;
modeling of microbial growth; and predicting physical, chemical, and sen-
sorial characteristics during processing and postharvest storage (Table 1).
ANN, GA, FL and ANFIS models were used for detecting chilling injury in
red delicious apple (ElMasry et al., 2009); for potato storage process model-
ing (Abdulquadri Oluwo et al., 2013); for improving the climate control for
stored potato (Gottschalk et al., 2003); for selection of best wavelength
features for decay detection in citrus fruit (Lorente et al., 2013); to sense
defects such as bruises, russet, bitter pit, puncture and leaf roller in apples
(Kavdır and Guyer, 2004); for respiration rate modeling of guava (Wang
et al., 2009); for predicting moisture content of grain (Liu et al., 2007); for
controlling drying process of olive stones (Javadikia et al., 2011); for con-
trolling in microwave-based Chinese herbs drying systems (Lu et al., 2006);
for grain drying (Mansor et al., 2010); and for developing a dynamic model
for the rotary drying plant (Areed et al., 2012). May et al. (2011) and Wali
et al. (2013) used FL to decrease the operational times and cooling energy
generation of the chilling system. The FL controller tracked the reactor
desired temperature precisely with minimal overshoot and a fast warmup
phase. Trouble in the form of changing flow rate in the process input was
well rejected by the FL controller.
As a computer-aided possibility, these models display the most excellent
performance at various conditions by comparing with the conventional
mathematical regression models that were created on the theories of chemical
and enzyme kinetics. So, the present study summarizes the efficiency and
applications of ANN, GA, FL, and ANFIS models to predict and model
quality parameters of various fruits and vegetables during postharvest
storage.

Artificial Neural Networks

ANN is an analytical tool based on the structure of biological neurons, and it
has been widely used in numerous fields, including postharvest quality
controlling of fruits and vegetables and food industry. Contrasting other
analytical methods, where prior knowledge of relationships among process
parameters is required, ANN draws on previously gathered information and
uses this when analyzing new data input. It is particularly useful in managing
uncertainties and nonlinear data relationships. In the area of fruit and
vegetable quality control, ANN has been successfully applied to predict the
quality of agricultural raw and stored material. ANN has proven to be very
successful in identification, grading, and classification of fruits and vegetables
grown or stored in various conditions, where noncoherence or nonlinearity
Table 1. ANN model parameters to modeling quality properties of fruits and vegetables.
Number
Number of
of neurons
Fruit or hidden in hidden Activation
vegetable Model inputs Predicted parameters layers layer function Main results References
Apple The reflectance Firmness 1 3 Sigmoid Their experimental results confirmed that (ElMasry et al.,
features at the and linear a spectral imaging system linked with ANN can 2009)
selected optimal successfully distinguish between chilling-injured
wavelengths apples and normal apples, in addition to sense
firmness changes.
Apricot Osmotic solution Weight and water loss and solid gain 1 14 Hyperbolic Sensitivity analysis results by optimum ANN (Salehi et al.,
temperature and tangent showed the osmotic solution temperature was 2015)
concentration, and the most sensitive factor for controlling the
dehydration time weight and water loss and solid gain.
Avocado Coated and Quality parameters of avocado during 2 5+5 Hyperbolic The ANN models developed could be (Maftoonazad
uncoated avocado storage tangent successfully used for predicting respiration rate, et al., 2011)
fruit and weight
temperature loss, firmness, and total color difference.
Button Calcium ascorbate Weight loss, firmness, TSS, pH, L*, a*, 1 8 Sigmoid Results of sensitivity analysis by optimum neural (Sayyari et al.,
mushroom concentration and b*, chroma, Hue angle, ΔE, browning network (2-8-14) defined shelf-life time as the 2015)
shelf-life time index, vitamin C, total phenol and most effective factor in predicting button
polyphenol oxidase activity mushroom attributes during postharvest
storage.
Button Air temperature, Weight loss 1 16 Hyperbolic The modeling results showed the GA-ANN can (Salehi et al.,
mushroom flow rate and tangent well predict the weight loss in button 2017)
drying time mushroom drying by hot air (R = 0.999).
Grain Grain temperature, Moisture content 1 6 Sigmoid The ANN optimized using GA performed well (Liu et al.,
initial moisture and the accuracy of the predicted values was 2007)
content, and air excellent.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE

temperature
(Continued )
3
 4

Table 1. (Continued).
Number
Number of
of neurons
F. SALEHI

Fruit or hidden in hidden Activation

vegetable Model inputs Predicted parameters layers layer function Main results References
Guava Temperature, Respiration rate 1 9 Logsig Their results showed that the ANN approach is (Wang et al.,
CO2 and O2 an high precise method, and it can be used for 2009)
concentrations predicting and modeling the
respiration rate of fruits.
Kiwifruit Temperature and Color changes, water loss and solid 1 16 Hyperbolic The ANN could potentially be applied to (Fathi et al.,
concentration of gain tangent estimation color changes and mass transfer 2011)
osmotic solution, kinetics of dehydrated kiwifruit.
and time
Peach Wavelengths Normal and cold damaged peaches 1 3 Hyperbolic The prediction of quality parameters of peach by (Pan et al.,
tangent using ANN model 2016)
achieved well, with the r for prediction
set of 0.698–0.903.
Pomegranate Methyl jasmonate Chilling injury index, weight loss, ion 1 14 Sigmoid The total agreement between GA-ANN (Sayyari et al.,
and storage time leakage, pH, ethylene, anthocyanins, predictions and experimental data was 2017)
respiration, total antioxidant activity considerable (r = 0.87).
and polyphenols
Potato Ambient air Potato temperature 1 3 Log- The suggested model was useful in simulation (Abdulquadri
temperature and sigmoid processes involving intelligent controllers. Oluwo et al.,
relative humidity and 2013)
and inlet air
temperature
Tomato Drought stress and Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total 1 7 Hyperbolic According to sensitivity analysis results by (Ghanbari
chilling stress phenol, relative water content, root tangent optimum neural network, severity of PEG- et al., 2018)
effects electrolyte lekage, F0, Fm and proline induced drought stress was effective factor in
predicting chilling resistance and growth
parameters of tomato seedlings.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE 5

often exists (Fan et al., 2013; Ghazanfari et al., 1996; Jayas et al., 2000; Kim
et al., 2000; Lorente et al., 2013; Sayyari et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2014). For
example, Sreekanth et al. (1998) predicted psychometric parameters using
different ANN models. Kaminski et al. (1998) used an ANN for data smooth-
ing and for predicting material moisture content and temperature.
Estimation of shelf-life and quality of fruits and vegetables with an elec-
tronic nose system is a very active area of research. The ANN technologies
for pattern detection may make electronic nose applications more powerful
for fruit quality analysis (Garcıa-Gonzalez and Aparicio, 2003; Huang et al.,
2007).
In another study, neural network models were used to predict the shelf-life
of greenhouse lettuce by Lin and Block (2009). Using two-stage ANN
models, an R2 of 0.61 could be achieved for predicting the remaining shelf-
life. This study indicated that neural network modeling has potential for cold
chain quality control and shelf-life prediction.

Genetic Algorithm
The performance of an ANN model depends strongly upon its structure.
Determination of the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer is
usually performed by trial and error method. GA optimization technique
can be used to overcome this inherent limitation of ANN (Figure 1). GAs are
search techniques for an optimal value, mimicking the mechanism of biolo-
gical evolution (Ramzi et al., 2015; Salehi et al., 2015; Sayyari et al., 2017). Liu
et al. (2007) optimized the ANN topology for predicting the moisture content
of grain during drying process using GA. The GA was used for selecting the

Figure 1. Genetic algorithm–artificial neural network model for prediction of calcium ascorbate
effects on the button mushroom.
6 F. SALEHI

suitable network architecture in determining the optimal number of nodes in

the hidden layer of the neural network. The number of neurons in the hidden
layer was optimized for six backpropagation neurons and 10 radial basis
function neurons using GA. Modeling test on the moisture content predic-
tion of grain drying process showed that the structural modular neural
network optimized using GA performed well and the accuracy of the pre-
dicted values is excellent.

Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy sets provide mathematical methods that can characterize the uncer-
tainty of human expression. The FL approach can model complex nonlinear
behavior of some systems under study (Davidson and Sun, 1998; Johansen
and Babuska, 2003; Lee and Kwon, 2007; Moghaddam et al., 2011).
FL was applied for sensory evaluation by panel test as well as the food
process and sensory-related quality control. The corresponding responses to
sensory attributes, such as appearance, taste, and firmness, were transformed
to the fuzzy sets and then manipulated according to fuzzy mathematics
(Moghaddam et al., 2011). Lu et al. (2006) applied an FL controller in
microwave-based Chinese herbs drying equipment. Good results were
obtained from matlab software simulations in the FL Toolbox. May et al.
(2011) developed two FL controllers to decrease operating times and cooling
energy generation for air-conditioning purposes of some buildings.
Simulation results showed promising results in achieving optimal operations
of the chilling system. Mansor et al. (2010) designed and applied the FL
control method for grain drying. Simulation results obtained proved to be
good in comparison with those obtained in literature in the areas of settling
time and steady-state error. Gómez-Melendez and López-Lambraño (2011)
developed an FL greenhouse fertigation control system based on a field-
programmable gate array. Their results from simulation and experiments
showed the simplicity of the design, the viability of its implementation, and
the low cost that the use of a fuzzy logic controller and field programmable
gate array system represents.

Adaptive Neurofuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

Fuzzy inference systems (FISs) and ANNs are model-free numerical estima-
tors. They share the ability to develop the predictive capability of a system
working in imprecise, uncertain, and noisy environments. FIS and ANN may
be combined into an integrated system described as ANFIS; the combined
system then has the benefits of both ANN (learning and optimization
abilities and connectionist organization) and FIS (humanlike if-then rules,
and ease of incorporating expert knowledge accessible in linguistic terms).
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE 7

The ANFIS model has the unique benefit that no clear relationship between
the input and output variables needs to exist before the model is applied
since the relationship is recognized through a self-learning procedure
(Bahram-Parvar et al., 2017; Becker and Karri, 2010; Ramzi et al., 2015;
Salehi and Razavi, 2016a; Sayyari et al., 2017).
Several efforts have been made to apply intelligent control to nonlinear
procedures. Takagi et al. (1990) developed a technique for tuning the fuzzy
control rules automatically, using neural networks. In this method, two
networks were used where one of the networks classified the present control
performance while the other simulated control performances against combi-
nations of fuzzy labels in the control rules. Karr and Gentry (1993) developed
an adaptive fuzzy controller that altered membership functions (MFs) opti-
mally using GA. It was applied to the pH control of a solution. Morimoto
et al. (1997) jointed some intelligent methods for optimization of the storage
process. ANN was used to identify the relationship between the relative
humidity and ventilation and GA was used to determine the MFs and control
rules efficiently during storage. GA due to its iterative nature affects the
controller response. Morimoto Kang and Hashimoto (1999) used two deci-
sion systems consisting of both GA and ANN to recognize and optimize the
storage process. The ANN identified the fruit responses as affected by the
relative humidity and the GA selected the optimal values of the MFs and
control rules. In both the cases, the controller adjusted only the storage
relative humidity using on–off control of the dampers and temperature was
not controlled. Kiralakis and Tsourveloudis (2005) compared FL and ANFIS
controller for monitoring of olive stones drying. They concluded that in
terms of stability and set-point tracking the ANFIS performed better than
the FL controller, but the fuzzy did better at higher initial moisture content.
FG Areed et al. (2012) developed a dynamic model for the rotary drying
plant and an ANFIS controller for the drying process and compared it with
an FL and proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers. Modeling
results proved that the ANFIS controller yielded the best dynamic perfor-
mance followed by the FL controller, in terms of rising time, settling time,
maximum overshoot, and steady-state error.

Orange
The advantages of machine vision systems (MVSs) in the food industry area
are to accomplish tasks related to visual quality control and/or remote
sensing to replace human inspectors in an adverse environment, reduce
inspection errors and/or increase efficiency. ANN is one of the best tools
for the pattern recognition of MVS purposes (Guyer and Yang, 2000; Huang
et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2000). Kanali et al. (1998) sorted eggplants and
8 F. SALEHI

oranges through 3D-shape recognition. Primary image features of eggplants

and oranges were acquired through an MVS chiefly consisting of neural
retina and data transfer and conversion units. Image features were com-
pressed with a charge-simulation method and then used as input vectors for
an ANN. Overall classification rate was 74–94% depending upon the extent
of the sample shape difference.
MVS-based quality evaluation of orange using ANN was studied by Kondo
et al. (2000). They predicted the sugar and acid content of orange from
images acquired. Red, Green and Blue (RGB) values and shape features were
extracted from the images, and then employed as input vectors for an ANN
trained with a Kalman filter learning model. While the image features did not
show a high correlation with sugar content or pH, the study reported the
feasibility of using this technique to evaluate the quality of orange fruits.

Cherry
Guyer and Yang (2000) used the GA-ANN and spectral imaging (680–1280
nm) for defect detection on cherries. An improved near-infrared (NIR) range
vidicon black and white camera (400–2,000 nm) was used to acquire cherry
images. Gray values from 16 wavelengths at each pixel were used as input
vectors for an enhanced genetic ANN to classify cherries. The average
prediction accuracy was 73% for identification and quantification of all
types of cherry defects. The total approach of combining spectral information
and GA-ANN classification methods with imaging capabilities has the pro-
mising potential for improving both the accuracy and the efficiency of
automated quality detection of vegetables and fruits.

Pomegranate
Pomegranate is a typical fruit from many subtropical and tropical coun-
tries. Pomegranate arils contain high concentration of organic acids, sugars,
polysaccharides, vitamins, essential minerals, and polyphenol and have
antioxidant properties (Al-Maiman and Ahmad, 2002).
ANFIS and genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA-ANN) models
(Figure 2) were used to predict the effect of storage time (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70,
and 84 days) and methyl jasmonate concentration (0, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) on
physiological changes and quality parameters of pomegranate fruits during
storage by Sayyari et al. (2017). Their results showed that GA-ANN predic-
tions agreed with experimental data and the GA-ANN with 14 neurons in
one hidden layer can predict physiological changes and quality parameters of
pomegranate (chilling injury index, weight loss, ion leakage, pH, ethylene,
anthocyanins, respiration, polyphenols, and total antioxidant activity) with
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE 9

Figure 2. Artificial neural network model for prediction of quality parameters of pomegranate
fruit.

correlation coefficients equal to 0.87. The ANFIS model with three Gaussian
type MFs for input variables (methyl jasmonate and time), 9 rules and linear
for output gives the best fitting with the experimental data that predict
quality parameters with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.92. However,
the ANFIS model performs was better than GA-ANN model and this method
was suggested to relevant postharvest storage projects with acceptable results.

Apple
Different ANN methods were investigated for bruise prediction in apple,
peach, and pear (Barreiro et al., 1997; Kavdır and Guyer, 2004). An ANN
with the textural features extracted from spatial distribution of color/gray
levels was used by Kavdır and Guyer (2004) to detect defects (bitter pit, leaf
roller, puncture, russet, and bruises) in apple. In another study, the ANN
model was used by ElMasry et al. (2009) to examine the ability of hyper-
spectral imaging (HI) and ANN methods for the finding of chilling injury in
red apples. Their experimental results confirmed that a spectral imaging
system linked with ANN can successfully distinguish between chilling-
injured apples and normal apples, in addition to sense firmness changes.
They reported that classification accuracy of above 90% was obtained with
the application of selected five optimal wavelengths.
10 F. SALEHI

Peach
Peaches in cold storage may develop chill damage, as symptomized by
deteriorated texture and lack of juice. To study peach quality, Pan et al.
(2016) established a HI system to detect cold injury, and an ANN model was
developed for which eight optimal wavelengths were selected. Between nor-
mal and chilling damaged peaches, significant differences in peach quality
parameters (firmness, soluble solid content, extractable juice, chlorophyll
content, and titratable acidity) and the spectral response to correlating
selected wavelengths were observed. Evidencing this relationship, the corre-
lation coefficients (r) between quality parameters and the respective spectral
response of eight selected wavelengths were −0.59 to −0.70, 0.39 to 0.55, 0.51
to 0.75, and 0.57 to 0.77. With optimal representative wavelengths as inputs
for the ANN model, the overall classification accuracy of chilling damage was
96% for all cold-stored peaches. The ANN prediction models for quality
parameters performed well, with r = 0.698 to r = 0.903.

Avocado
ANN and HI methods were used to model quality changes in avocados
during storage at different temperatures by Maftoonazad et al. (2011).
ANN models were used in two ways to develop models for predicting quality
parameters during storage. The optimal configuration of the neural network
model was obtained by varying the different model parameters. Results
showed the ANN models to be accurate and versatile, and they predicted
the quality changes in avocado fruits better than the usual regression models;
furthermore, the storage time–temperature-based ANN models were better
than the hyperspectra-based ANN models.

Button Mushroom
ANN was used to model the effect of calcium ascorbate on extending button
mushroom shelf-life by Sayyari et al. (2015). In order to predict the calcium
ascorbate effects on button mushroom shelf-life, multilayer perceptron
neural network with two inputs (calcium ascorbate concentration and shelf-
life time) and 14 outputs (weight loss, firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), pH,
L*, a*, b*, chroma, Hue angle, ΔE, browning index, vitamin C, total phenol,
and polyphenol oxidase activity) was used by researcher. Their results
showed that an ANN with eight neurons in a hidden layer and using sigmoid
function and levenberg–marquardt optimization technique and 40%-20%-
40% data for training/testing/validating process can well predict the effect of
calcium ascorbate on button mushroom shelf-life with correlation coefficient
equal to 0.91.Sensitivity analysis results showed that the shelf-life time was
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE 11

the most sensitive factor for prediction of button mushroom attributes

during postharvest storage.

Tomato
Low temperatures lead to numerous physiological disturbances in the cells of
chilling-sensitive plants and result in chilling injuries and death of tropical
and subtropical plants (Fagundes et al., 2014; Ghanbari et al., 2018). ANN
modeling was used for predicting chilling resistance of tomato seedlings
following imposing drought stress pretreatment with application 0%, 10%,
and 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) by Ghanbari et al. (2018). In order to
predict the chilling effects on tomato seedling attributes, multilayer percep-
tion neural network with two inputs (drought stress and chilling stress
effects) and eight outputs (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total phenol, relative
water content, root electrolyte lekage, F0, Fm, and proline) was used. Their
results showed that a network with seven neurons in a hidden layer and
using hyperbolic tangent function and Levenberg–Marquardt optimization
technique and 40%-20%-40% data for training/testing/validating process can
well predict drought stress effects on chilling resistance of tomato seedlings
with high correlation coefficient (r = 0.92). According to sensitivity analysis
results by an optimum neural network, the severity of PEG-induced drought
stress was an effective factor in predicting chilling resistance and growth
parameters of tomato seedlings. Hahn et al. (2004) analyzed visible and NIR
spectra with an ANN for finding of fungal rots in tomato fruits. They
reported that 96% of the polluted tomato were correctly detected.

Potato
Abdulquadri Oluwo et al. (2013) used ANN optimization model for a potato
storage system. The optimum model had a mean-squared error value of 0.831
and a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.735. The ANN was based
on the min-max method of normalization, and the network provided a better
representation of the storage process. The suggested model was useful in
simulation processes involving intelligent controllers. In another study,
Gottschalk et al. (2003) improved the climate control for potato during
storage using an FL controller supported by GA. The GA was used to fit
some parameters to the criteria to minimize the total storing cost.

Conclusion
The postharvest storage procedure is a highly nonlinear one involving mass and
heat transfer. ANN, GA, FL, and ANFIS are analytical alternatives to usual
modeling methods, which are frequently limited by strict assumptions of
12 F. SALEHI

normality, linearity, homogeneity, and variable independence. These models do

not require the previous knowledge of the relationship between the input and
output variables because they can discover the relationship through successive
training. Moreover, these models can predict several output variables at the same
time, which is difficult in general regression methods. The ANN, GA, FL, and
ANFIS models were used for detecting chilling injury; for storage process
modeling; for improving the climate control for stored products; for selection
of best wavelength features for slowdown detection in fruits and vegetables; to
detect defects such as bruises, russet, bitter pit, puncture, and leaf roller; for
respiration rate modeling; for predicting moisture content; for controlling dry-
ing process; and for detecting chilling injury. In addition, these models are
suitable for the classification of fruit and vegetable quality for different research
objectives and are suitable to be considered for evaluating the cold injury. In
summary, the ANFIS model performs better than other models, and this method
can be applied to relevant postharvest storage projects with satisfactory results.

ORCID
Fakhreddin Salehi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6653-860X

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