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From Werner’s theory, there might be seven types of chromic acid structures. Here
these are stated below:
CrCl3.H2O is a co-ordination complex where six water molecules are added as
secondary valency termed as co-ordination number and 3Cl is primary valency
The co-ordination complex acts as an atom. In Normal [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 complex 3Cl
is attached to chromium by primary valency and H2O is attached by secondary
valency. This complex is violet in color in the solution. But when heated the
solution turned into a green color solution. The 3Cl atoms can be precipitated by
AgNO3 and simultaneously the chrome complexes lose one of their positive
charge.
Violet Color
When heated we found two types of complexes as β-chromic chloride and γ-chromic
chloride respectively.
These 3 complexes are cationic in nature . Another 4 types of complexes are formed in
the presence of NaCl
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The last 3 complexes are anionic in nature . These seven types of complexes can
be represented using SO4 in stead of Cl also.
Normal salts of Chromium like CrCl3 or Cr2(SO4)3 have no tanning power. These
salts can be made of basic salt by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of these salts are given
below:
Olation: The attachment of a hydroxy (-OH) group with one chromium atom
with a primary valency and another Chromium atom with a secondary valency
(Cr-OH…..Cr) is called olation. In olation, the water group was eliminated and
a bigger molecular weight compound was produced. The mechanism of olation
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in 33.33% basic chrome chloride is stated below:
Olation combines two or more molecules of basic chrome compounds with one
another producing a bigger molecule. Olation is affected by heating increase in
basicity or concentration etc.
Again heat
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that there is no elimination of water in the polymerization compound to the
olation process. The reaction is stated below :
Polymerization
It has been assumed that the function of masking is to aid chrome penetration at
the start of tanning, by reducing the reactivity of the complexes. Although such
masking can in principle be achieved with any ligand capable of creating a
complex, in the case of chrome tanning the commonest practical masking agent
is formate, usually derived from the pickling formulation, but it may be added
after a sulfuric acid pickle or the masking reaction might be conducted prior to
the tanning reaction.
The principle of using a masking agent in chromium tanning is to control and
optimize the tanning process by regulating the concentration of chromium ions
in the tanning bath. The primary masking agent used in this process is sodium
formate (HCOONa), although other substances can also serve as masking
agents.
The key reactions in chromium tanning with a masking agent involve the
formation of stable and soluble complexes between the masking agent (sodium
formate) and the toxic, hexavalent chromium ions (Cr⁶⁺) in the tanning bath.
These complexes reduce the concentration of toxic chromium in the bath,
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making it safer for the tanning process and the environment. Here are the
reactions:
1. Hexavalent Chromium Reduction: In the presence of a reducing agent like
sodium formate, hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is reduced to trivalent chromium
(Cr³⁺): 2Cr⁶⁺ + 3HCOO⁻ + 3H₂O → 2Cr³⁺ + 6CO₂ + 3OH⁻
2. Formation of Chromium Formate Complex: The trivalent chromium ions
(Cr³⁺) then form stable complexes with formate ions (HCOO⁻): Cr³⁺ +
3HCOO⁻ → Cr(HCOO)₃
Masking changes any or all the properties of chrome liquor as well as leather.
I. Composition of chrome compound .
II. pH of the chrome liquor .
III. The electrical migration of chrome compound.
IV. The ability of the liquor to resist precipitation when alkali is added
V. Changes the chrome fixation by the collagen
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VI. Changes the shrinkage temperature and other quality like feel, fullness of the
leather etc.
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The processing time for the chrome tanning reaction itself is typically less than 24
hours. Chrome tanning confers high hydrothermal stability; a shrinkage temperature
of 110’C is easily attainable. Chrome tanning alters the structure of the collagen in
only a small way: the usual chrome content of fully tanned leather is 4% Cr2O3.
Chromium(III) can act as a mordant (fixing agent for dyes) and its pale color allows
bright deep and pastel shades (even though the base color of the leather is pale blue).
The chrome tanning reaction is the creation of covalent complexes between collagen
carboxyl groups, specifically the ionized carboxylate groups and the chromium(III)
molecular ions. In this way, the reaction is no different from making any other
carboxylate complex, such as acetate or oxalate, although tanners tend to think of the
reaction as the fixation of chrome onto collagen.
The trivalent chromium ions (Cr³⁺) react with the collagen, which is the primary
structural protein in the hide or skin. This reaction forms stable and insoluble
complexes between the chromium ions and the collagen fibers. The reaction can be
represented as follows:
Cr³⁺ + Collagen → Complexed Collagen-Chromium
The complex collagen-chromium structures create stable cross-links within the
collagen fibers, effectively "tanning" the hide or skin. These cross-links make the
leather more resistant to microbial attack, decay, and enzymatic degradation.
Rechroming: The process begins by rechroming the prepared hides or skins with a
tanning solution containing trivalent chromium. During this step, hexavalent
chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is typically reduced to trivalent chromium (Cr³⁺) through the
addition of a reducing agent, such as sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite.
2Cr⁶⁺ + 3SO₃²⁻ + 3H₂O → 2Cr³⁺ + 3SO₄²⁻ + 6H⁺
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that pH, when the collagen is unreactive, the system is basified to pH 4, with alkalis
such as NaOH or Na2CO3 to fix the chrome to the collagen.
Cr2(SO4)3•K2SO4•241-120 Na2CO3 = 2Cr(OH)SO4 +Na2S04+ K2SO4+ CO2+
23H2O
In actual practice, the liquor is made according to the following recipe
•Chrome alum : Hot water = 1:5 is taken in a wooden vat
•Required content of soda ash dissolved in water in a ratio 1:10
•Then dissolved soda ash was added slowly to the chrome alum solution while stirring
thoroughly.
Chrome alum 100 parts
Soda ash 10.6 parts
Total water 600 parts
References:
Antony D. Covington -Tanning Chemistry: The Science of Leather
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Dutta S.S. – An Introduction to the Principle of Leather Manufacture
https://www.scribd.com/document/438859582/Chrome-tanning-LE-1-Compatibility-Mode
https://chat.openai.com
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