ARTICLE

Towards the optimization of nanofiber morphology with various

types of polymer solutions
Received 00th January 20xx,
Accepted 00th January 20xx
Aji Insan Kamil* and Muhammad Miftahul Munir

DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
Nanofiber is widely used in many field including tissue engineering, medical and biomedical applications, water filtration,
and air filtration. One technique that is versatile and commonly used to fabricate nanofiber is electrospinning which
employed high applied voltage to form nanofiber. Although relatively practical, the electrospinning process is complex
enough due to the various involved variables. This study attempts to investigate the parameters affecting the morphology
of the produced nanofiber, especially the fiber diameter. Widely known process parameters (flow rate and electric
current) were investigated using various types of polymer solutions namely polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitril butadiene
styrene (ABS), and poly(lactic) acid (PLA). Moreover, the solution parameter (viscosity) was also observed to study its
effect. Viscosity (η), flow rate (Q), and electric current (I) were found to have notable roles in the fiber diameter
determination. The relation of fiber diameter (df) and the Q/I for different polymer solutions followed a power law with
the value of 0.535, 0.066, and 0.440 for PAN, ABS, and PLA, respectively. In addition, the dependence of fiber diameter on
the viscosity shifted the power scale of PLA solution with different viscosities

1. INTRODUCTION voltage, and solvent evaporation rate [37–39,41,42]. The viscosity

Nanofiber is one of the nanomaterial classes that has unique
properties such as a high surface area to volume ratio, small pore
diameter, excellent mechanical properties, and controllable
properties [1]. In recent years, there are a lot of works that
reported nanofiber’s applications in many fields including tissue
engineering [2], composite fibers [3–6], medical and biomedical
applications [7–9], water filtration [10–15], and air filtration [16–
23].
Several techniques have been employed to produce nanofiber
including template synthesis [24–26], phase separation assembly
[27,28], electrospinning [26,29,30], solution blow spinning [23,31–
33], and rotary force spinning [21,34,35]. Among these various
available nanofiber production techniques, the electrospinning
technique might be the simplest, most reliable, most versatile, and
the easiest method that can be used to control the morphology of
the nanofiber ([36–39]. It can also produce nanofiber from various
types of materials such as polymer, composites, semiconductors,
and ceramics [40].
The electrospinning techniques employed the high applied voltage
to form nanofiber from the continuously stretched liquid jet with
the help of surface charge and solvent evaporation [1,37]. The
morphology of the electrospun fiber, especially the fiber diameter,
varies from nanometer to micrometer, depending on several
parameters: viscosity, conductivity, flow rate, jet current, applied
and conductivity, which is the solution parameters, are normally
specified prior to the electrospinning process, while the
environmental conditions are set to lessen the solvent evaporation
rate discrepancy. Hence, only process parameters (flow rate, jet
current, and applied voltage) can be controlled to modify the
morphology of fiber during the electrospinning process.
To predict and control the electrospun fiber diameter in a certain
condition, the solution and process parameters should be
considered. Several studies have been done to investigate the
relationship between the above-mentioned parameters and the
electrospun fiber diameter. However, neither the theoretical nor
empirical model gives a universal model for various polymers.
This study attempts to investigate the solution and parameter
process and their effect on the fiber diameter. The investigation
was conducted to obtain a more universal model and represent the
fiber diameter prediction model for various types of polymers.
polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and
poly(lactic) acid (PLA) were used to make the precursor solution in
different concentrations to vary the solution parameter. The
electrospinning technique was employed with the current
measurement system to monitor the process parameter. Scaling
laws related to the solution and process parameters and their effect
on the fiber diameter were explained. Finally, some insights
regarding the future works and applications were also discussed.

Physics of Instrumentation and Computation Research Division, Institut Teknologi

Bandung, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
* Corresponding author: aikamil@yahoo.com
Postal address: Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa No 10, Bandung 40132,
Indonesia
2. METHODS
2.1. Materials
The solution of PAN, ABS, and PLA was used as precursors of fiber
fabrication. The ABS of waste 3D print filament was cut before it
dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) with the concentrations of
Figure 1. The schematic and setup system used to obtain electrospun nanofiber. A 10 MΩ resistor and a multimeter were employed to collect and monitor
the current during the electrospinning process.
32, 35, and 37 wt%, while the PLA was dissolved in the mixture of
DMF:THF (1:1) with the concentrations of 12, 13, and 14 wt%. PAN
powder was dissolved in DMF with a concentration of 12 wt%. The
different concentrations of the precursor solution were made to
obtain different viscosity. The viscosities of the corresponding
precursor were measured using an Ostwald viscometer.
The solution was stirred at 200 rpm using a magnetic stirrer for 2
hours for PAN and ABS and 3 hours for PLA at 50 °C until the
polymers dissolved completely. Furthermore, all the precursor
solutions were placed at room temperature for 1 hour before being
used for synthesis or being measured. All reagents were used
without further purification.
2.2. Electrospinning Technique
A schematic of the CAAI 2601 electrospinning system (CAAI 2601,
Center of Aerosol and Analytical Instrumentation (CAAI), Bandung,
Indonesia) for the preparation of fibrous filter membranes is shown
in Fig. 1 as used in other studies [8,9,12]. Here we added a 10 MΩ
resistor connected to a voltage meter (Fluke 45 Dual Display
Multimeter, Fluke Corporation, Washington, United State of
America) to measure the jet current. The polymer precursor was
placed into a 1 mL syringe and the solution feeding rate was
controlled by a syringe pump. A 22G stainless steel needle was
connected to a high voltage source. The polymer nanofibers were
deposited on the moving and rotating cylinder collector, which was
positioned at 10 cm (the working distance, WD) from the tip of the
needle for all experiments. A camera was used to observe the cone-
jet form in the electrospinning process during the experiment. An
optical microscope (XSZ-107, People’s Republic of China) was
employed to observe the morphologies of the fabricated nanofiber
membranes, and the fiber diameter distribution was obtained using
ImageZ -an open-source software.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The Stability of Electric Current in Electrospinning Process
The current stability performance of the electrospinning system
used in this study is shown in Fig. 2a-c for PAN 12 wt%, ABS 35 wt%,
and PLA 12 wt%, respectively. The electrospinning conditions were
set in flowrate of 12 uL min-1, 10 cm WD, and relative humidity of
45%. As can be inferred from Fig. 2, the electric current measured
during the electrospinning process was relatively constant. This
constant current resulted in the fiber with a homogenous diameter
as reported by Munir et al. [36,37]. The homogenous fiber diameter
would be beneficial for future applications of the fabricated fiber
membranes.
The previous studies have confirmed that the electric current
influenced the stability of the cone jet [36,38,43–46]. Fridrikh et al.
[38] have introduced empirically the model to predict fiber
diameter by controlling the electric current and flow rate in the
electrospinning process. However, they did not provide the
constant current process in their study. Munir et al. [36,43] have
been developed firstly the current-controlled electrospinning
system, which equipped with current measurement in real-time.
They reported that a very uniform fiber diameter was successfully
obtained on the polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl acetate
(PVAc). Nonetheless, the application of this constant electric
current on the other polymers has not been reported.
Figure 2. The current stability during electrospinning process for (a) PAN 12 wt% solution, (b) ABS 35 wt% solution, and (c) PLA 12 wt% solution. The
experiments were conducted at flow rate of 12 μL min-1, working distance of 10 cm, and 45% relative humidity.

where γ is the liquid jet surface tension, ε is the dielectric

3.2. Electrospun Fiber
The fiber formation with a size ranging from nanometer to
micrometer occurred on the tip of the jet cone during the
electrospinning process. The jet thinning was due to the solvent
evaporation in the solution. During this thinning process, the shape
of the fiber jet will be straight and stable until it reaches a certain
point. At that point, the whipping instability occurred, and it was
called the terminal jet diameter (ht). According to Fidrikh et al. [38],
the size of the terminal jet diameter will be proportional to the fiber
diameter that reached the collector. The terminal jet diameter
equation is described as follows:
permittivity of air, Q is the flow rate, I is the jet current, R is the
diameter of curvature and h is the jet diameter.
Based on several studies, the relationship between the terminal jet
diameter, ht, and the fiber diameter, df, is described by the
following equation
d f =  ht (3)
where df is fiber diameter and α is an evaporation constant that
depends on solution properties and environment parameters.

1/3 We fabricated nanofibers with different polymers to investigate the

 2 Q2 
ht =  2 
(1) slope of their regression curve. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the slope of
  ( 2 ln  − 3) I  PAN 12 wt% regression curve was 0.535, ABS 35 wt% was 0.066,
and PLA 12% was 0.440. The slope of the regression curve obtained
and can be simplified as: in this study is different from the theoretical model, it might be due
to the different polymer properties of the polymer used in this
2/3 study and the ones used to obtain the model. Munir et al [36] The
Q
ht    (2) difference was due to the different polymers that have distinct
I  properties. As shown in this study, the process parameters were
not enough to predict the various polymer solutions. Therefore, in
the following section, we will investigate another parameter that is
included in the solution parameter.
Figure 3. The median fiber diameter as a function of Q/I (the inverse of volume charge density) for various polymer solutions.
has reported the slope of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) regression curve
was 0.873 and was obtained at 80 nA current and variated flowrate.
3.3 The Effect of Viscosity
One of the solution parameters that has been reported to have an
influence on the fiber diameter is the solution’s viscosity
[39,41,42,47]. Stepanyan et al. [42] predicted that other than the
dependency on the Q/I, the electrospun fiber diameter was also
affected by the solution’s viscosity and the solvent evaporation
rate. They claimed that the fiber diameter was also dependent on
the solution’s viscosity, which has a power scale of 0.333 and was
validated with their experimental data and data from the available
literature. Other researchers such as Wang et al. [48] explained
further the scaling laws and power laws with a power scale of 0.25
– 0.8 for viscosity, 0.23 – 0.66 for flow rate, and -0.5 – 0.5 for the
applied voltage. Those parameters were reviewed and evaluated by
Schubert [47] that proposed a novel theorem about parameters
that affect the electrospun fiber diameter. He claimed that it will be
better to analyze the following relation
𝑑𝑓
~𝜂 (4)
√𝑐
to determine the effect of viscosity since there is direct dependence
on the solution’s concentration [42]. Furthermore, Schubert et al.
[39] provided the experimental evidence for the Eq. 4 by varying
the concentration and viscosity of polycaprolactone (PCL) that
producing a power scale of 0.46 for 𝑑𝑓 ~𝜂 relation, and 0.333 for
𝑑𝑓
~ 𝜂 relation.
√𝑐
In this study, we vary the PLA concentration to obtain diverse
viscosities. The result of the viscosity variation was depicted in Fig.
4. As can be seen from Fig. 4a, the diameter distribution differs
from one to another viscosity value. It is certain that the fiber
diameter was dependent on the viscosity. We then applied the
power scale of 0.333 and 0.466 on the viscosity as obtained by
Stepanyan et al. [42] and Schubert et al. [39]; the result is shown in
Fig. 4b and c, respectively. Although we have added the solution
viscosity to the relation, we still did not get a universal model since
the new distribution in Fig. 4b and c is still not good enough with R-
squared of 0.779 and 0.742, respectively. Also, the slopes of the
new distribution are 0.185 and 0.152. Hence, it is still needed to
analyze other solution parameters.
Figure 4. (a) The median fiber diameter as a function of Q/I for different viscosity from PLA solutions. To study the relation between viscosity and fiber
diameter, we add the viscosity to the function with the viscosity power scale of (a) 1/3 and (b) 0.466 as obtained in the literature.
3.4 Future Works and Applications
A number of researchers have been conducted a detailed
investigation to study the effects of certain parameters on the
electrospun fiber diameter [38,39,41–43,47,49–51]. According to
experimental studies reported in the literature, solution’s viscosity,
flow rate, and applied voltage can be considered the most
influential parameters [41], although several researchers said that
the current has more impact than the applied voltage [38,43,49].
Other parameters such as conductivity and surface tension of the
solution also have an effect on the fiber diameter [52] . While the
effect of flow rate, current, and viscosity has been discussed above,
the effect of conductivity has not been observed any further.
There are few studies that discussed about the effect of
conductivity independently. Zhang et al. [53] found that the
increment of conductivity resulted in the decrement of fiber
diameter, while Kim et al. [54] and Mit-uppatham et al. [50]
reported an opposite trend. On the other side, Gadkari [41]
attempted to derive the relation between fiber diameter with major
process parameters and proposed the following relation
1⁄
𝜂𝑄𝐾0.2 𝐿2 2
𝑑𝑓 ~ [ ] (5)
Δ𝑉 2
where K is conductivity, L is the distance between needle tip and
the collector, and ΔV is the applied voltage. It means, Gadkari [41]
said that the conductivity has a power law relation with the fiber
diameter with power scale of 0.1. Based on these literatures, this
study can be furtherly works on detail investigation towards the
effect of conductivity and by doing so, hopefully, a universal
empirical scaling model of the electrospun fiber diameter for
various types of polymers can be obtained.
The universal electrospinning scaling law model would become a
great advantage, especially in the electrospun fiber application. In
air filter application, nanofiber was used since it can produce a filter
membrane with high filtration efficiency and relatively low pressure
drop [4,19,22,55,56]. It was due to the unique properties
mentioned before. However, to date, nanofiber-based-air-filter
quality improvement is still a challenge. According to the filtration
theory, a thinner fiber diameter will exhibit a better filtration
efficiency than a bigger fiber. Unfortunately, the thinner fiber
diameter membrane intent to produce a high pressure drop, while
the quality factor of an air filter is dependent on the filtration
efficiency and the pressure drop. Therefore, in air filter
improvement, gaining a thinner fiber diameter or thicker filter
membrane was not always favorable. Hence, we need another way
to improve the quality of nanofiber-based air filter membranes.
Several works has been reported other methods to optimized the
air filter quality using electrospinning. Yun, et al. [57] synthesized a
nanofiber/particle composite membrane using electrospinning.
Zhang, et al. [58] fabricated a sandwich structure membrane to
obtain a high quality factor. This sandwich structure was also
developed by Wang et al. [59] who combined different fiber shape
and also Yang et al. [60] who fabricated nano-net/beaded-fiber to
produce a high quality filter membrane. This kind of optimization
will demand a scaling law to modify the electrospun fiber.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Nanofibers made from various polymers: PAN, ABS, and PLA, have
been fabricated using electrospinning. The flow rate and measured
current variation during electrospinning have been observed to
study their effect on the fiber diameter. The average fiber diameter
distributions in various Q/I values for different solutions have
different patterns. The power scale of PAN 12 wt% was 0.535, ABS
35 wt% was 0.066, and PLA 12 wt% was 0.440. The discrepancy was
due to the diverse solution properties of every different polymer,
which was also observed in the literature.
To analyze other parameters, we varied the solution concentration
of PLA to obtain different viscosity. From the result, it can be said
that the viscosity also influences the electrospun fiber diameter since
it shifted the median fiber diameter distribution. However, the
combination of viscosity and ratio of flow rate and current (Q/I) was
not enough to obtain a universal empirical model.
In summary, this experimental work results follow the process and
solution parameters models on the electrospun fiber diameter.
Nonetheless, a systematic variation of viscosity, conductivity, and
other parameters is still wide open for further investigation.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A.I.K. would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Research, and Technology, the Republic of Indonesia for the
provision of a master leading to doctoral scholarship (PMDSU).
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