The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management tool that provides a visual representation of a

business's key components and how they interact to create value. It is a one-page framework that helps
entrepreneurs and managers define, analyze, and design their business models. The canvas consists of
nine essential building blocks:

1. Example : Food Delivery Service:

 Customer Segments: Hungry customers seeking meal delivery.

 Value Proposition: Convenient food delivery from a variety of restaurants, with quick
service and real-time tracking.

 Channels: Mobile app, website, delivery fleet.

 Customer Relationships: Mobile app experience, customer support hotline.

 Revenue Streams: Delivery fees, restaurant partnerships, advertising.

 Key Activities: Order management, delivery logistics, quality control.

 Key Resources: Delivery drivers, mobile app, restaurant partnerships.

 Key Partnerships: Restaurants, payment processors, local suppliers.

 Cost Structure: Driver salaries or commissions, marketing expenses, app maintenance.

Payment gateways are a merchant service that processes credit card payments for both ecommerce sites
and traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
E.g :Stripe-Pay-Pal-Braintree-2Checkout-Square-Skrill-Adyen-WePay-Apple Pay

 PayPal: PayPal is one of the most popular redirect payment gateways that is equipped with a robust anti-
fraud team. With currency and cart compatibility, merchants also choose PayPal for its versatility.
 Apple Pay: Apple Pay payments are processed through a compatible credit card. Many brick-and-mortar
merchants use Apple Pay for its ease of use.

Open Loop System

A Control System which doesn’t have any feedback connected to it is called as Open Loop System. These types of
systems don’t depend upon its output i.e., in open loop systems, output is not used as a control variable for the
system and it has no effect on the input.
Open Loop System Applications
We use open loop control systems in many applications of our day-to-day lives. Some of the popular systems,
which are designed based on the concept of open loop control systems, are mentioned below:
 Washing Machine
 Electric Bulb
 Electric Hand Drier
 Time based Bread Toaster
 Automatic Water Faucet
 TV Remote Control
 Electric Clothes Drier
 Shades or Blinds on a window
 Stepper Motor or Servo Motor
 Inkjet Printers
 Door Lock System
 Traffic Control System

Traffic Control System

Most automated Traffic Control Systems are time-based open loop control systems i.e., each signal is
allotted with a specific time slot during which it operates irrespective of the amount of traffic.

Washing Machine : Another example of an Open Loop Control System which we use in our daily
lives is a Washing Machine. The operations of soaking, washing, rinsing and drying are time based
and do not depend on the cleanliness of the clothes or if the clothes are dry or not.

What is a closed loop control system?

A closed loop control system is a mechanical or electronic device that automatically regulates a system
to maintain a desired state or set point without human interaction. It uses a feedback system or sensor.
Closed loop control is contrasted with open loop control, where there is no self-regulating mechanism
and human interaction is typically required.

A simple example of a closed loop control system is a home thermostat. The thermostat can send a
signal to the heater to turn it on or off. It uses a temperature sensor to detect the current air
temperature. When the temperature is below the set point, it turns the heater on.
 Inverter AC
The inverter air conditioner uses an inverter for controlling the compressor speed. Sensors
measure the ambient air temperature and then adjust compressor to the required level.

NFT
NFT stands for 'non-fungible token'. Non-fungible means that something is unique and can't be
replaced. By contrast, physical money and cryptocurrencies are fungible, which means they can
be traded or exchanged for one another.

What are examples of NFTs?

Collectibles: Bored Ape Yacht Club, Crypto Punks, and Pudgy Panda are some
examples of NFTs in this category. Domain names: NFTs that represent ownership of
domain names for your website(s) Music: Artists can tokenize their music, granting
buyers the rights the artist wants them to have.
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) refers to a wireless system comprised of two
components: tags and readers. The reader is a device that has one or more antennas that emit
radio waves and receive signals back from the RFID tag.

Example. Amusement parks: No-swipe ticket passes

Disney recently integrated RFID technology into their tickets, in a bid to improve their customer’s
theme-park experience, by eliminating the need for scanning and swiping in ride lines, which in turn
reduced wait times and lowered staffing costs. The RFID-enabled tickets also provided the park
operators with a rich source of information, by tracking the movements of thrill-seekers throughout the
grounds.
NFC
Near-field communication is a set of communication protocols that enables communication
between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm or less. NFC offers a low-speed
connection through a simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless
connections.

Examples of NFC
 mobile payments, such as Apple Pay and Google Pay;
 transit card payments;
 ticket redemption at a concert or theater;
 access authentication for doors or offices;
 unlocking car doors or rental scooters;
 venue or location check-in to alert friends on social media.

Blockchain
Blockchains store information on monetary transactions using cryptocurrencies, but they also
store other types of information, such as product tracking and other data. For example, food
products can be tracked from the moment they are shipped out, all throughout their journey, and
up until final delivery.

1. Cryptocurrencies: The most well-known example of blockchain technology is its use in

cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Blockchain provides a decentralized,
transparent, and secure system for recording and verifying transactions, enabling peer-to-
peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks.

Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual form of currency that uses cryptography for secure financial
transactions, control the creation of new units, and verify the transfer of assets. Here are some
examples of cryptocurrencies:
1. Bitcoin (BTC): Bitcoin is the first and most well-known cryptocurrency. It was introduced in 2009
by an anonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin operates on a
decentralized peer-to-peer network and has gained significant popularity and acceptance.
2. Ripple (XRP): Ripple is both a cryptocurrency and a payment protocol that facilitates fast
and low-cost international money transfers. Ripple's cryptocurrency, XRP, is used as a
bridge currency to facilitate these transactions.

3. Binance Coin (BNB): Binance Coin is the native cryptocurrency of the Binance exchange,
one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges globally. It can be used to pay for
transaction fees on the Binance platform and participate in token sales on the Binance
Launchpad.
PORTER FIVE FORCES Value chain
Porter's Five Forces: Porter's Five Forces is a framework used to analyze the competitive forces
within an industry that shape an organization's strategy. It helps identify the attractiveness and
profitability of an industry by examining five key forces:

 Threat of New Entrants: The ease with which new competitors can enter the market.

 Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The ability of suppliers to influence pricing and terms.

 Bargaining Power of Buyers: The ability of customers to influence pricing and terms.

 Threat of Substitute Products or Services: The availability of alternative products or services.

 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry: The degree of competition among existing firms in the industry.

Example: Let's consider the airline industry. The threat of new entrants may be relatively low due to high
capital requirements and government regulations. However, the bargaining power of suppliers, such as
aircraft manufacturers or fuel providers, can significantly impact airline companies. The bargaining
power of buyers can also be substantial, as customers have the ability to compare prices and switch
airlines easily. The threat of substitutes exists, as customers may choose other modes of transportation.
Finally, the intensity of competitive rivalry is high, with airlines fiercely competing for market share.