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6) Herbert Spencer believed the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survive while the weak and "less
fit" would die, thus improving society, in a master plan that he called "survival of the fittest."
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
7) Karl Marx thought of himself as a classical sociologist, a label that greatly influenced his theories on class conflict.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
8) Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explain different rates of suicide
within different European nations.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
9) According to Max Weber, the "sign" Calvinists looked for as an indication they were saved was their successful
investment in capital.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
10) Because of their training and expertise, sociologists often stress their personal values in their research.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.4 Summarize the opposing arguments in the debate about values in sociological research.
Topic/A-head: Values in Sociological Research
11) How people interpret their situation in life, how they view what they are doing, and how they perceive what is happening
to them, is referred to as their objective meaning of life.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.5 State what Verstehen is and why it is valuable.
Topic/A-head: Verstehen and Social Facts
12) In the early 20th century, the University of Chicago dominated the field of sociology.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social
reform.
Topic/A-head: Sociology in North America
13) Frances Perkins, a sociologist, won the Nobel Prize for her work with the homeless in Hull-House.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social
reform.
Topic/A-head: Sociology in North America
14) Despite her acclaimed research on social life, until recently Harriet Martineau was best known for translating Comte's
works on sociology into English.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16-17
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social
reform.
Topic/A-head: Sociology in North America
15) Booker T. Washington was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social
reform.
Topic/A-head: Sociology in North America
16) C. Wright Mills urged American sociologists to concentrate on social reform, developing the concept of the power elite to
illustrate how top leaders of business, politics, and the military were an imminent threat to American freedom.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
LO: 1.6 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social
reform.
Topic/A-head: Sociology in North America
17) According to the principles of symbolic interactionism, symbols not only allow relationships to exist, they also allow
society to exist.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
LO: 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory.
Topic/A-head: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
18) Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how industrialization and urbanization have undermined the
traditional functions of the family.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25-26
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
LO: 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory.
Topic/A-head: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
19) Sociologist Lewis Coser pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.7 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory.
Topic/A-head: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
20) Sociologists have always agreed that the most important goal of sociology is to generate social change.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.8 Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology.
Topic/A-head: Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology
1.2 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by
placing it within its broader social context is called ________.
A) the sociological perspective (or imagination)
B) social location
C) social integration
D) the social imperative
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective.
Topic/A-head: The Sociological Perspective
2) Which of the following elements did C. Wright Mills attribute as being the one that sociologists would use to explain
individual behavior?
A) common sense
B) instinct
C) external influence
D) inherited ability
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective.
Topic/A-head: The Sociological Perspective
3) When sociologists’ group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are
trying to determine ________.
A) social network
B) social location
C) social personality
D) social skills
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
LO: 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective.
Topic/A-head: The Sociological Perspective
4) The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people’s lives, particularly how people are
influenced by ________.
A) random chance events
B) geographical location
C) inherited genetic structure
D) society
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective.
Topic/A-head: The Sociological Perspective
5) The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological
imagination was ________.
A) Talcott Parsons
B) Herbert Spencer
C) C. Wright Mills
D) Emile Durkheim
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 3
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective.
Topic/A-head: The Sociological Perspective
6) Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science?
A) biology
B) economics
C) political science
D) cultural anthropology
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
LO: 1.2 Know the focus of each social science.
Topic/A-head: Sociology and the Other Sciences
7) The social science discipline that concentrates on the study of artifacts, social structure, ideas, values, and forms of
communication is ________.
A) political science
B) social physics
C) anthropology
D) psychology
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
LO: 1.2 Know the focus of each social science.
Topic/A-head: Sociology and the Other Sciences
9) The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Auguste Comte
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
10) What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists?
A) the commutation process
B) common sense
C) the scientific method
D) research analysis
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8
Skill Level: Know the Facts
LO: 1.3 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber.
Topic/A-head: Origins of Sociology
11) What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested
in what holds society together?
A) the discovery of the New World
B) the Spanish Inquisition
C) the Russian Revolution
D) the French Revolution
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ordinances of any State, and on which there is no white male adult
not liable to military service, and in States having no such law, one
person, as agent, owner, or overseer on such plantation of twenty
negroes, and on which there is no white male adult not liable to
military service;’ and also the following clause in said act, to wit: ‘and
furthermore, for additional police of every twenty negroes, on two or
more plantations, within five miles of each other, and each having
less than twenty negroes, and on which there is no white male adult
not liable to military duty, one person, being the oldest of the owners
or overseers on such plantations,’ be and the same are hereby
repealed; and the persons so hitherto exempted by said clauses of
said act are hereby made subject to military duty in the same manner
that they would be had said clauses never been embraced in said
act.”
After the President had issued his first call, Douglas saw the
danger to which the Capitol was exposed, and he promptly called
upon Lincoln to express his full approval of the call. Knowing his
political value and that of his following Lincoln asked him to dictate
a despatch to the Associated Press, which he did in these words, the
original being left in the possession of Hon. George Ashmun of
Massachusetts:
“April 18, 1861, Senator Douglas, called on the President, and had
an interesting conversation, on the present condition of the country.
The substance of it was, on the part of Mr. Douglas, that while he was
unalterably opposed to the administration in all its political issues,
he was prepared to fully sustain the President, in the exercise of all
his Constitutional functions, to preserve the Union, maintain the
Government, and defend the Federal Capitol. A firm policy and
prompt action was necessary. The Capitol was in danger, and must
be defended at all hazards, and at any expense of men and money.
He spoke of the present and future, without any reference to the
past.”
Douglas followed this with a great speech at Chicago, in which he
uttered a sentence that was soon quoted on nearly every Northern
tongue. It was simply this, “that there now could be but two parties,
patriots and traitors.” It needed nothing more to rally the Douglas
Democrats by the side of the Administration, and in the general
feeling of patriotism awakened not only this class of Democrats, but
many Northern supporters of Breckinridge also enlisted in the Union
armies. The leaders who stood aloof and gave their sympathies to the
South, were stigmatized as “Copperheads,” and these where they
were so impudent as to give expression to their hostility, were as
odious to the mass of Northerners as the Unionists of Tennessee and
North Carolina were to the Secessionists—with this difference—that
the latter were compelled to seek refuge in their mountains, while the
Northern leader who sought to give “aid and comfort to the enemy”
was either placed under arrest by the government or proscribed
politically by his neighbors. Civil war is ever thus. Let us now pass to
The first session of the 37th Congress began July 4, 1861, and
closed Aug. 6. The second began December 2, 1861, and closed July
17, 1862. The third began December 1, 1862 and closed March 4,
1863.
All of these sessions of Congress were really embarrassed by the
number of volunteers offering from the North, and sufficiently rapid
provision could not be made for them. And as illustrative of how
political lines had been broken, it need only be remarked that
Benjamin F. Butler, the leader of the Northern wing of Breckinridge’s
supporters, was commissioned as the first commander of the forces
which Massachusetts sent to the field. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio
—the great West—all the States, more than met all early
requirements. So rapid were enlistments that no song was as popular
as that beginning with the lines:
“We are coming, Father Abraham,
Six hundred thousand strong.”
The first session of the 37th Congress was a special one, called by
the President. McPherson, in his classification of the membership,
shows the changes in a body made historic, if such a thing can be, not
only by its membership present, but that which had gone or made
itself subject to expulsion by siding with the Confederacy. We quote
the list so concisely and correctly presented:
SENATORS.
REPRESENTATIVES.
MEMORANDUM OF CHANGES.
IN SENATE.
IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMPENSATED EMANCIPATION
To the President:
Slaves.
Kentucky had 225,490
Maryland 87,188
Virginia 490,887
Delaware 1,798
Missouri 114,965
Tennessee 275,784
C. A. Wickliffe, Ch’n,
Garrett Davis,
R. Wilson,
J. J. Crittenden,
John S. Carlile,
J. W. Crisfield,
J. S. Jackson,
H. Grider,
John S. Phelps,
Francis Thomas,
Chas. B. Calvert,
C. L. Leary,
Edwin H. Webster,
R. Mallory,
Aaron Harding,
James S. Rollins,
J. W. Menzies,
Thomas L. Price,
G. W. Dunlap,
Wm. A. Hall.
Others of the minority, among them Senator Henderson and
Horace Maynard, forwarded separate replies, but all rejecting the
idea of compensated emancipation. Still Lincoln adhered to and
advocated it in his recent annual message sent to Congress, Dec. 1,
1862, from which we take the following paragraphs, which are in
themselves at once curious and interesting:
“We have two million nine hundred and sixty-three thousand
square miles. Europe has three million and eight hundred thousand,
with a population averaging seventy-three and one-third persons to
the square mile. Why may not our country, at some time, average as
many? Is it less fertile? Has it more waste surface, by mountains,
rivers, lakes, deserts, or other causes? Is it inferior to Europe in any
natural advantage? If, then, we are at some time to be as populous as
Europe, how soon? As to when this may be, we can judge by the past
and the present; as to when it will be, if ever, depends much on
whether we maintain the Union. Several of our States are already
above the average of Europe—seventy-three and a third to the square
mile. Massachusetts has 157; Rhode Island, 133; Connecticut, 99;
New York and New Jersey, each, 80. Also two other great states,
Pennsylvania and Ohio, are not far below, the former having 63 and
the latter 59. The states already above the European average, except
New York, have increased in as rapid a ratio, since passing that
point, as ever before; while no one of them is equal to some other
parts of our country in natural capacity for sustaining a dense
population.
“Taking the nation in the aggregate, and we find its population and
ratio of increase, for the several decennial periods, to be as follows:
1870 42,323,341
1880 56,967,216
1890 76,677,872
1900 103,208,415
1910 138,918,526
1920 186,984,335
1930 251,680,914