ASSIGNMENT COORDINATION CHEMISTRY, STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS Course Code: BCHCT-137 Assignment Code: BCHCT-137/TMA/2023 ‘Maximum Marks: 100 ‘Note: Attempt all questions. The marks for cach question are indicated apainst it. 10 u 2 3 14 1s PART A: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY 4) In potassium which of the two orbitals 3d and 4s has higher energy? Give reasons. 'b) Why are high oxidation states stable when we move from the second to the third row ofthe transition series? In (Ni(H.0),}* the observed magnetic moment is higher than the spin-only value ‘explain the reason. Why do the colours arse in anthanoid ions and why are the colours pale? ‘What is the definition of a complex? Determine the coordination number and the ‘oxidation state of the transition metal ion in the [Co(NH,}]”” complex. ‘What will be the names of the following ligands when they are present in a complex entity: CN’, 0°, Me:As’, (CH,COCHCOCH,), and H.0. What are the different types of structural isomerism? Give example of any one of them. Explain the structure of [MaCl,}” with the help of valence bond theory. Predict the geometry of the Ni(CO), complex showing their hybridized orbitals Caleulate the erystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) of an octahedral complex with four electrons in the d orbitals. ‘Calculate the spin-only magnetic moment for low-spin octahedral complex of d’ and d* ions. PART B: STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS State postulates of kinetic theory of gases and derive the equation: py Lava? na’ Define mean free path of a molecule. Calculate the mean free path of oxygen molecule at 300 K and 1.013 x 10° Pa. The collision diameter for the molecule is 120 x 10" m. ‘What are critical constants? Derive the relationships between the critical constants ‘and van der Waals constants. 4) List different factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions. 'b) Derive the integrated rate equation for a second order reaction in which a single reactant forms the product and the reaction rate depends on the second power of the reactant ‘concentration, ‘8) What are clock reactions? What type of rate of reaction is determined by these reactions? 'b) Derive an expression relating the activation energy with the rate constants at two different temperatures. ‘The first-order decomposition of N:Os is studied at 340 K starting with 2.50 g of N.O.. If its amount decreases to 1.50 g in 100 s, then calculate: 3 @) 2 “ () (3) © © © © Oy} © © © oy Q @ @ e ©MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) 1) the rate constant b) the half life of reaction ©) the time required for the amount of N;Os to reduce to 0.5 g, 17 What are the various intermolecular forces that are responsible for the conver gases into liquids and solids? 18 Explain with suitable diagrams the planes of symmetry and the axes of symmetry in 6) the cubic system. (sy 19 Explain the parameters of a unit cell with the help ofa suitable diagram. o) 20 Tungsten form bee crystals. Its cell-edge length is 2.18 x10". Find the density of os) tungsten. Given: Molar mass of tungsten = 183.84 g per mol). Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Soluions to some of the Questions given in the Assignments. 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Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university, PART A: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY 1a) In potassium which of the two orbitals 3d and 4s has higher energy? Give reasons. ANS: The energy of an orbital is calculated from the value of the principal quantum number ‘n” and the azimuthal quantum number ‘I’. The orbital for which the value of (1 + 1) is lower is the low energy orbital and the electron will enter that orbital first. Here, the enerey of 4s orbital is less than that of 3d. So, the election will enter the 4s orbital first and enter the 3d orbital when the 4s, orbital is full. ‘The method of entering electrons into orbitals through the Aufbau principle is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s, 3d 4p 5s 4d Sp 6s 4f Sd 6p 7s S£6d. The first two electrons of potassium enter the 1s orbital. The s-orbital can have a maximum of two electrons. Therefore, the next two electrons enter the 2s orbital. The p-orbital can have amaxinmm. of six electrons. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Orbital Orbit n) Azimuthal quantum number (I) Orbital energy (n +1) 3d 3 2 5 4s 4 o 4 Energy of oral So, the next six electrons enter the 2p orbital. The second orbit is now full. So, the remaining electrons will enter the third orbit. Then two electrons will enter the 3s orbital of the third orbit and the next six electrons will be in the 3p orbital. b) Why are high oxidation states stable when we move from the second to the third row of the transition series? ANS: Transition metals can form compounds with a wide range of oxidation states. Some of the observed oxidation states of the elements of the first transition series are shown in Figure 23.1.523.1.5. As we move fiom leftto right across the first transition series, we see that the number of common oxidation states increases af first to a maximum towards the middle of the table, then decreases. The values in the table are typical values; there are other known values, and it is possible to synthesize new additions. For example, in 2014, researchers were successful in synthesizing a new oxidstion state of iridium (9) ee fh e278 Sc | Ti |v | cr | mn || Fe || co 3 || e343 Figure 23.1523.15:Transition metals of the first transition series can form compounds with varying oxidation states. For the elements scandium through manganese (the first half of the first transition series), the highest oxidation state corresponds to the loss of all of the electrons in both the s and d orbitals of their valence shells. The titanium(IV) ion, for example, is formed when the titanium atom loses its ‘two 3d and two 4s electrons. These highest oxidation states are the mast stable forms of scandium, titanium, and vanadium, However, it is not possible to coutinue to remove all of the valeuce electrons from metals as we continue through the series. Iron is known to form oxidation states from 2+ to 6+, with iron({N) and iron(IL1) being the most common, Most of the elements of the first ‘transition series form ions with a charge of2+ or 3+ that are stable in water, although those of the carly memibers of the series can be readily oxidized by air. The elements of the second and third transition series generally are more stable in higher oxidation states than are the elements of the frst series. In general, the atomic radius increases down a group, which leads to the ions of the second and third series being larger than are those inthe first series. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Removing electrons from orbitals that are located farther from the nucleus is easier than removing electrons close to the nucleus. For example, molybdenum and tungsten, members of group 6, are limited mostly to an oxidation state of 6~ in aqueous solution. Chromium, the lightest member of the group, forms stable Cr3! ions in water and, in the absence of air, less stable Cr2 ions. The sulfide with the highest oxidation state for chromium is Cr2S3, which contains the C13+ ion Molybdenum aud tungsten form sulfides in which the metals exhibit oxidation states of 4 and 6+. 2 In [Ni(1120)6] 2+ the observed magnetic moment is higher than the spin-only value explain the reason. (5) ANS The observed magnetic moment at times differs from that of the calculated spin-only magnetic moment due to the contribution of orbital motion of the electron. The observed magnetic ‘moment for Ni(H20}6] 2+ has contribution from the spin as well as orbitel angular momentum and thus observed magnetic moment is higher than the spin-only value. 3 Why do the colours arise in lanthanoid ions and why are the colours pale? (5) ANS: Many trivalent lanthanoid ions are strikingly coloured both in the solid state and in aqueous solution. The colour seems to depend on the mumber of unpaired f elecirons. Elements with (n)f electrons often have a similar colour to those with (14 - n)f electrons (see Table 3.1). However, the elements in other valency state do not all have colours similar to their isoelectronic 3 counterparts. Colour arises because light of a particular wavelength is absorbed in the visible region. The wavelength absorbed corresponds to the energy required to promote an electron to a higher energy level Table 3.8: Colours of Ln“, Ln” and their isoelectronic Ln** counterparts Ce** Orange-red af La** Colourless Sm** Blood-red 4p Eu** Pale pink Eu* Pale greenish yellow | 4/7 | Gd°* Colourless Yb** Yellow 4r* | Lu* Colouriess 4 What is the definition of a complex? Determine the coordination number and the oxidation state of the transition metal ion in the [Co(NII3)6] 3+ complex. (5) ANS: A complex in chemistry usually is used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of ligands and tmetal ions. Originally, a chemical complex implied a reversible association of molecules. atoms, or ions through weak chemical bonds. As applied to coordination chemistry, this meaning has been modified. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) [Co(NHs)¢]** Let oxidation state of Co = x NH3 = 0 x + 6(0) = +3 x=+3 Oxidation state of Co = + 3 6 NHz ligands are attached to central metal Co -. Coordination number = 6 ‘5 What will be the names of the following ligands when they are present in a complex entity: CN-: cyano Me2As- : dimethylarsanido (CH3COCHCOCH3)2 : Acetylacetonato 20: aqua 6 What are the different types of structural isomerism? Give example of any one of them. (5) ANS: Chain Isomerism Chain isomers are isomeric substances that differ solely in the arrangement of carbon atoms in the base chain, and chain isomerism is isomerism between them. The carbon atom chain or skeleton Giffers amongst isomers of this type Position Isomerism Position isomerization is a phenomenon that occurs whea two or more compounds differ in the position ofa component atom or fimetioual group on the carbon skeleton. ‘Metamerism ‘Metamers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but differ in atomie or group locations on both sides of bridge functional groups. Metamers are distingnished by the nature of the alkyl gronps surrounding a certain functional group. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Asa result, they have a connection. For example, the chemical formula C4H100 accommodates three metameric isomeric ethers. Chis CH;-O -CH-CH, 2-methoxy propane CH; - CH? - O- CH2 — CH; Ethoxy ethane CH; - O - CH; ~ CH? ~ CH; 1-methoxy propane Tautomerism Tantomers are functional isomers that exist in dynamic equilibrium at the same time. The most prevalent kind is keto-enol tautomerism, which is caused by the 1,3 movement of the hydrogen atom from carbon to oxygen and vice versa. Ring-chain Isomerism Ring chain isomerism is structural isomerism that differs from the other structural isomers discussed previously. It is present in isomeric open-chiain and cyclic molecules. Compounds with the same chemical formula but open-chain or cyclic structures are known as ring chain isomers. And this phenomenon is known as ring chain isomerism. 7 Explain the structure of (MnCl4] 2- with the help of valence bond theory. (5) ANS: a ds 4p mane «1? th) Ged Leta Tx +2] op? | Tevanesral | 5 | Para = - magnetic 8 Predict the geometry of the Ni(CO)4 complex showing their hybridized orbitals. (5) ANS: 34 4s 4p IN(CO)4] | TuT mpm] ala) [oo] [ex] Te 0] a | Tevanesrat | 0 | oie Rearrangement oo comet: 9 Calculate the erystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) of an octahedral complex with four electrons in the d orbitals. (5) ANS: Bet, otropi rita ‘tana Complex Crystal iets statitzation Energy ano aoe Barents Configuration Bata Configuration Haga eat a Sn Lew Son « a aed 354, ais? aa.+? ys, ae atP 10 Calculate the spin-only magnetic moment for low-spin octahedral complex of d 5 and d 6 ions. 6) MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHY AN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.com/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) ANS: The d-electrons in d* to d® configurations can be high-spin, where they spread out and occupy the whole d sub-shell, or low-spin, where the fy, level is filled first. This is controlled by whether A is larger than the spin- Pairing energy, P, which is the energy required to take pairs of electrons with the same spin orientation, and pair them up with the opposite spin. Paramagnetic ] — ey 4 unpaired e's ime e Sa & energy {a >P ] diamagnetic PA | AcP ="! |no unpaired e's A< hie Uuiy, aii bye & low-spin d& high-spin d® electrons fill the ¢,, level first. In this electrons fill the whole d sub- case the complex is diamagnetic shell according to Hund’s rule PART B: STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS 11 State postulates of kinetic theory of gases and derive the equation: 23 1 pV = mNu. (5) ANS: Postulates of the Kinetic Theory of Gases, 1 The molecules in a gas are small and very far apart. Most of the volume which a gas occupies is empty space. 2Gas molecules are in constant random motion, Just as many molecules are moving in one direction as in any other 3 Molecules can collide with each other and with the walls of the container. Collisions with the walls account for the pressure of the gas. 4 When collisions occur, the molecules lose no kinetic energy, that is, the collisions are said to be perfectly elastic. The total kinetic energy of all the molecules remains constant unless there is some outside interference with the 5 The molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forees on one another except during the process of collision. Derivation: MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyn \TFORM (WHATSAPP 981631152: ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Consider a cubical container of length "filled with gas molecules each having mass ‘mi and let Nbe the total number of gas molecules in the container. Due to the influence of temperature, the gas molecules move in random directions with a velocity 'v? ‘The pressure ofthe gas molecules isthe force exerted by the gas molecule per unit area of the wall of the container and i given by the equation Pak Let us consider a gas molecule moving in the x-direction towards face A. The molecule hits the wall with a velocity V, and rebounds back with the same velocity V, and will experience a change of momentum wich is. equal to Gas molecules will hit the wall A and will ravel back across the box, collide with the opposite face and hit face A again after atime t which is given by the equation MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.cony‘SHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 981631152: ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) ‘Substituting the value of tn the force equation, we get the force on the molecules as ‘Therefore, the force exerted on the wall is Nod Feat = 2 Now, the pressure P is given by the equation se Net p= Remgiteoa _ 5 _ Niet Q) ‘Since V», ¥, and vzare independent speeds in three directions and if we consider the gas molecules in bulk, then vi=v2=v2 We know, volume V =F Hence, toa? ‘Substituting the above condition in eq (1), we get = Nw! PV = See MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) ‘Therefore, Pv = 2 dmv’ This equation above is known as the kinetic theory equation. ‘he velocity vin the kinetic gas equation is known as the root mean-squate velocity and is given by the equation V,,, - ee me = $y We use this equation to calculate the root-mean-square velocity of gas molecules at any given temperature and pressure 12 Define mean free path of a molecule. Calculate the mean free path of oxygen molecule at 300 K and 1.013 x 105 Pa. The collision diameter for the molecule is 1.20 x 10-10 m. (5) ‘ANS: mean fiee path of a molecule: ‘A gas molecule’ s mean free path 2 is its average path length between collisions. mean free path of oxygen molecule at 300 K end 1.013 x 105 Pa. The collision diameter for the molecule is 1.20 x 10-10 m: MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) From (9.26) ru Vand ‘We have to find the number density n By using ideal gas law N_P 101.3x10° n=—= VokT 1,381x10™ x300 =2.449x 10° molecues/m* a= 1 V2. x mx 2.44910" x(1.2x10- 1 ~ 15.65% 10° = 0.63 x 10m 13 What are critical constants? Derive the relationships between the crifical constants and van der Waals constants. (5) ANS: critical constants: any of three constants (density, pressure, temperature) associated with the critical point of a pure clement or compound: The equation predicts a value of 3.53 for the iitical constant aud gives better agreement with observed beliavior for simpler gases. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Derivation of critical constants from Vanderwaal's constant Vanderwaal equation is: era —b)=nRT (forn=1) RT a Pry eo BR At critical point (=> )r =0....(1) oP, _ and (573) =0... (2) Calculating the values of (1) and (2), we get RT. _ 2a (Web VS 2RT. _ 6a We-bF Vs Solving both we get, V. = 3b Substituting V. on the above equation we get, T. = we Substituting T., V. on P. equation we get, a Pe Te 14 a) List different factors affecting the rates of chemical reactions. ANS: Concentration of Reactants ‘A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate, Temperature MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) ‘Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is ameasure of the kinetic energy ofa system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medinm in which the reaction occurs. Tt may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or noupolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (¢.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. b) Derive the integrated rate equation for a second order reaction in which a single reactant forms the product and the reaction rate depends on the second power of the reactant concentration. ANS: The differential rate law equation can be expressed as follows in the case of one-sccond order reactant forming a particular product in a chemical reaction ~d[A] /dt= kA This differential form must be rearranged as follows to obtain the integrated rate equation. a[AV[A]2 = kat The following equation is obtained by integrating on both sides and taking into account the change in reactant concentration between time 0 and time t IAl. d[A fe Alf [A], [AP 0 Applying the power mle of integration, the equation changes to: idx /x2 =-1ix + C Where C= Integration Constant. The following equation can now be obtained by applying the power nile to the previous equation. 1/[R]t— V/TRIO=kt And this is the final required integrated rate of the equation of the second-order reaction. 15a) What are clock reactions? What type of rate of reaction is determined by these reactions? ANS: A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property (discoloration or coloration) occurs after a predictable induction time due to the presence of clock species at a detectable amount. In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, crossing a concentration threshold can lead to an abrupt color change after a reproducible time lapse A clock reaction is a simplified version of the traditional initial rates method to determine orders of reaction, A clock reaction involves measuring the time taken for a particular amount of product to be produced by a chemical reaction for different reactant concentrations, MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) ) Derive an expression relating the activation energy with the rate constants at two different temperatures. ANS; Activation energy (E,) and rate constant (k; and k>) of a chemical reaction at two different temperatures (T ; and T2) are related by Arrhenius equation k& Efi 1 which can be represented as either In — = -— | —— — ko RAT Ty The Amhenius equation is used for calculating the rate of reaction. It is a crucial part in chemical Kinetics. It helps to understand the impact of temperature on the rate of reaction. This equation was first introduced by Svente Amhenius in 1889. In the equation, A ~ Frequency factor K = Rate constant R= Gas constant T =Kelvin temperature The collision theory is the foundation for the Arrhenius equation. As per this theory, the reaction is essentially a collision involving two molecules ( of same or different substances) to form the intermediate. This intermediate that is formed is unstable, and itt exists for a short duration of time. The intermediate breaks down thereby giving ont two molecules of produet. The energy that is used for forming this intermediate is called the activation energy. If we look at log on both sides of the equation, the equation becomes Luis the natural algorithm, and these values can be picked up from a logarithmic table. For the graphical representation ‘When we compare this equation with the straight-line equation, we get MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) 1 X= T sink ia —Ea R C=InA This provides the straight-line graph but has a negative slope. 1 Plotting the k v/s ) Impact of Temperature With the help of the graph, we can conclude that the rate of reactions and temperature are proportional. As temperature increases, the rate of reaction also tends to increase. There is an increase in kinetic energy with temperature. So when the temperature is increased, the muber of molecules having kinetic energy higher than activation energy also increases. This leads to a rise in the rate of overall reaction as the activation energy decreases, For the 10K shift in temperature, the rate is almost doubled. Let us consider the Arhenius equation at times T] and T2 where the rates of reaction are denoted by K1 and K2 respectively. Inki= eo? sina 1 aS gs —Ea In K2 = —— RIn + INnA—- (2) MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF &HARDCOPY}) Now we subtract 1 from 2 Ea Ea RT, RT» 1 1 T Th In K2 - In K1 equals to Ko Ea In 5, = (Re) Converting to log, c: ( Ea ) BA °9\5303R’ Ti Ts The Amhenius equation also suggests that uncatalyzed reaction is more impacted by temperature in comparison to the catalyzed reaction. 16 The first-order decomposition of N205 is studied at 340 K starting with 2.50 g of N205. If its amount decreases to 1.50 gin 100 s, then calculate: (5) 4 ‘a) the rate constant /b) the half life of reaction ©) the time required for the amount of N25 to reduce to 0.5 g. ANS: MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) 17 What are the various intermolecular forces that are responsible for the conversion of gases into liquids and solids? (5) ANS: Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF, are the attractive and repulsive forces that arise between the molecules of a substance. These forces mediate the interactions between individual molecules of @ substance. Intermolecular forces are responsible for most of the physical and chemical properties of matter. ‘ASSIGNMENTS ONLIN 2 1 Y CO! ttp://ignowassignmenthelper.comyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) 1. Dipole-Dipole Interactions Dipole-dipole interactions are attractive forces among polar molecules. Polar molecules have permanent dipoles that are formed due to differences in the electronegativities of the atoms that are associated with a covalent bond. The partielly positive portion of one molecule is attracted to the partially negative portion of another molecule Example: Dipole-dipole interactions occur in HCl molecules, Chlorine is comparatively more electronegative than hydrogen and it, therefore, acquires a partial negative charge (whereas hydrogen acquires a partial positive charge). The dipole-dipole interaction then takes place between the HCI molecules, 2. Jon-Dipole Interactions These interactions are similar to dipole-dipole interactions except for the fact that they arise between ions and polar molecules. Example: When NaC is mixed with water in a beaker, the polar H20 molecules are attracted to the sodium and chloride ions in the beaker. The strength of this interaction depends on: ‘The magnitude of the dipole moment Size of the polar moleeule ‘The size and charge ofan ion 3. lon Induced Dipole Interactions In this type of interaction, a non-polar molecule is polarized by an ion placed near it. The non- polar molecules, upon obtaining a charge, hehave as incuced dipoles. This interaction between an iou and an induced dipole is known as ion-induced dipole interaction. 4. Dipole Induced Dipole Interaction These interactions are similar to ion-induced dipole interactions. However, the differentiating factor is that non-polar molecules are transformed into induced dipoles due to the presence of a polar molecule nearby. 5. Dispersion Forces or London Forces It operates for a short distance and it is the weakest force. This kind of force arises due to the movement of electrons thus creating temporary positive and negative charged regions. 18 Explain with suitable diagrams the planes of symmetry and the axes of symmetry in the cubic system. (5) ANS: (a) Axes of Symmetry: 13imall. 3 are axes of four-fold symmetry; 4 ae axes of three-fold symmetry; 6 are axes of two-fold symmetry The three axes of four-fold symmetry are chosen as the crystallographic axes (b) Planes of Symmetry: 9 in all 3 planes of symmetry are at sight angles to each other and are termed the principal (axial) planes; 6 planes of symmetry are diagonal in position and bisect the angles between the principal planes. (0) Ithas a Centre of symmetry MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Fonns: Following are the forms that commonly develop in the crystals belonging to Isometric System: i. Cube: A form bounded by six similar square faces, cach of which is parallel to two of three crystallographic axes and meets the third axis. Symbol (100). Fig. 10.174. a (A) Cube, (B) Octahedron and (C) Dodecahedron (D) Trisoctahedron (E) Trapezohedron (F) Tetrehexahedron Fig. 10.27. 19 Explain the parameters of a unit cell with the help of a suitable diagram. (5) ANS: Aunit cell is the smallest repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid. When unit cells of the same crystalline substance are repeated in space in all directions, a crystalline solid is. formed. The unit cell of a crystalline solid and its extension in three dimensions are shown in the image. The Seven Categories of Bravais Unit Cells Category Edge Lengths Internal Angles Cubic (a=b=c) (a=@/i> =9 = 90°) Tetragonal (@=b¥#c) (a= @/i> =g = 90°) Monoclinic (@#b#c) (a= @/i> = 90° 4g) Orthorhombic (a@#b#c) (a= @/i> = g = 90°) Rhombohedral (a = =c) (a=@/i> =9# 90°) Hexagonal (a= b#c) (a = @/i> = 90°, g = 120°) Triclinic (a%b%c) (9% @/i> #9 # 90°) ‘The lattice points in a cubic unit cell can be described in terms of a three-dimensional graph. Because all three cell-edge lengths are the same in a cubic unit cell, it doesnt matter what MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) orientation is used for the a, b, and ¢ axes, For the sake of argument, welll define the a axis as the vertical axis of our coordinate system, as shown in the figure below. ga la oo yo > The b axis will then describe movement across the front of the unit cell, and the ¢ axis will represent movement toward the back of the unit cell. Furthermore, well arbitrarily define the bottom left comer of the unit cell as the origin (0,0.0). The coordinates 1,0,0 indicate a lattice point that 1s one cell-edge length away from the origm. along the a axis. Similarly, 0,1,0 and 0,0,1 represent lattice points that are displaced by one cell-edge length from the origin along the b and c axes, respectively. 20 Tungsten form bee crystals. Its cell-edge length is 2.18 x10-10. Find the density of tungsten, (Given: Molar mass of tungsten = 183.84 g per mol). la uses 1 constants, 3 Variables Constants Used. laraga-n Variables Used ~ (Measured in Kilogran per Cubic water) (easured in Rilogran) ~ The Me Ya MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Substituting Input Values in Formula P = 2*M/(Vunit ce11* [AVaga-no]) --> 2*0.18384/(1.3E-58* [Avaga-no]) Evaluating ... ... p = 4.69651541706523E+33 FINAL ANSWER 4.69651541706523E+33 Kilogram per Cubic Meter <-~ Density (Calculation completed in 00.016 seconds) MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.cony