Open book exam

BIOC392

Muhannad alsuliamani

1935086

:Q1: what is the HGP ( Human genome project)

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international Collaborative research
program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of
human beings. All our genes together are known as our "genome." The HGP has
revealed that there are probably about 20,500 human genes. This ultimate product of
the HGP has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure,
organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can
be thought of as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and
.function of a human being

Q2: what is the CRISPR technology and what is the CRISPR based
:diagnostics
CRISPR is a powerful tool for editing genomes, meaning it allows researchers to
easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. It has many potential
applications, including correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread
of diseases, and improving the growth and resilience of crops. However, despite its
promise, the technology also raises ethical concerns. CRISPR technology was adapted
from the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea, a domain of relatively
simple single-celled microorganisms. These organisms use CRISPR-derived RNA, a
molecular cousin to DNA, and various Cas proteins to foil attacks by viruses. To foil
attacks, the organisms chop up the DNA of viruses and then stow bits of that DNA in
their own genome, to be used as a weapon against the foreign invaders should those
viruses attack again. CRISPR-based diagnostics have been used for a wide range of
biomedical applications, and in particular for the sensing of nucleic-acid-based
biomarkers of infectious and non-infectious diseases and for the detection of
mutations and deletions indicative of genetic diseases.

:Q3: what are the virtual lab

Virtual labs are simulated learning environments that allow students to complete
laboratory experiments online and explore concepts and theories without stepping into
a physical science lab.
Students can try out lab techniques for the first time and become more familiar with
advanced lab equipment that might otherwise be inaccessible.
Through animations, students can explore life science at a molecular level and look
inside the machines they are operating.
Virtual lab software creates opportunities for alternative access to science education.

Q4:what are the difference between Bioinformatics computational

biology:
The difference between bioinformatics and computational biology is that
bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary field that combines biological knowledge with
computer programming and large sets of big data, while computational biology is a
multidisciplinary field that uses computer science, statistic, and mathematics to help
solve problems in biology. Bioinformatics and computational biology are two
important interdisciplinary fields in life sciences. They have already become
buzzwords in the science world. A few decades ago, computer science and biology
were entirely two different fields. At present, new fields have emerged as a result of
the combination of computer science and biology.

Q5:

A- defined as the computational handling and processing of genetic information, has

become one of the most highly visible fields of modern science. Yet, this ‘new’ field
has a long, even humble, history, along with the triumphs of molecular genetics and
cell biology of the last century. Taking a historical perspective, we will examine the
birth of this discipline, and some of the factors that shaped it into one of the hottest
areas of frantic scientific research and technical development.

B- THE PRE-70’S: PIONEERING COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES is not covered

enough of biological computation .

C- the first interpreted languages appeared, inspired by the Unix utility awk and
quickly followed by perl and python

D- Various approaches to protein structure representation and visualization were

explored, including the derivation of coordinates from stereo diagrams (Rossmann
and Argos, 1980), domain definitions (Rashin, 1981), hydrophobicity plots (Kyte and
Doolittle, 1982; Sweet and Eisenberg, 1983) and moments.

E- GenBank (Bilofsky et al., 1986) and the EMBL Data Library (Hamm and
Cameron, 1986)