CHAPTER. Y Integrals. ‘ D+ derives: ‘ ~LUvattives of _tuncHons wet) ( 8 deg se 5 - Pecivanve of complex valid funchon of saat vosriables: ‘ ( ‘ ‘ l : WU UlE> be a complex uated function of suad vasuiable { Then ewe can wxite cote) = ULE) +h vue) wshexe Utb and vit) au neat valued functions a Variable t: Now we define ways Ato) = Uh + tae at t at provided that these derivakives exists at t- dp Proposties® © UW) d{zgwen) = Zo Ww where 2 & & vamplee number: at at Prong: lit = Apt Tyo Then Wl) = Lag tfo¥) + Tt Yotd ad ed Ute aye t d Ove ye) ‘ a. [eth § O yew) ats qe dtl yA Ft (AoA + Yo AL 0 beat (rege de or) = Wettyo) dC Wtor ty) au ot ott = (Not ye) (s +t ay = 2 do at ence Al(~ww)]s %& dw alt at ety 2) a Zot ‘ = Qe whet % Yo a comple Numbasy, Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerBreet Uh Ge Aoriye a... | At +tyot aot iyst _ ot : ten bem’ Coen ose Uetyerrioiny g ts Xot. my Hot. i + le) pe Cosyet + 70" Sinyot - Yoe Singgt 4 tye eet coayst = Ltetiye) ere Cog Yot + i Moriysje* sinyot = Curipa) Lele* (coogot +i singot)] Zot = Ze Hen, 4 tet) = z, et att a d (ww) (3) & Tots + w,t0) = BS EEN Geet i e TY, Proof : lu t= ute) tive and uw, Ue) = ULE FTV CL) Theo witty t vate) = [ytor 4tu) at [yin t 44] yjyets tit) > = d + >) 4 [ wit) + to} e tu, + : au ahd ou, + ta + CM duy 4 du, + td We ‘i ak i at t dw, + 4% st dthol@ile [Ge ete = deve a oy (a a cana Hence, a Cutty ¢ mt) = alma) + a, (wat?) ailiae a : w) (4) Luar, gt) = Wyte?” Alay? pte) AM at a ak E Tut? * Poco: ut Byte) syle) tiv) ) and boytt) = Wt) + tN J hen wy BUD) = (uyu,-1¥a) FEE, +4" ) twp ote) = 4 lu anivs) 4 Cd Cua +U%1) da at Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscannerdus +4, lt) -v M2 -vy ayy stv. [4 dt alt ot at TU + iy du, at ak erty) dua gt Uuata) Be + (uativa) dus at > si) ( dita 41 day + tussty( der fay ) cl = Ws dues + ww, dw ot ) Fy A> at + (Ustiv a» au a once, QL [wyter. wat) = Wyle Awl) roy tt) - Alo) 42) at at ot Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerScanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerNot ‘ The Mean value theoxem (MYT) does nok appli cable ion j etiua Complex valued function of sca? vouiable Cfor ave i fable Sf wtty tw continvous on t€ (ab) and ape de i Hwe || "8 Care) | 22% in t € layb) then we: MOY nor Ne UWlb) -Wwla) = wile) par By: ty weer elt = coat +isint yy ofte aT q ; i iable Then eolty) i conbnvous i ford] ond oliffenentia on (6, 2n). Lt if possible there 4g Ce loan) St. tol2m) -wlo) = wold amt-0 2 elie | pele 2Tt Ay, Jet ay belfry Ce eo,» ett=a 1 which 18 conadichon — a4 40 for ang e 4 MvT does not Polds. 38° Define Integrals of functions wht)? Con sided tolt) = ULt) tiv) whee wlt) & a cwomplor yatued functions of wud vouable t ang utes) 4 vid qu surat valued functions of raat variable, io b Then Jpwerat = J, wey dt +i ['verae whe a etso a pravi that he Indiviauol ilegraly on sughk exists. Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner’ b 1 oo ) ee (wear 2 Pawar | + [, Relewlat 4 > i ln > 6 & ) Im |wenat = veel = J Im (oun dde y a ) tt Bropenties: b ® \° twlkidt = ¢ | eoltdae " at * fevof: We wet) = ult) +TVvcE) "then = Cult) =), Cult) +i cv) b b 4b A | cwwadt = cuttar +t ( evettedt a I la & b lo 7 c[ [uae rt [vue = 6 [wtiat a a a b b Hener | euowdt = ¢ [wwwrat- a ao b b P ot 2 | Twiuotwte|dt = i w,Ldt + Jet? t ‘a Props Wr ua, t) SU, tC ute) and tt) = Ute +t) b b 7 Now, [Lu tedroaterdot = 4, [tuute) rujeer) +f (vite svete) Jat a 4 He 2 J tule aiodt +o J (il + Cb) at a a b ob. = ( Jfavwntré [ienst ) * ( I unuelat +i [,surat) a WW \° bole) + [P voatwat » lo b Hendy f Cocertuseryat = [rotat + | * ‘a Ww, Wat Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner8) Ie wltrdk = s a Jo wterdt + (cottiat 9 whe ascee 0 e 4 uot) = UL) +E Utd ‘ soot tut aeeeb and b iis wwe = [Tawa +t [ vurat ‘a a la b i Te 7 Ps el > foow +i { vara + J usar ri [ verre (races oO a c if ' c b = | Wuunaiven)ae + [” (uies riveree a € t } 6 B | wwadt + wurde - & bo Mors, PP routat = |oeottidt + | wart where aeceh a 2 c Nob the Meon valite | thepsem for integrals does not holas mM complex valuol functions of 0 sutod vasiable, le wi) ¥ continuous on farb}, ‘it ww ne nvceneocite tu that there Bw a) number [" www at = wie) tb-a) a Ce larb) Act. eg. ut wttd= elt whet & [0,211] we know that wl) uw continuous on f[orsny atl» ap . ita, an _ an How feuds 1 Sar J,0% tUY ont o atl oe on = font} +Tl-tost})” = orton 25 o Bot et 40 vtl [orn ETE EEE EC ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerSS i | Q ! Pelt Sy Bxampts:! Syatatt be tt4tet)*el ny \ ppog2eattjat » J) caterer =; ‘| wyatt att) » ° sil 3 Vla-eedout + et J etott A 5 » ! 2 2! 3 © £3) at el ’ al, : = [eijtt = Sat > ay 8 8 [ > (deat > > f nh < inn we git EF oe dle oP) > mia T t > ° > : 4-1) i Ly bab ey ek tty elke) sR Te : » etl id I + mL kU ad > Brot overs: Que: use wale in Coleus to ectablish the following buhed wher twlt) = Ute) +fvur) is @ Complex valied functon of sua) vosiable t & wi exists, (Flee) © WEE where WILE denotes the du vor of WE) wert t, tuabolt at -t, W) @ fouy]® = acotey alee ns So? 10) tt wt) = Ute tive) 4 wer > UE +hvEy Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerN, 2u3 d tweety) = 4 Cuen riven) at dl Godlee 4 feovlen -(WGO atv) WK) | () Ur wtky = uct) +fule > (wu))® " (uu)® — tv) aT Ud VU) Neo ad twu)® = d [luew)r- tviny* +oiutovin ak at 1 1 = uu ov! 4 2iuu! + 9tulv = du luletu) +i 2c (t's tu!) = 2wtustv) = awoltd ooltey hen, a (wu)> = nwolk) witty at Quesz2 Evaluais the jettouing ben = tint - Ul) dt te) su @ Pe i \ ' af PG eS ie = fect eG a (44 -2+1+1) ~ UWdnley 2 aa 1 — idmla) ae Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerWe Me ; lilies. | en prtat = [ Cosmet +0 [sto stat ° o : Tg | 6 afoat | af ~cos2t| ' i a 0 bo z Le et a etl ted) Ge ’ b nas aim (eS ] Pai i a = i 4 eta s Or He at Fava esa o \ ” = me Wks Lien (gz) = 0* ig Zi: bao Ques :3, ‘chow that if mand Nn ane Inte gerd n ‘i imo -ind 4 L oy when mt ei Ohi ) oat when m=n ont on ony : fT dr? et ao a \ Mle, |e ol, art x vo mM i i" a eae then. eis | gitmn)es, | [Coa tm-nj9 + P81 Lm-nl9] dp , ° amt an J, Gstm-nyoas +t | sintm-n) ode : o ” " ‘ ot an Snel) | <6 [eae (m-n) i m1 f to-o) +f +) ©0 ” 4 Wenu proved 7 | Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seanned with Camcanneryp, Ee 4 fundamental theosem of Integza) Coloulus: Ws wu pe a continuous qunction in [aro] If 4 a dod: Vasive function wlk) at. WILE =e) then jPwwat = NO) Wa) Be ° j in fa) Cott ut wotey = ue) +PV LO be continvous funchon 19 {1 Then u av ase continvouds seed be Hert yable Aute Wa WE) = ule) ti VEE) 7D and Vo axe derivable and Uli stuiey cutis fel = volley sure) and vib) = VIED Using fundamental theouen of Udlued funchon of saat vosiable b { Uleat = Ulb)- Ula) and a “uted 2 Vib) -V@) then b b b fwurde = | unat tt J vert , & a Utb) -ulay +i PT vte) -V(a)} = Wlb)- Wla) b pene | wlidt = Wtd- WA) wheu NIlp = vole Qa 1 ra tt example edt g t tt a(t] ° we Ree 8 UT qhen v-ting gundomental theowem feta 2 TE pep ee ° C c valued function 9 lay wile) = PUD integra) Calculus for siaop bye LAPPPP PPP PPP eee eseeenaaaaa--- Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner, WEY Using cefinition of defrnite Integuols Of CMPMX vaturg | ' funetion of ai om tr) a pet at ( etsinad e aw = J @ Coaxd ¥ J K ° | Evaluate the two ting the single integ tag and imoginosy past of Sol we know that b sua} voriable oO Integrals on the aight here by evatin. kD on the Loft and then using thy valu found. C41) (14) a [ eae ] ied du U bid Then by qundamen tat theoscem + I aQT U+t).o ote 1 ermine © = 4 (-e71) | oe ee nt if 0 oat t | eteine de 4 | e%coor de xt a Oo ° 6 composing wad and a i eX conde = 0 1 0 oue:5 - ued (-80) 2 ~ tetany et Cet) — % imaginary posttss we at ~ (eM) and sy | ot Sinan = (ellen 2 Tk wll) = ulWaATV) clenoty a continuow complex valuud 1 funcHion defined on an Ihtewval -aft ca " tp) Show * ; \a) Suppose for each point t Proturdt > & f toe J > he Yt -O ton each that wl) & wen functon |-2 wl-t)= WW in the given Intesival . Show that at if wet) is odd funchon Je wee = mle) font t 7a the given Inberuaf then festa 20: were ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscannereo Wwe ae given | that wtt) = ULL) +huLL) aha wl I 4 even function. , ‘ | 9 wens wi vi aetsa 64 7 ute) si vet) s) udgi a tyeo Vv -aetsa 7 | 3 -astea é , 9 Ub suey and Vee) > vuD v : ft | ) ~QEtEd | 2- Wand v ome wd yolued even functons °P i | Now, 4 i kK | we dt = | Uteyolt +? J yepat eo =a =a ; ‘ ' ‘ ‘i z(t ev dV arte eurn) = 2 Juwat +2t | vuldt | (sud ° 0 t | fi ; | = ot fowwde f ° : Her a | if focsae = a | wotlk) at when oo id even, Fo i °, Ub) we ase given that Wit) = ULE+TULE) Andi wl) W oad funchon >) wht) = - wlt) ;Tastea 3 weet ute) = “BOK +f vte)) V-aftsa ai UbtyE ul ond Vit) = ~vlE) N-astea ye u and Ve Ow sual valued Odd funeHons gn ~qepea @ ° ned Now» J wttat = J UU) ak met VOY ot mt, “oO =a rOt0 - Oo Cr Uz us One oad fr.) a wend = | wikidt =0 when uw % 6dd. rt. —_<_—_$_$ Re ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner39+ Conte = nto i . i, | ab Aue uw , esr: A set of points Z= ZOHY) in the Eooiplen Plane coher qe) and 4qF yt 2 Gebsh coe Continuous functrans of seat parameters t YS CALL} «89 axe OF a Cue uy . zie ett whe ost etl is an ane. Sines Teepe cost ri sint =) que ddest yeo= sink whew oft em ane continuous on lott) . 4 Simple_one | Simple Guns’ deh An ut X= ZH 18 called @ Simple aXe ip zee ig one - one gunction ne 7) Zlte) if totte- Lit does not HOSS itself) ot ro net simple simple a Simple closed twit: Def": The ane Z=tlt) » aetsp 's colled a simple closed age Vf Z(t) ig one -one except -for Zlq) = 7b) tie end points coincides) ey zee = dt whene oge cam is a Singple cleed CUHer - + poskively osuiented Def: The onc Z= 2b) IS catlic) the pasituely osucen- | ta if te 18 ‘dezetibed in anticlockwise diqecthian eg. W = at | oeteum is a unit ancle cantsend at oxigin and positively omriented simple cloatd cwur: ¥ Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerlily te ett | get cat BO unit ‘ imple clos ang negatively oniented A1mPls erycle conterud at i i et tam is 4 aruely YH zy ezreett . 0% rem eR 074 u % 4 ats Zo with wading R sine omented . at f i t at esyce centeea zaps Et) oct car 8 9 unit ove ‘ aise chon. Origin ana desoribed wwier |” ue | Digtestioble ove : mi a Reps The ome t-te) BW Colud Td 4 XCD ana ylt) ote aitg oentiable and Continuous (1.2 cite) continuous) ane ff "UD Cou zt = alte) +ty'te) Now, > auc . L= |) |rtenjat Is callad dength of the a ’ l= j Greeny + (yit)* ole a 4 Smooth Onc] Jorden use: Def” Of for ang ic t= zi) » Aste 7 We) & ytd exist and aye continuous and 7!Ct) uw non. we V KI top then are uu Called smooth ONC of Tordan av, as p pieciusise Smocth ane. poatous mt CorrtOUM om piecewise smooth aye - toncict, of 4 a qumbyt af smooth ane Joined end to end. inv ener 7 p polygonad unt Ya contour. @ gourdasies of ectangle of Eelangle ae» contours Ww) cle also Contour ww Fe erin 7 OETET w) (a y Veter Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner— = ith New poia 94 the ane © ts paxometulsed wi Porameley and if where t= Ol ; a) g'>0 then the ouientahion of cB He serusal . b) @co, then the ouientesnon of C 4 Meuesed. ; t) contoust integral independent of the Parameter Uuine tntegray) Ener des 1 ; ! eos thot it wih) = UltTVy) U Coninvous of) AN inteyual aeteb then “0 b la) J werat = Jute b f q gttr=t , (Aszep) wouyolt = [nee tide ' @ a" a ne -a | weet = f WLedelr +t J vetrat -b -b -» put -t=T —dt= dt =a 4 _ a J wolet)olt = - | uaz =i | vq@az 25 hs b a ’ aye | (uw +fvialdz = -) wiz )dt = : : b b ’ oie ») | wwat = Puwat +t JPverat q a a put t= gw Xe7eB dt = plc)az . < fPatareneecy az * ‘| vl blz) oz) dz 4 a ” [ureter +t vote] pte) az fh wt oter) ote de Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerO_O a & 12 c eg denots the wight hand hot, of the ayetr tee To 8 two be 8 the counter ctocawise diecion ond nol that eh a ™ : < CPUC representations fon 6 17 ONG ‘ Z= zo) = gel? (-4 2049) an Axe tty): Jae +ty (eed £2 . a ¥ YOULY that zty) = z[4tuy] whee PLY) > es ay? (-3 etadee 1) SP Ur gts tatty ne , eye stents Yao ‘ > sit = I, and cost = L4-y* ' 2 Now, — zfotyyl= ett) = sett ~ (eost ri sint) =a [SEP ata] very D 2 ‘ = aly) Not. The pasta metsiic uepuesentation fer a7 ote & mot Uniqua we can cnange the inteival Ovex which the ponam eter yangs to anothes tinted . ut © be given by tc getee and t= Ott) wheu PT) B @ yread valeud gunerion which maps [%)A) onto fab]. we assmy that : vy wntinvous with continuous douivah'urs and $a>0 , e od B Wouasing, ‘ wa QyuLs the ean of Uns through the Lass points (ao) $ — « ‘ ( 1 Le Lin ane The plans, Theq use Lk to find the tinea (pr? ston gt) which can be und i6 tuansform hepuesentation. NC ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner———_—— 2, j line (BOUT ‘ Sot™ The «a? % tht ~ ae. ee (t-%) tea) = bce) ee a Met go | fbea) (1-8), ts 4 = pba )rra- ¢lee sat. Lez! (p-4) — pba ~ad- ab tak all, ae ear + of p-% be dp-db = lt) a te. (eae = ar : B p also @ta)= 6 - Las apd 24 pra and 2 p-Aptag-bd& =b gtp) & ar = pera ap-bt wy wnHnues £ ond git) = (Et a O'Ut) = (&=) 70, poo Quy: s , ‘Suppase| that the funchon ftz) ia Analyte at a poink Tse ZU) Lying ON A Smooth wie X= ZUt) (aet ee) Show that if wlt) = (Ze) then walle) = {1 (zcer) 2Ub) at tety- Sol”: we have fle) = utyy) + Lueyy) J Flt) = tate, ylo) +E virtey yee) sy wih) = OU. aK 4 UW + 7 aD ay au ay ae ae oy aE x ok i ae Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerO__————_— te ! ay 4 av \ag J wie) = (mata )e * Ga as . yl tuemann eqns. As f B analytic A % woe caguse MOUENG Sr) a (-gertan) >) S rav\f 4 tidy foun TRIES) Mend, tuys pileunee) at tr be Quer ¢ . T UF yr be o tod valued functon defined O7 the Intex val osxe) by Means of the equations yeu = 15 sin{ 11) > When) ove) : d when w=o (0) Shoeo that the guahon z= xetyl (O21) KepLe- Aunt On OMe C tat fntelsocts the to) axis at the points az (Mz Iga9- 2.) and z=o0. {eh arity that the ane m the pout (a), i, Iofact a ast Ote- ol ial #1 | ii 13 sin () wdhon’ ote (8 whon x=0 ge ow wood ants, i yuije 0 4 are ba sin (1h) =o geo a = 07 WoW stds se Cs oemer dy me Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner= _—_—™_—_ Ss tt—t”ts 4 wo Mt = My Voneney >> } & zm % aitt urenboble yago CY polynomiut, ¢ teigonomeb C fun cHons ase agp rent als) j tu-yle) , acon Ye Um yued's Now, ot wae ee a yoo tim 2 sin(My)-2 = © NAO n zen existe Vo LE Corl} and 2") = ut on ain) 2x71 C00 (11) ) 5 oete] pato 7 “=O 1 tty do Vv bere) tontnuows Sine polynomud} ziin) Now, -for 1t0 9 unctiond C4? vontinvouws + and tejgonomebue f ot aso 1 Um zits Itt Lm (sxc) -rera) 410 Con a 4 =\eo = |ferdz whe -e giver Ot : ‘ 7 is given by zZle) , aft be » Then-t ebste-a if opposite Aiueckion A Broo: | qtoae = j gre) g tere at -t 4, “a = -| 4 lztey) elt) at ~b ub tet a. ote at a Then | Hlende = J-Lprenrz' t-at)) x 6 so 8 4 [zta) eile) at a wenee, | $terdz. = ~ | 4tovac . - Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘get - ‘ v quameket'c X= get — whow Were & b £4 of « Nowy ( 2 Ts \éaz 20 c ‘ho a ne F \ oe y ate tat 3 2 oe ny ~2t Hh, ; Fai. sat yx-3te pind in the graph. to Cage Sol”: a porrametsae Go 4 4 qe | bury) | a0 poeyett " G- fry) | dels bere] = fryer) |ulerts te =ty ack et} (en? f(z) = t gwyet prety) eld = ut give |ttae uy fe a? 25 cat ’ J oryyi) | ateee, Yl) = JHerdz uhewe mse c iy given ‘ W)C =. by osreat 3 1 7U)> Ott 2B 2 tr t-get® try! ec I, Ftc) = ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner> Jqteide = Ja are) adt | > & 2 1 > = lunat -af (tree ad ° i 2 t) i QC | x i ) = By ies il : - e ay kre 7) pet i fiuide = | fterae + { prea ; iw i Scere LI dt an a lb) paxamebue tan of &* is {eer yter) | nl-ty ylorts oftel] guys ttt ziugle ! yat tz) =~ 8tt® | | tty ace prude = Jurd (art alt e ty ° = -laDt Euiiee fuomplsss Not: from Exam pll2) : th fo parde + | Flardz {path dependent) aq ts i) | fiwdes ft +gct ee Se Y+1-of-2 +2? GtGtG : 2 ] = ta £0 4 a lauound clode path need not ky 0) 3 Uk ¢ denote the aubitrary umocth ane Z=ztt) 1 as tse ‘ jonng Xpand %. Find [ac wo Wy CM gun by zt) | geteb = Meee Saat Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner1 b ~~ | dz = | ZU). eovalt 5 c 4 + Now 2 ‘ 1 um) 4 =) = Zlt) tle) : ee © know that 2 [ % : by fundamental tneowon 3 \paz = [Pruett at = (eto )ieleui® 2Gea* Qa 2 2 8 7 Mosbendent oF ¢ : On deneiobs : Ac ty plecwase smooth : C= Gt+GQt- --t&h guces 2e ‘ z ar) s : : 3 Ray Pitan ' anata | taz = \tde + [taze--- + | tar e ty q Cn ees a [twee 5 (G7), unclependent ye - br) fy XD, ud ine , S HO) be muthpls valiud tunckon e porn Z=t fa bbed a branch point off) y 8 muivoluHon = 6¢ agit) 271 along 9 Cut i 12% produce a change 19 branch 4 fe ‘ — ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner: GW Nt teiln have EO EO onty I ~ oN oieee branch point. oxgtw) > 4 ong) & we It 4 agi) 7 Ist 5 Of ogagicysaT 9 0 * va wean * op ame agicysal. oF TS asig ie) 4 ea» 4 2) @ byanch cut ter a eranch sine) mae mo tebe Une) duawn from tne crane point T= sa etasoney which a cleared cure axound & orn sad cross 1h oude that f!t) ip single valliedt. (al a branch tut as a bovutlest) xample Ut we te) = Fray. show that (a) z=2i ue branch pong of flv LS) a couple wevoluhon axound 4 closed Curie enclosing beth the branch points produces no change vn the branch of fl) ; (e) Duow branch cut 19 (gy rn V; Sal”: Gun Ww = fle) = Ta] be [+i e-19] A bv tguo = oxg [-Dlert)] 1 2 a [aug Uc-l) + og lese)] 4 chonge 19 oygiw) = 4 [ohange in aygtz-i) xchange 9 aseg testy] Now, Lik Che 0 simple closed que gueunol ter | put not endosmg Z=-f, | M& Z mows along G in the MH elockwiie alstechon Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerWe haw Yo¢ Grange in ang tz-f)= aT Cha: ‘ *y =O Me in ang (za) Buy, J 1d) dd nd il th \ Ong. in ag (0): 1 pn+e] = \ Z a5 > Sly 6 “ta branch point cp Zs wy a branch point Neus, take a gimmple closed cue ¢ which enclose both ~ 3 Ste i Mg Vo Qual) = 1 [change in cg (2-1) +change In ag levil] ~C4) I TE enclosing ant Clockwise * Now, but C be simpy bets Ple thosed Chive Anoun . Bova “As 2 mous along ¢ in Mueetion y we have Cronge in aug (t-t) = an Change in ong (at) = on ®y lA), Uranges 19 oxgiuyy = 1 Lana) ‘ ; =e change in branch ores ' | © \h 0 Hoy stating from z=} : = No upwos'ds Along Retz) = 9 , 1 £ W May Atattng toy mM y_ dawn words ted 8 Retry so 7 iw) wy segment {pining % tt. Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanneror i F Noli branch cul must passes enrough all Marrh pein, xompte WC. be Semicineh path t= 3¢ the point w=3 to Z=-3- find the value of | trdz ad flue +d The branch of fiz) 1s not defined at the Imtiod poiny Z=2 oF the contout @, the integral {, d'zide wil) “ot exists - +35 fiw) = ate > Ok tro — flzlo) co) = aR t at ta 9 Fl) vot) = -3e So, flzyztu) is — continvour on Closed Intenual veter when Us value a t=0 U detined ay {RIG ft Deb ETE from : og i aty Tar ayat | @ gy wate diane 2m, Ut) ° |taz =~ 2 Unt txampug, Suppose thot Cc t the podttively Oulentiot epee | x= REO Com gonge £m) bout thy osugin ond Lt 2’ dence any Non- 2UL0 Ho numby . Evatate Jemtae. sett using fu puneipal branch, . ie ferns 74 (ities, he on ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerWhen eth) 3s ge 4 tal stem = t RO LUD EY 1 RM cosetl a phsin att 40 is pew oy taken ot fetdz there the ruc vale of 6 7 mntegre! ceo “We continuous Renee Existy. mn pia ie . 74 = Lo, | ae zi ig \ ttt = ik | fa Jn ¢ St - Pee ginan. “a FOF EZ , ato then 5 J 2 az 26 (net 7tae- 4 Sf Q=0, ave (a fel R oe = ont ee a Rel? frustcudes 7 i = (42) aad © 4 curs) ft) the gemicinle z= ae [0S8eT) |) the gore «x= gel EO an) | io the cele Z= ae’ (0404 an) gre function f Sid "OU Ct fede | through 4 pooramelee wepre sentation for ©. Liga he ¢, 40 use | gvauots | feed. c Os = daa gre Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerIt Wade (6) zee) = z'to) = aye £(216)) 70) = ace? eel gla y ot0 g tel dn - § 5; 1 = a [eP +0] 71 7 a ela)” + ai lol, Tee = 2g [woorisinol, +210 ~U4OTe goi0 . 242 pelo let) = 3) an [ ttoae = 3 { lef Pr1ydo e n ; an ae [etre L a a [ee siey" = a [@2" + ant) A 4 (ells ¢0)] = & Elroniti-ir) =) Ua ent (©) an 1'0 . lodt= { AP 4Z) | gr pidg [atte (Cae) aie . a = 2 (e109 ee (1+anlP-\~0) =un{ quad fttyeZ-1 and CU th one frm 2x5 tw T22 consist c : vo \o ee ee Suinels Zs ire Cn coe ony ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner—————————— soa. exer) of te ) the segment zen Uysm oes g2n Sol: ° ) e604 SW ze Ciatose +t sine o tO nq , conse = 1? ze = - sinett 7 Now, | an. - hoa : J ei® x tol Ad a ef "8 a0 NW qn = Lye > 404) xl es =0 tbh) zay city el [Htoae = JF platy th 4x = [Pon rd =a QuwL:3 ftv = ThexpltZ) and © the boundary of tu cpare with votes at alt pointy Ort, 14st ond ty the owentahon of ¢ being in the tounterelo ches ie cUsehon . a = (adz = | flada+ [tte jt i St tt [trea + (eae q nor t , oft a) d patmee = juts = ety GT, oA i 1 gt ste th 5 ores } = ae | yo j2dt = adel : A ‘Scanned by CamScanner cannes wth Comscannea | © on ace z cane eat fog Eee ic : 5 a 2 = ele = < Gey = laaz = : 5 Ao oh + on co: stot, 3 cee (Ep zitere dy TEE , { fleide = -2 Co ; 0 | flodz =, @TLy +90My gM -y-2 c = UleM1) ua fle) iw depned by means of the quator, \ when ¥6o Flt) = #4 winen y70 and ¢ wthe ate from z=-t to T=l4t along te cue yore SI ye maty = A+it3 1 4euey [peer sul dn y ffleodz = ¢ along upwe y= 7 “12% <0 then y=? Lo a fle ener then y=%t2>0 a flo suy Now \ fa dts \ c ° flea) dawan J 3 tle Siar) au fy 3, . 4 2} tu elisa td © Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner= lat aieee = oral Sues m any fixed FlQ)=) and ets an ortbikary comtoust im Wint % to any fixed point & 1 zeplane b Sol Ur ¢ be given by te THO onts whee taey , wb) =4 | Fleder = [PF lee) we at c a i | = |b tiurat = ZU)-Tla) Q = G-% loy Froc) dues Svyawiats the integra? J c™ePde whowe M4 N ant inleguu and ¢ ts the PDUNeHCLOcK Wide: “egl”! The powra mektu'c Hepre sentahon of cLuive =e unit cuicle Jtis1 taken t% zio) =e? whey ded Lan and z't0) = iol? an Now es = J, telay™ (ty x to 49 etl fotm =f | e (m-n-1) | I oe math =O 8 Nema ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner: th ea fap = ant \ 3 Then J fied = {, - + Comet) : ’ oh mrti¢o Le ntme , am; » thon | fierde = t | ale) ie c ° at ple ene ae ° tim-n+) Hence, {ye dt = ie hom} oO n+me] Quea:4 Evaluate the wokegrad I= [Zaz using the dupreren- tahon for ¢ ze V4ye tty (229 £2) Sol: we hou UY) = Jagr aty [-2eyeay Ae ela =i (TeRaty Jury? Then, Ali fi ‘ (Wap -iy) (Weis ty) d cco 4 s 2 ELT gg) ay sup |? ay ry re > at \" en Ms gt Tent 4 sey #1, =u4ut Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner| i (@) use the pasiamedstit aepae sontahons Not: o § 22200 + hon OF Ye we use parameleti scope seat I G coe 1, ¥ q y } Wh. ie si] 40 FUN} Sol”: Hy le arel® ap = ul | a » a: Suite Rel? (-7L84n ur * Zs Zot FO : Co And c dono the cfvicles Ond ze rel® (neon) Hog pe chuoly fo show hat {fu)ae = J fede when f 4 flecewise Cont'nvous One Ub) Apply the Mesut in past (a) 5 to 4howd that [vert ae 20 Mea ADy en | ae sont 0% Sols (@) Evaluation of inkgral along Gt - we have . Zz Me Rel? 126 £n and 2to)=Kie? N, mt Hl the | flewaz J flee!) Rvel ao Go -n n AS = Ril FfRel? olan es) a gyaluatvan of integoa) along Ct— . nauelll, (e).7/Rele: —n £0 £n = we ie t = zito) = fRe 3 1 , ‘ . = (Rel AOE curs i ~ gren | fed 82 Jt Jae Ril? - arf Ftndiaydae 2 ———— 0952. ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscannerfrom = quahen a) 4 tay fle &) dz = (2)at L \4 Now. = iow c \erae = Pewe)” RjelPas c a = are f" 2M 45 a 3 o4 i e m=0 , then Lodz = raz = ae = ont b ; i, z j Il Sf n+0, then j Maz = ph \ las i - > Bx reine |" = 0 nt “r Then from pat @), we get | tee) taz = | az % c Monee, [tty = | ME ro : Q d N=Blyta,. -. 4S @) Suppese 0 functsn flO "Ss continvouws on a amoosth are & whicy has a paramekcic MAPLE den tahon Zs Tet) ASts thad flzun 4 tontnvous on intescyar atts’ Show that If on , METER act. plays ak atpy>b then - » Jo j eapeurde = {tee ze ap ot when 200) =2fere) Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannergw) = ¢ leer) “3? In. WE flee) = F lt (ez ez (otc) ) Ond try at= alztn) = 4 Letqeay] etre = waar - 6, . D WFO), Py [zter) eMrret \° flee) Wat = \. Quy:o 41 Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerScanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerCLL LONTOUyL |} + S vppe bounds 40% Hoole Sy Set Joe gas Kenge rf i % Vole) ty va’ piectwise continvous complex valued funchen | dipined on an intenval OS + £b sthen | (“ourae| 4 [ww Vat friviaLliy eu. Pros. Hy Pow at xo then the mesult & hy Now, %4; (r tol dt +0 b WE PProtede = Wye?” cohewe He = | [ourar| - a) @ F b ie Aso, y= gies | toler At (+: e!o49) -(2) a Sinu LHS of eqn (2) UY fumely sua0 then RHS most be pustoly sual and it Cones wilh LH Leead pat eH . b % ez Ref @ wud - J Re Le oe Jas c a ee et ato § | Le Poca fat UF Relea E1z1) b . Ho £ I], Leh Yeoter pe b : a to Ss JP lwunlae - (8) Cte a1) prom WO 4 (5), b | fp ewat| = As [ety fae. aM — CN-L formula at c denote a contouy oh Lingth Land support that ‘ inetion ee i Ss eZ ReCousiae combinucid on © Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerSf oH & a Mon- negative constant: 4et flor £M . wu de te for alt pony Z onc , at which {fe 4 Lined Hear, | | fterae} fH. Toot: U be a parametitc ko Te TU) y Et ED ; sk ‘apne sentahon of contour co. then by Cinequolity’ Lerma WE have b 2 Mey | [roa | | | pteauite dott b ‘ | | five) ZU) | lt a Now, Ipteee.ctey] = | 4teew) [zee] eH Ie") Vo asteb b | | {me] é | M Irlupyat § la £m [ive jg Wat = ML wheu Le \° 12! watt A. Not’ f) the atrict tnequotitg fy ML formuto holds ‘, [fa1e4 weed. 2) The Muoltty alco odds tH5- “4 Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner. Il " floes L ciefined 07 & feel ZU). lo t _ ~ Lb sie oH I4teat - (El 7 fm! elk) Cost + Usint 1 Ft et Sl zluy = ~sint atcost y ost £90 > pelwyy =r : on Ls | wat = an ° flety) = 1 Costti Sint FlZWITIEL) = Sint rilost x Coat sin t Coot-+rsint toot—tsint = . an Jflode = t [at = ant c 0 = ||plede] = [eae 3 bent] = 2p parce» | [poe] samt =e 0 yee gic of MY Ole Wzis2 fem tsa to zest ut © pay vo Hust quadvont . show Mas tot Yar] 2 6m ) Mg 7 Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerat ‘ 2 i. | CU the portion of Iti th the Lt Qu ong Ci teat (be eal = angth of ane C Fit) ey z3-] Ze = Seat + fa Sint posted = bys -2Sint +27 Coat posted Wh Th, L = | Itwlat = al dt = 7 ° 5 Now, |erul = Jeti 244 =6 Wee oz ize) = Joel] =7- > to) = la ¢ & =H v wed ° ied (73-1] 7 Now, by Mt ~ formula, | [terae| shel = 6 q esompe Usthout tuatualing the countouy ttegra —Okowo that umn SZ at =o RAD tg TAH whe = | ce 4 | reer} 4 AZ Aenoty thy brand ie ge tle ; Ueo, -0 eee a0) . sol” TU Roost tEK st DI) > - KEINE tIR Cot Octerzn Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner| ae JP reer ae = an : nc I z+ | tej. ye |. ue | 2H |z241) ot 2 Subyiers to shoo that ui : raw | Nea ae] = i ; J} °ftouise if Um |zlzo then — Lim (7) =o } Ro R4@ | FH lt =R oy Ce Rao) whee Ifl2 1H Ife |= Ne] |e) | a leas > lieepny = |teP-1] > R24 og | “= & | Re) By ML for mela’, [ UF, )ee| ¢ anne & (k2-1) Ha| (B)e] = | Quytned* Zest wousting the tatearal Show that re Wo €, ata oat o Exe d, \\ 45) <2 0% R4ay <1 Scanned by CamScanner Seanres wih CamscannerMe t oot Te ze ad? cll able ts hs © [eool= le 127-1] 2) 2 Weim) ele by Ht formula, [1 : Cueet 2 tk oC denote the Une AL jz'eesfolt pte CoM y Acoat + Estat - saint +f cost > = [4-t] +3) o)|4 aie from zat te tele that Une Segment . u on By obsexving that of aut pon ine ts the cosest * the origin ¢ Shove ne | sue a Gu salt we P be midpoint of Uns s9gment Me qeining X=1 and z=t Then Patti Distance of P from origin =[0P) for any t dying on AB tel Z1OP) vite yolk f | 4 7 3 1a 1 nie ys [plan] ld, mitt, | (@)" ey =H | Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScanner| if &| ene Suse i & = J@4)* tet Sg zu IE ‘ay Shists tat Tf c Bb the boundoxry ot the tran gle all Metttees out points 04 304-4 ontented 1 the Coun Fencag, SoIdg Ueechon , then \ |, @*-z)ae| 260 e Sure = © We haug Length of Monyle Le aauy¢5 eto Now , Then oz_z] ¢ Jet} +)e] = eve )zy fey any zone whee ~uex £0 We haue eteetee® ang peu v zone ek er and ieteu :. Jet-z]éleuss vo zone, once. | ( tet) de] 2 12x86 60 ‘ {8g Mb- ferrule) 14054 “oo aenote the upp half of OHcL [zi=R [Reap tarer 7 COUN HEH Oockwig Akeetron , Ahoio \ {: ge az | £ TR(29241) 74 sty CR) (Rup qren show Hat the valus 4 inteyrad tomy too Q ands t ® gst” we hovt L=mR \FA ‘Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerNow Jarry | £ eletprt = OP, Vzan lh ame! ond Jats 52>4u} = | (2244) (e740) . a a) zt stzay) 2 Wei-u) ter? | = (newer) Yeon ls Then» | artt | 6 aR EM Vv can le TH+ Bey (R™1) (R24) Hence , 2z%) | \ dz © ML = THR (9 R241) Westy PRET (e1) 1274) CSO 5 tim | {2 | © bm TRY) 6, R40 Zheseyy Reto (p.1) (p=) Ques’ s Ut Cp be the usiclh Ize (R7L) taken In Counter tlockwise ditiechon . show \{ Loge dz) ¢ aT [7#5) © th § ancl then Show that the Value ' ote grog ao R100. ee Sol Lungth | (yy LT 9NK Now, blogz = Pnir) +10 = Rad whece rl 2 6 ST ay |Log 2) = \ nA-+{o) ¢ dn) + 10) ce daner Zon Ce i Scanned by CamScannerape Vz on Ce, Also, ie21 2 jrer~ol =k z on %e thon dn R+Te v | 4 | | 28 | . R® , = aT ( ls | Hence | vot az} He * 4 inf zw | 2 tim nm { sOkr ) Up) | Now, — Lim \ Logt ac] ¢ z Raw te Zs | Using uw Hos pitot wus, , bin | | Loge al «ur on (+2) = RA® te im hao dues 27. . ag SHE ‘tho jntenu ‘sho values o % in the Show that fov au tht chon i tae + | Gt irae tose) de 1 N=6y1,2)—- do souli SFy the In equality {Pott | £1 aI eon Sidext, ~ \ put {7 ese) | = | nat [rv 09] = ery (ew) Coat yd [l-loaeo) + Loot At sin? + CoO e Sintot Lore! (% ote, On a ° tentrrl = ld 5, (1+ T S708 Mabe | od flare Getto eos ra Now? RS Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerTl es " : Sf C= 44ing ly € 7 {nee mg) Hence pntdl $1 YF Ore — aeo.8 Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerScanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth CamscannerWu: Antiolyrlvadi vel! . x ~ valued function aupined on aq mplex 1 dt pty be @ comp a enous ' i ¢ svppo4? flO ng domain DS4 * apa iy mailed 09 antrclen)- 1 thon a function Say ey 2 £2 v ted ‘varie of ger PID F . yo a y Note that any he? anti- deivosivt of fie if pow , , by a constant. wh ot ‘suppose F(z) & lt) One noo anticletivative of fir) ) , Then Fe) = fl? y ted > Giz) = f(D plz) -Ged = gie'apten 0 4 (plz- ate] = , By umma |v GED) 1 fiz) - Ged = Conslant o Theomom: LAnti derivative theosiem) uu Suppose that oO funcHon fle) u ph. Of Any one of the qollowing then go wu the othe * (a) flz) has on antideyivative F(z) throught . be) the tategrals of fled along —tontous dying entirely in D And &Kkending from any fixed point 4 f? any fixed Point G all haw the same value namely tontinvows on a domair stamens uy Kes w q Je fleioe = Fre) | = Fl&)- FIZ) whou Fit) & the AntidexivaHus jy statement @ (ey the Iniegrala Of ftc? oxtound eLoctd — Contorus Hing ents 1 D WW haw Vale zig. Scanned by CamScanner ‘Scanned with CamScannerPonts fh) sup uk plz) be (ont nuowd ar Wo Ftey be an antraedvaor Of f Filed = fle y TED ‘set dinouith ane pining q and 7%, ur r mo Uk Contouste Const of Lying enhau in domain Sdntation with pasamnetc apr - D Kz Xt) ast tb Zz tla) 9 GF zlb) Now, by chain ull, we get d UF tell) = Pitzer) 2!) at = fet) Ze) fr fltz) =fied veo} b A zUt)) 214) alt |e A, ae = \ d Flztt))at , a = FP (eth) - Fiza) : J ferae = Flu) -FIq) ~x) (ey Pree) : . x Oe rows 6 onslsls th fine number of smooth ants a ut =, 40 [preerwtse Smooth) yoned end to end 3 ei nas z , tom plubety trade D. | gt yr a Scanned by CamScanner ‘Seannea wth Camscanner