A major development in this century has been novels published as ebooks, and the growth

of web fiction, which is available primarily or solely on the Internet. A common type is the
web serial: unlike most modern novels, web fiction novels are frequently published in parts over
time. Ebooks are often published with a paper version. Audio books (a recording of a book
reading) have also become common this century.

Another non-traditional format, popular in the 21st century, is the graphic novel. However, though
a graphic novel may be "a fictional story that is presented in comic-strip format and published as
a book",[104] it can also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works.[105][106] While the term
graphic novel was coined in the 1960s[107][108] there were precursors in the 19th century.[109] The
author John Updike, when he spoke to the Bristol Literary Society in 1969, on "the death of the
novel", declared that he saw "no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and
create a comic strip novel masterpiece".[110] A popular Japanese version of the graphic novel can
be found in manga, and such works of fiction can be published in online versions.

Audiobooks have been available since the 1930s in schools and public libraries, and to a lesser
extent in music shops. Since the 1980s this medium has become more widely available,
including more recently online.[111]

Web fiction is especially popular in China, with revenues topping US$2.5 billion, [112] as well as
in South Korea. Online literature such as web fiction inside China has over 500 million readers,
[113]
therefore, online literature in China plays a much more important role than in the United
States and the rest of the world.[114] Most books are available online, where the most popular
novels find millions of readers. Joara is S. Korea's largest web novel platform with 140,000
writers, with an average of 2,400 serials per day and 420,000 works. The company posted
12.5 billion won in sales in 2015 as profits were generated from 2009. Its membership is
1.1 million, and it uses 8.6 million cases a day on average (2016).[115] Since Joara's users have
almost the same gender ratio, both fantasy and romance forms of genre fiction are in high
demand.[116]

The development of ebooks and web novels has led to a rapid expansion of self-published works
in recent years.[117] So