IV

1. The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are
descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave.
2. Prescriptive laws tell us how we should and should not behave. They are like moral rules.
Descriptive laws tell us how the universe or nature works. Natural laws are the same as
descriptive laws.
3. Civil Law, as it regards a type of law, is a branch of law that regulates the non-criminal
rights, duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) and equal legal relations
between private individuals, as opposed to criminal law or administrative law.
4. Customs are various traditions or social mores which are passed from generation to
generation. They compose the very social infrastructure for human actions and interactions
by which we live our lives and decide what is important in our lives. Over the years customs
will evolve and change. This is how societies progress and reshape themselves over time.
5. Social control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the
government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens. Without
laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists themselves argue
that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no
governments to interfere in our lives).
6. Public law is the part of law that governs relations between legal persons and a
government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of
governments, as well as relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society.
Public law comprises constitutional law, administrative law, tax law and criminal law, as well
as all procedural law.
7. Civil law is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the
world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with
core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.
The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in
medieval England.
8. Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people
feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a
decision that most people feel is fair. But will we create a just society by simply observing
public opinion? If we are always fair to majorities, we will often be unfair to minorities. If we
do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future.
9. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most
people that dangerous driving should be punished; that fathers should provide financial
support for their children if they desert their families; that a person should be compensated
for losses when someone else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be
enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when definitions are being written,
it becomes clear that common sense is not such a simple matter.
10. If we do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future.
What should the court decide, for example, when a man kills his wife because she has a
painful illness and begs him to help her die? It seems unjust to find him guilty of a crime, yet
if we do not, isn’t there a danger that such mercy-killing will become so widespread that
abuses will occur?

VIII
1.The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour.
2. The Government creates a social law and makes its control and purpose.
3. The existing laws in most cases make life easier happier and safer.