119 section Fluid Mec™ ubes without deni Effect of roughness th ¢ a rough pipe leads tg The discussion thus far has been restricted etl ss. It has Jong bee" known en er ‘ian smooth bape débd ty i - for a giv’ Re! molds = s al ie ‘i Ne on factor is eet wi te oe ae ae : * ‘ac given Reynolds rings about NO further reduction In the f factor Be a eit aa ies number tu hydraulically smooth. Equa ion (5- E aulicaty the tube is said to be The hei ht of a si ght of a singly 9 shows several idealized kind: ‘oug! s denoted by kand is c led the roughness parameter. From is a function of both Re and the relative roughness k/D, wheat .¢ of the pipe: For a given kind of roughness, for example, ne be expected that a different curve of f versus 7 jnness and also that for othe, would be found for each magnitude of the relative rou! ig such as those shown in Fig. 5.9¢ and d, a different family of types of roughness, ch type of roughness. Experiments 9; n curves of Re versus f would be found for ea¢ rificially roughened pipe have confirmed thes' i ly roug ‘ e expectations. It has al ee all clean, new commercial pipes seem to have the same type of ies been t each material of construction has its own characteristic ee ighness eter. Old, foul, and corroded pil i fe pipe can be ver ness ies from that of clean pipe. ry rough, and the character of the rough. oughness ha: . + flow unless k is ea effect on the friction factor es ge that the measurement of the di or for laminar ameter becom les smooth tube Figure 5. amit of roughnes: mensional analy D is the diamete! chown in Fig. 5.9@ and D, it ot ARR. ZZ ZEEE Catena gist 7 T 2 { 4 t a L MRR, a eee (b| FIGURE s9 8 aL TT Types of roughness, ; e CoueyCHAPTER S: Incompressible Flow in Pipes and Chi ry ‘The friction factor chart For design purposes, the friction characteristics of round pipe, both smooth and rough, are summart ed by the Hriction factor chart (Pig. 5.10), which is alog og plot of f versus Re. For laminar flow Liq. (5.22) relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number. A log-log plot of Bq. (5.22) is a straight line with a slope of —1, This plot line is shown on Fig, 5.10 for Reynolds numbers less than 2,100, For turbulent flow the lowest line represents the friction factor for smooth tubes, and is consistent with Bq. (5.50). A much more convenient empirical equation for this line is the relation JS = 0.046 Rew"? (5.53) This applies over a range of Reynolds numbers from about 50,000 to 1 x 10°. Another equation, applicable over a range of Reynolds numbers from 3,000 to 3 x 10% is 0.125 0.0014 ++ (5.54) The other curved lines in the turbulent flow range represent the friction factors for various types of commercial pipe, each of which is characterized by a different value of k. The parameters for several common metals are given in the figure. Clean wrought-iron or steel pipe, for example, has a k value of 1.5 x 10 ft, regardless of the diameter of the pipe. Drawn copper and brass pipe may be considered hydrauli- cally smooth. Figure 5.10 is useful for calculating hy, from a known pipe size and flow rate, but it cannot be used directly to determine the flow rate for a given pressure drop, since Re is not known until V is determined. However, since f changes only slightly with Re for turbulent flow, a trial-and-error solution converges quickly, as shown in Example 5.1.Material kit Drown tubing | Smooth Wrought iron, steel | 0.00015 Galvanized iron | 0.0005 Cost iron 0.00085 Concrete 0.01-0.001 0.1 0.01 1ooth 0.00005 Spot 00001 0.0001 0.001 7 5 106 10 104 10: 3 10? 10 i FIGURE 5.10 Friction factor chart.