Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5. Bennis and Nanus (1985) identified three fundamental qualities that effective leaders share. These
three qualities are;
a. guided vision, passion, and integrity
b. knowledge of self, honesty, and maturity
c. intelligence, self-confidence, and determination
d. honesty, self-awareness, and sociability
ANS: A
Bennis and Nanus (1985) have stated that guided vision, passion, and integrity are fundamental
qualities of effective leaders. Knowledge of self, honesty and maturity; self-confidence and
determination; self-awareness and sociability are also desirable characteristics in leaders, but are not
part of the group of qualities identified by Bennis and Nanus.
6. Kirkpatrick and Locke identified six traits that separate leaders from non-leaders. These traits are:
a. respectability, trustworthiness, flexibility, self-confidence, intelligence, and sociability
b. self-confidence, progression of experiences, influence of others, personal life factors,
honesty, and drive
c. intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability, and honesty
d. drive, desire to lead, honesty, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of
business
ANS: D
Research by Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) concluded that leaders posses six traits: drive, desire to
lead, honesty, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of business. Wood identified five
dominant factors that influenced leadership development: self-confidence, innate qualities, progression
of experience, influence of significant others, and personal life factors. Stodgill identified the
following traits of a leader: intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability. Murphy
and DeBack (1991) identified four characteristics of leaders: caring, respectability, trustworthiness,
and flexibility.
7. The type of leadership that is participatory and delegates authority to others is called:
a. autocratic
b. democratic
c. laissez-faire
d. employee-centered
ANS: B
Democratic leadership is participatory and authority is delegated to others. Autocratic leadership
involves centralized decision-making with the leader making decisions and using power to command
and control others. Laissez-faire leadership is passive, and permissive and the leader defers decision-
making. Employee-centered leadership focuses on the human needs of subordinates.
8. The leadership theory that considers follower readiness as a factor in determining leadership style is
called:
a. contingency
b. path goal
c. situational
d. charismatic
ANS: C
Situational leadership considers the readiness of the follower as a factor in determining leadership
style. Contingency theory views that pattern of leader behavior as dependent on the interaction of the
personality of the leader and the needs of the situation. In path goal theory, the leader works to
motivate followers and influence goal accomplishment. Charismatic leadership has an inspirational
quality that promotes an emotional connection from followers.
9. In contingency theory, the feeling and attitudes of followers regarding acceptance, trust, and credibility
of the leader are called:
a. task structure
b. position power
c. low task structure
d. leader-member relations
ANS: D
In contingency theory, leader-member relations are the feelings and attitudes of followers concerning
the acceptance, trust, and credibility of the leader. Task structure of contingency theory means the
degree to which work is defined, with specific procedures, explicit directions, and goals. Low task
structure involves work that is not routine, predictable, or clearly defined. Position power in
contingency theory is the degree of formal authority and influence associated with the leader.
11. A leader who is committed to a vision that empowers others is called a ________ leader.
a. transformational
b. charismatic
c. transactional
d. autocratic
ANS: A
A transformational leader empowers others. A charismatic leader has an appeal based on personal
power. A transactional leader focuses on day-to-day operations. An autocratic leader has central power
and does not empower others.
12. A leader who focuses on the day-to-day operations of a unit or department and short-term goals is
considered to be a:
a. transformational leader
b. charismatic leader
c. transactional leader
d. autocratic leader
ANS: C
Transactional leaders tend to focus on day-to-day operations and are short-term goal orientated. A
transformational leader inspires and motivates others to excel and participate in a vision that goes
beyond self-interests. A charismatic leader displays self-confidence and strength in convictions and
communicates high expectations. An autocratic leader makes decisions and uses power to command
and control others.
13. Fiedler’s (1967) Contingency theory of leadership is based upon three primary factors. Which of the
following is not one of these factors?
a. leader-member relations
b. follower-joiner relations
c. task structure
d. position power
ANS: B
Fiedler’s (1967) Contingency theory of leadership views leadership effectiveness as dependent upon
the interaction of the leader’s personality and the needs of the situation. These are based upon leader-
member relations (not follower-joiner relations), task structure, and position power.
14. Leaders who “commit people to action, convert followers into leaders, and convert leaders into agents
of change” are called:
a. transactional leaders
b. situational leaders
c. charismatic leaders
d. transformational leaders
ANS: D
The leadership description that includes committing people to action, converting followers into
leaders, and converting leaders into agents of change refers to transformational leaders (Bennis and
Nanus, 1985). Transactional leaders are more concerned with the day-to-day operations. Situational
leaders adapt their leadership style according to the situation at hand. Charismatic leaders display self-
confidence and strength in their convictions and tend to lead by using personal power and evoking
emotion in their followers.
15. The acronym used to identify Gulick and Urwick’s (1937) seven principles associated with
management is:
a. PDQRZ
b. POSDCORB
c. POSCORD
d. POSDCD
ANS: B
Gulick and Urwick’s (1937) seven principles that define the management process are: planning (P),
organizing (O), staffing (S), directing (D), coordinating (CO), reporting (R), and budgeting (B).
Therefore the acronym is: POSDCORB.
16. Mintzberg’s managerial taxonomy includes three categories of managerial roles. Which of the
following is not one of those categories?
a. information processing roles
b. interpersonal roles
c. managing roles
d. decision-making roles
ANS: C
Mintzberg (1973) categorized the roles or behaviors, expectations, and recurring activities that
managers do into a taxonomy or classification system. Mintzberg’s taxonomy of management roles
included the following: 1) information processing roles, 2) interpersonal roles, and 3) decision-making
roles.
CHAPTER XXVI.
The mysterious “still small voice”—Samoan mythology—The man who
pushed the Heavens up—The child of the Sun—A Figian version
of the “Flood”—The Paradise of the Figian—Lying Ghosts—
Singular case of abduction—The disobedient Naiogabui—All fair
in love and war—The fate of poor Rokoua—The Samoan hades
—Miscellaneous gods of the Samoans—A god for every village—
The cup of truth—Mourning the destruction of a god’s image—
The most fashionable god in Polynesia—Families marked for
human sacrifice—“Tapu” or “tabu”—Its antiquity and wide-spread
influence—Muzzled pigs and blindfolded chickens—Ceremony of
releasing the porkers—Tremendous feast of baked pig—The tapu
in New Zealand—A terrible tinder box—The sacred pole and the
missionaries—The chief’s backbone—The Pakeka and the iron
pot—One of the best uses of tapu—Its general advantages and
disadvantages—Tapu among the Samoans—Witchcraft in New
Zealand—Visit of a European to a “retired” witch—The religion of
the Dayak—“Tapa,” “Tenahi,” “Iang,” and “Jirong”—Warriors’
ghosts—Religious rites and superstitions of the Sea Dayaks—
The great god Singallong Burong—Belief in dreams among the
Sea Dayaks—Story of the stone bull—Of the painted dog.