DEEP-DEPRESSION: FEASIBILITY TO DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN COMPUTER

INTERFACE (BCI) BASED SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING DEPRESSION USING NEURAL

CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BRAIN

Antora Dev Mahmuda Akter

Research Engineer Research Engineer
AIMS Lab, United International University (UIU) AIMS Lab, United International University (UIU)
Jannatul Ferdous Srabonee Umaima Afifa
Research Engineer Research Engineer
AIMS Lab, United International University (UIU) AIMS Lab, United International University (UIU)
Dr. Chiranjeeb Biswas Dr. Farhana Sarker
Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Assistant Professor
Psychiatry Medical College for Women & University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB)
Hospital (MCWH)
Dr. Md. Kafiul Islam Dr. Helal Uddin Ahmed
Associate Professor Associate Professor- NIMH
Independent University, 1
Bangladesh, Secretary-General, BACAMH, Bangla
Bangladesh (IUB) desh
 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Depression
• Common and serious medical illness
• Loss of pleasure and appetite
• Feeling worthless
• Difficulty of thinking
• Thoughts of suicide

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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

BCI-based Depression Identification

• BCI: Collaboration between brain and a device
• EEG: Use to record brain’s spontaneous electrical activity
• Non-invasive and easy to use
• 64-channel EEG Device
• More informative

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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Objectives

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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Research Pipeline

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 Subject Data Collection
● Underwent a survey complying with the PHQ-9 and Holmes and Rahe guideline
 Subject Data Collection(Contd.)
● Based on PHQ-9 and Holmes and Rahe
score subjects were recommended to
psychologist
● Screened by and diagnosed by
a psychologist

● Based on the reference of psychologist,

subjects were requested to attend
the Lab
 Subject Data Collection(Contd.)
● Data was collected from 11 subjects
● Incentive Payment was paid to each
Subject
MDD Healthy
Male Female Male Female
4 0 7 0

Challenges:
● Hard to find subjects as people are
not willing to go to psychologist
● Less amount of incentive also
makes it difficult to find subjects
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Signal Acquisition through 64-channel EEG

Recorded Signal
Signal Preprocessing
❏ z-score normalization was performed to raw data
❏ Bandpass filter with 0.5Hz low cutoff frequency was applied
❏ Artifacts were removed using ASR and ICA in EEGLab toolbox in MATLAB
❏ Collected data was preprocessed using Brain Vision Analyzer software

Preprocessed Data
Raw Data
 Feature Extraction and Feature Selection
● EEG Features Extraction Toolbox and EMG Features Extraction Toolbox were
used for extracting various features
● 571 features from each channel
from six frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha,
beta1, beta2, and gamma) were extracted
● Any features with Nan or Inf values were
removed
● Finally 10,000 time-frequency domain
features were retrieved from 19 channel
● Iteratively evaluating the model 45 best
features were selected
● Wrapper-based SVM-Recursive Feature
Elimination with correlation bias reduction
was utilized to choose the optimal features 11
Brain Topography of Healthy and MDD Subjects in Different
Frequency Band

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 Classification
● SVM with RBF kernel with hyperparameter tuning {c = from -12 to
12 and gamma from -12 to 12} was used
● For validation, 10-fold cross validation was used
● Tested the BCI algorithm using our data and achieved 75%
accuracy

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 Result and Achieved milestones
● Among the 19 channels, Fz in the frontal lobe,
Pz in the parietal lobe, T6 in the temporal lobe,
O2 in the occipital lobe, and C3 in the central
region of the brain plays a significant role in
identifying depression

● ERP analysis showed that ERP Peak goes Connectivity map of Healthy Subjects
higher in MDD than Healthy subjects and
Response Time is less in MDD than Healthy
● Selecting 45 features from 10,000 features
and utilizing ML framework(SVM) gave
75% accuracy

Connectivity map of MDD Subjects

 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Summary of the Project Progress

• Completed Literature Research and Analysis on EEG-based Depression identification.
• Completed experimental protocol design with 64-channel EEG Device on depressed patients.
• BBS ethical application is approved.
• BMRC ethical application
in the final stage.
• Published one research
article in IEEE Access
Journal (Q1 journal;
Impact Factor: 3.367)
• MDD classification
algorithm is developed
and Journal submitted.
• Clinical Healthy and MDD
data collected
(Phase 1 clinical trial)

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Summary of the Project Progress (Contd.)

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Summary of the Project Progress (Contd.)

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Summary of the Project Progress (Contd.)

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Summary of the Project Progress (Contd.)

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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Challenges
• To get MDD patients with clinical diagnosis
• Active participation and cooperation from National Institute of
Mental Health and other institutes in Bangladesh
• Need fundings for large patient data collection

Future Work
• Seek more funds for large patient data collection
• Publish open data after collecting large scale dataset
• Perform phase-1 clinical trial

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Summary of the Project Progress
● Literature review and published systematic review
● Design and development of the protocol
● Developed Machine Learning based BCI Algorithm
● Collected data from 11 subjects (4 MDD and 7 healthy)
● Tested the BCI algorithm using our data and achieved 75% accuracy
● Depression Assessment Chatbot based on WHO and mhGAP was built
● Published one article and other 4 articles are in progress
Project Progress and Expenditure

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Appendix

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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Timeline and Progress

Months
Major Milestone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Literature Review
Research and Analysis on Depression
Clinical Survey on Patients
EEG Data Collection
Signal Processing and Protocol Development
Algorithm Development
Final Testing
Final Report Submission
Conference Paper and Journal Publication

Completed

In progress/ Incomplete
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 Progress on Deep-depression: Identifying depression through EEG

Expenditure
Budgeted Project/ Task Remaining
SL Research Items Spent Amount
Amount Completion Amount
Research on Developing Deep Depression (Design,
1 105,000.00 In progress 103,757.00 1,243.00
Feasibility & Supervision)
2 Cost of Data Collection 100,000.00 In progress 61,905.00 38,095.00
Extra Electrodes (10 in 1 pack) 172,890.80 Complete 172,890.80 -
BCI Recording Electrolyte Gel (100 ml) 44,078.80 Complete 44,078.80 -
3
Consumable Hardware wiring Kit 32,211.46 Complete 32,211.46 -
64-channel EEG Cap 57,641.60 Complete 57,641.60 -
4 Data Storage 5,400.00 Complete 5,300.00 100.00
5 Product Shipping Cost (2ft box) 20,000.00 Complete 20,000.00 -
6 Research Engineers for 1 year 480,000.00 In progress 480,000.00 -
Dissemination through Conference and Journal
7 150,000.00 Complete 157,500.00 (7,500.00)
Publication
8 Training and Workshop 20,000.00 In progress 7,400.00 12,600.00
9 Final Report of the project 5,000.00 Incomplete - 5,000.00
10 Contingency and Miscellaneous 7,777.00 In progress 6,627.00 1,150.00

Total 1,199,999.66 656,88.00 26

1,149,311.66
 Classifier
● SVM Classifier with 10-fold
cross validation
● Selected 45 best features
● Achieved 100% accuracy

Figure. Effect of the hyperparameters (C and Gamma) following the number of features
and classification accuracy while training the model on the full brain. The color bar
indicates the level of accuracy. With only the 45 best features the model got 100% 27
 Depression Screening Following mhGAP
Depression Assessment Chatbot based on WHO and mhGAP was built

PHQ-2 : Assesses whether depressed or not

PHQ-9: Determines the severity of depression

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 Poster Presentation
Poster was presented at
International Health Economics
Conference 2023, on September 12-13,
2023, at the Nabab Nawab Ali
Chowdhury Senate Bhaban,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh,
organized by Institute of Health
Economics, University of Dhaka

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