Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888

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Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and

Engineering Aspects
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/colsurfa

Ethylene glycol based polyurethane shell microcapsules for textile

applications releasing medicinal lavender and responding to
mechanical stimuli
Ali Özsevinç a, Cemil Alkan b, *
a
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Textile Technology, Tokat, Turkey
b
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Science and Letter Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Tokat, Turkey

G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Interfacial polymerization has been used to encapsulate essential oils (EOs). Nevertheless, interfacial polymer­
Fragile capsule ization to form polymeric interface of EOs with the environment has been poorly studied. The objective of this
Polyurethane study was to develop a kind of polyurethane (PU) based shell microencapsulated EOs to induce controlled de­
Lavender fragrance
livery. In this study, ethylene glycol based PU microcapsules were prepared to release medicinal lavender oil
Controlled release
from some textiles with controlled delivery mechanism and mechanical stimuli. Various diisocyanates and
ethylene glycol (EG) are used to synthesize the PU based shell microcapsules for optimization and reveal
structure property relationship of shell structure in controlled release issue. The sensing mechanical stimuli of the
polymer capsules is achieved by using a short molecule, EG. The original lavender fragrance was encapsulated in
PU shells by the interfacial interaction of toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, or methylene bisphenol
diisocyanate with EG at the interface of oil and water phases. The fragrance capsules were characterized by
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, particle size distribution (PSD) analysis, polarized optical
microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations. The release behavior of the fragrance
capsules was determined by periodic weight checks over 30 days. According to the release analysis, the efficient

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cemil.alkan@gop.edu.tr (C. Alkan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129888
Received 1 June 2022; Received in revised form 3 August 2022; Accepted 5 August 2022
Available online 6 August 2022
0927-7757/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan
EOs encapsulation ratio of the particles were 34.90%, 39.84% and 48.70% for particles produced using toluene
diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and methylene bisphenol diisocyanate respectively. The average particle
size was determined in a range of 10–30 µm for the particles produced used any diisocyanate, which meant they
were at commonly used sizes for textile applications. The -NH, -C––O, -C-O-C, and -C-N peaks in the structure of
the PU were determined by FT-IR to demonstrate successful synthesis. SEM images revealed that microparticles
with medicinal lavender oil were fragile to increase the release rate when needed.
1. Introduction
Scientific developments increased manufacturing innovative prod­
ucts with Essential oils (EOs) in the textile materials. Microencapsula­
tion is one of the most versatile techniques, small microcapsules can be
produced and applied to textiles efficiently, improving their dynamics,
comfort or adding functionality. Microcapsules are small particles that
have numerous industrial applications. Controlled release of drugs,
textiles, cosmetics, adhesives, inhibitors, are some well known
examples.
Microencapsulation technology targets to impart further miscella­
neous functionality using different techniques in production means and
applications. They focused largely on improving the thermal comfort
properties of textiles by encapsulating phase-changing materials [1–7].
The popularity of textile products containing odor capsules is increasing
day by day. The production of these capsules is still not well known due
to their commercial importance. Fragrances cannot be directly applied
to textiles due to their volatile properties. For this reason, they are
applied to textile materials by enclosing the fragrances in a shell and
protecting them from external influences [8,9]. Most commercially
available fragrance microcapsules are based on amine-formaldehyde,
but their use is limited due to their environmental impact [10]. Micro­
capsules containing volatiles can be made with gelatin and arabic gum
by a complex conversion method in a variety of sizes. In this method, the
microcapsules can adhere to each other, and the particle size can form
coarser particles at different intervals, because the microcapsules are
generally low molecular weight polymers and the mechanical strength
of the microcapsule to external influences is low and breaks quickly. One
of the most effective methods for producing polyurethane odor capsules
is the interfacial polymerization technique [11]. The molecular weight
of the diol used in the production directly affects the mechanical prop­
erties of the microcapsules and the release time. The higher the molec­
ular weight, the higher the mechanical strength and release time [12]. In
the literature, different essential oils (such as orange, lemon, jasmine,
and lavender) with different particle sizes were prepared and applied to
textile materials and the release, washing, and friction properties were
studied [13–17]. From the summary of the literature, it can be
concluded that the polymerization method, mixing rate, type of
fragrance, wall material components, capsule size, and mechanical
properties of the fabricated capsules significantly affect the odor release
properties of the microcapsules. It is also shown that the washing
resistance changes depending on the application methods and the
crosslinkers used on the textiles, directly affecting the duration of
application and the number of microcapsules adhering to the fabric
[18–24].
EOs are complex mixtures of volatile compounds extracted from
different parts of plants by different methods. There is a large diversity
of these natural substances with varying properties that lead to their
common use in several areas [25]. One of the most studied fragrances is
lavender oil as EOs have been widely studied for being a signal molecule
[26]. EOs are generally lipophilic compounds with low molecular
weight (<300 g mol− 1) and low boiling point that acts at low quantities
(from 1 ng to 1 μg). The main essential oil compounds of lavender oil are
linalool, linalyl acetate, and cineole. Linalyl acetate is the most impor­
tant of them, which determines the quality of lavender [27]. Essential
oils can be taken by inhalation, massage or orally. When we examine the
studies on the benefits of lavender oil, we find that linalool and linalyl
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Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888
acetate in lavender oil have narcotic and sedative effects [28]. Gednay
et al. drizzled 5 drops of lavender oil on a cotton muslin cloth and placed
it next to the patients. They found that sleep quality improved in a short
time due to breathing [29]. In addition, Peng et al. determined the
relaxing effect of acetylcholine released by lavender oil on the transition
to sleep [30]. Several authors have provided overviews of the potential
applications of encapsulated EOs within food and medicine [31–37].
Polycondensation reactions taking place at the boundary of two
phases to form the shells of microcapsules or matrix microspheres were
used in this work to prepare controlled delivery particles. Based on the
shell-forming materials, this technology is capable of preparing poly­
amine, polyurea, polyurethane, polythiourea, polyester, polyepoxide,
polyacrylamide and polysiloxane microcapsules. Over the past two de­
cades, microcapsules prepared by interfacial polycondensation have
been widely used in carbonless paper, cosmetics, pharmacy, agriculture,
energy storage/transfer, thermal insulation/regulation and information
and magnetic recording [38].
In recent years, lavender oil has been put on a pedestal for its unique
ability to protect against neurological damage. Traditionally, lavender
has been used to treat neurological issues like migraines, stress, anxiety
and depression, so it’s exciting to see that the research is finally catching
up to history [39]. There are several studies showing the effects of
lavender oil on stress and anxiety levels. A study from 2019 found that
inhaling Lavandula is one of the most powerful anxiolytic oils, as it re­
duces peri-operative anxiety and can be considered a potential sedative
for patients undergoing surgical procedures and anesthesia [40]. In
2013, evidence-based studies for the effect of lavender oil were reviewed
and published, where supplementing some people with 80-milligram
capsules of lavender essential oil helped alleviate anxiety, sleep distur­
bance and depression. Additionally, in the study there were no adverse
side effects, drug interactions or withdrawal symptoms from using lav­
ender oil [41]. English lavender (Levandulae aetheroleum) oil is well
known as the most effective among lavender species on therapeutic
applications and called as medicinal lavender in somewhere [42,43].
In this study, medicinal lavender oil was selected to produce poly­
urethane odor capsules by reacting a diol with 3 different isocyanates. It
is to show the possible PU shell materials for controlled delivery of
medicinal lavender oil comparatively. It is not only optimization of the
shell structure but also making clear the chemical structure property
relationships in the shell. These capsules were found as candidates of
controlled release materials for which release rate may be increased by
mechanical stimuli. Showing their application of them to textiles was
due to demonstrate their easily exploitation in textile form.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Materials
The materials used for the synthesis of the PU fragrance capsules are
toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) from Across Organics company, iso­
phorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 4,4′ -diphenylmethane diisocyanate
(DPMDI) from Sigma-Aldrich company as isocyanates, ethylene glycol
(EG) from Merck company as diol, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBDTL) from
Merck company as a catalyst and polyvinyl alcohol (Moviol 3–96) from
Merck company as a suspension agent.
A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888

Fig. 1. Production set-up for microcapsule production.

Table 1
Recipes of controlled delivery systems.
Microcapsules Phase Lavender Fragrance (mL) Water (mL) Isocyanate (mL) PVA (gr) EG (mL) DBDTL (mL)

OP 20 7.50 TDI
Mic.1 AP1 120 2
AP2 50 2.91 0.50
OP 20 7.50 IPDI
Mic.2 AP1 120 2
AP2 50 1.98 0.50
OP 20 7.50 DPMDI
Mic.3 AP1 120 2
AP2 50 1.71 0.50

Mic.: Microcapsule, O.P: Oil phase, A.P1: Aqueous phase 1, A.P2: Aqueous phase 2.

2.2. Methods
Polyurethane fragrance capsules were synthesized by interfacial
polymerization technique as shown in Fig. 1 (with stirring at 200 rpm for
2 h at 70 ◦ C, in a jacketed glass reactor). Then, the fragrance capsules
were washed with 30% ethanol and dried at room temperature. The
materials used for polymerization are listed in Table 1. The oil phase was
prepared by mixing 20 mL of lavender oil and 7.5 mL of isocyanate, and
the first water phase was prepared using 120 mL of water and 2 g of
Moviol (protective colloid). Then the oil-water phase was mixed in the
homogenizer with stirring at 4000 rpm for 5 min. The emulsion was
transferred to the reactor. The second water phase containing 50 mL
water, 0.5 mL DBDTL and another mass of ethylene glycol (with the
same molar mass as the isocyanate) was prepared and mixed with the
emulsion in the reactor.
The microencapsulation rates were calculated with the following

Fig. 2. FT-IR graphics of fragrance capsules with empty PU microcapsule.

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A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888

Table 2 2.3. Measurements

Main peak assignments and wavenumbers of fragrance capsules.
Peak assignment Wavenumbers (cm-1) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of medicinal lavender oil
and medicinal lavender oil microcapsules were recorded using Jasco
Mic-1 Mic-2 Mic-3
430 FT-IR spectroscope. The particle size and particle size distribution
-NH (stretching) 3275 3300 3288 (PSD) of the medicinal lavender oil capsules were measured with a laser
-CH (stretching) 2965 2960 2966
-CH (asymetric stretching) 2922 2922 2921
dispersion technique using the Malvern MS2000E particle size analyzer.
-C=N (stretching) 2273 – 2290 Prior to particle size analysis, the fragrance capsules were mixed with
-C=O (stretching) 1740 1733 1775 deionized water and surfactant (Triton X-100) and homogenized with a
-NH, (bending),-CN (stretching) 1540 1550 1536 mechanical homogenizer at 10,000 rpm for 30 min. The morphology of
-NH, (bending),-CN (stretching) 1223 1236 1227
the fragrance capsules was determined using polarized optical micro­
-C-O-C (stretching) 1090 1100 1100
scopy (POM) (Leica EP 50) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
(FE-SEM, MİRA III, TESCON). The release behavior of the odorant
formula according to the 30-days controlled release results. The calcu­ capsules was determined with the monitoring of weight loss every day
lated encapsulation rates were 34.90%, 39.84% and 48.70% for Mic-1, for 30 days and presented graphically.
Mic-2, and Mic-3, respectively.
3. Results and discussion
FDW − LDW
%ER = x100
FDW
3.1. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis
where, E.R, FDW and LDW were encapsulation ratio, first day weight,
and last day weight respectively. Mic. 1, Mic. 2, and Mic. 3 medicinal lavender oil capsules were
prepared including the same amount of core material and different shell

Fig. 3. Particle size distribution graphs of Mic.1, Mic.2 and Mic.3 fragrance capsules with medicinal lavender oil.

4
A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan
Table 3
Particle size parameters for fragrance microcapsules.
Microcapsules d (0.1) (μm) d (0.5) (μm) d (0.9) (μm)
Mic.1 6.18 24.78 49.89
Mic.2 10.90 28.59 62.92
Mic.3 4.57 11.56 27.19
Fig. 4. POM images of lavender oil fragrance microcapsules.
chemicals as the empty capsules were prepared with the same prepa­
ration procedure of Mic.1 but without medicinal lavender oil. The spe­
cific FT-IR spectral peaks of PU polymers (-NH, -C = O, -CN, - CH, -CH2
and -C-O-C) were determined for the fragrance capsules and shown
together with the peaks of the empty PU capsules FT-IR spectrum in
Fig. 2. Then there were some other peaks in Mics 1, 2, and 3 due to
medicinal lavender. The one at around 1700 cm− 1 is the distinctive
example. The other examples were found at 950 cm− 1, 1300 cm− 1, and
1350 cm− 1. The peak not well distributed and at around 2267 cm− 1 was
due to the remnant isocyanate which was known as inevitable in PU
production. However, Fig. 2 shows that no residual diisocyanates were
left in the capsules at the end of washing with ethanol.
As a result, it is clearly seen that PU fragrance capsules with me­
dicinal lavender oil were successfully prepared. The major peak as­
signments generally present in PU structures were shown also in Table 2.
3.2. PSD analysis
Research on microparticles begins with particle size and its distri­
bution analysis to determine its usefulness for the intended application
in textiles. In general, particles with a size of 20–2000 µm are preferred
for textile applications. Nano-sized particles are hazardous to health,
while the large particles affect the durability and some of the physical
properties. Medicinal lavender particles are the main component of the
material system, i.e. the material becomes unusable after its release.
Medicinal lavender supports human psychology and fabric use in the
application is just to ease the application. Fabric is the support material.
PSD curves of the fragrance microcapsules for the 3 samples are
shown in Fig. 3. The average particle sizes of the microcapsules were
measured as 10–30 µm and the plots show that the particle sizes are
homogeneously distributed.
Table 3 shows the particle weight percentages (d (0.1): the size of
particles in the first 10%, d (0.5): the size of particles in the first 50%,
and the size of particles in the d (0.9): 90% of the original surface area,
the surface area weighted average (d [2,3]), and the volume weighted
average of particle diameters (d [3,4]). The particle size distribution
results show that the fragrance microcapsules were successfully unim­
odally distributed in a narrow scale convenient for textile applications.
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Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888
Specific Surface Area (m2/g) d (3,2) (μm) d (4,3) (μm)
0,41 14.55 27.01
0.28 20.89 33.45
0.65 9.16 14.09
3.3. POM and SEM investigations
The morphology of the microcapsules studied by POM (bright field
with 1200x magnification) and SEM showed clearly that the lavender oil
was successfully produced in a spherical microencapsulated form with
PU shells. The POM images before controlled release were shown in
Fig. 4 as the fragility was monitored by the images from SEM in Fig. 5.
SEM images showed the microcapsules 3D morphology better than
POM because that they were not distributed into water by means of a
surfactant. During controlled release, the microcapsules were applied to
an abrupt force every 10 days. It can be seen that the microparticles
produced could be broken easily. SEM images of Mic. 1, Mic. 2, and Mic.
3 before (1, 2, and 3) and after (1a, 2a, and 3a) of release showed that
the particles were similar in size, shape and fragility. In addition, mi­
crocapsules with size of 20–50 µm were consistent with the distribution
of the particle size and suitable use in textiles. Fig. 6. clearly showed the
size determination and shape of the microparticles. Particle sizes were
found consistent with PSD results.
It is noteworthy to declare that the particles produced using in­
teractions of commonly available diisocyanates and EG gave similar
results in particle size and its distribution, meaning that any can be used
for controlled release particle production. The size range of the particles
were found suitable for textile applications for all diisocyanates.
3.4. Release behavior
The produced medicinal lavender oil capsules were placed in a petri
dish and weighed every day for 30 days period. The weight percentage
losses of the fragrance were monitored over 30 days, it was clear that
they lost 40–45 wt% as an average in every try. While the fragrance
release was very quick in the first 10 days, it was moderate in the second
10 days and slowed down in the last 10 days. Microcapsules were
exposed to force every 10 days, and on the day after force application,
release was accelerated due to breaking the capsules. The percent
change in weight of the fragrance capsules over 30 days is shown in
Fig. 7. Furthermore Fig. 7 showed that DPMDI-EG interactions resulted
in particles encapsulating and releasing EOs more efficiently than the
other 2 diisocyanate-EG interactions.
In addition, the release of lavender oil from microcapsules was
evaluated using FT-IR graphs before and after controlled release. The
FT-IR graphs before and after controlled release are shown in Fig. 8
A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan
Fig. 5. SEM images of lavender oil fragrance microcapsules before controlled release (1, 2, and 3) and after controlled release (1a, 2a, and 3a).
along with the FT-IR graph of empty PU microcapsules. The -C– – O peak
in the medicinal lavender oil capsules (1740 cm-1) reduced after
controlled release and the graphs of the fragrance capsules FT-IR spectra
were similar to those of the empty PU capsules FT-IR spectra. The
carbonyl peak (-C–– O) was from the lavender oil and disappeared after
the controlled release. This showed that the lavender oil was released
from the microcapsules by the time.
In spite that FT-IR spectroscopy was very effective in release
provement, it was not quantitative. In this work, all the particles pro­
duced using different recipes but with the same technique and
6
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888
conditions released the EO contend by the expected time period.
4. Conclusions
Medicinal lavender oil capsules were successfully prepared through
interfacial polymerization. Time dependent lavender oil release from
the shell was detected by periodical weight measurements. The micro­
capsules were intended to be fragile to increase the release behavior
when the release rate reached to a plateau. The diameter of the micro­
capsules was about 10–30 µm, these particle sizes are suitable for the use
A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888

Fig. 6. SEM image of Mic. 1.

Fig. 7. Weight percentage of fragrance capsules for 30 days.

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A. Özsevinç and C. Alkan Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 652 (2022) 129888

Fig. 8. The FT-IR diagrams of the empty PU capsules, the medicinal lavender oil capsules before release (Mic-1a, 2a and 3a) and the medicinal lavender oil capsules
after release (Mic-1, 2 and 3).

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