3.3 x3 5 x5 when expressed in index notation is 3° x Prime Factorisation is the process of expressing a composite number asa product of its rime factors. Eg. 504— 23x 7 A perfect square is a number whose square root is a whole number. Exg. 1, 4,9, 16, 25, 36 are perfect squares. Cube and Cube roots: Cube of 5 125 => VI25 = 5 A perfect cube is a number whose cube root is a whole number. Egg. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125 are perfect cubes. ‘Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) can found using Prime Factorisation. 3 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Mbliples: WORKED ExamPLe 7 Find the prime factorisation of 150 in index notation. Ys, / ON, a a “as Hence, the prime factorisation of 150 is 2 «3 x 52 ‘Method 2: Using successive di Only use prime 2/150 Ting he ctor ae 5/25 s[s_ oe ‘Henee, the prime factorisation of 150 is 2 3 x $2, 10 Chopter 1: Prime Numbers, Factors and MuliplesWORKED EXAMPLE 2 Find the HCF and LCM of the numbers 40, 60 and 100, Solution: Method 1: in Method 1, you wi Using prime factorisation: toed toad ie prone factorisation of each ‘number first, — Extract common factors with lowest index. — Extract common factors with highest index and all remaining factors. 4 © HOF=2«5=20 LCM =2' x3 x $?= 600 Method 2: seat ee ‘numbers wien Using successive division: performing prime factorisaton d 2| 40, 60, 100 4 2/20, 30, 50 ‘Stop dividing when i Mons. 7as”_| there areno common a $[10, 15, 25 actors between any a 23,5 ‘810 numbers a x2x5=20 a LOM=2%2*5%2%3%5= 600 a 2 Chepier I Prime Numbers, actors and Muliples‘Successive division is ‘amore efficient way to find LOMHCE. WORKED EXAMPLE 3 Buses on 3 different routes start their journey from the interchange at regular intervals, Buses for route 4 leave the interchange every 18 minutes, buses for route B leave every 20 minutes and buses for route C leave every 24 minutes. Given that all the first buses for all 3 routes leave at 7 a.m., what time will they next leave together? Solution: Find the LCM of 18, 20 and 24, 2| 18, 20, 24 9, 10, 12 9, 5,6 ei By i 1 9. 3 1 1 LOM =2 «2243 03x52 360 360 minutes = 3 hours “The buses will next leave together at 10 am WwoRKED ExamPLe 4 dag cei Sacro, nd he (@) square root of 784, () cube r00t of 216. Solution: (@ Using prime factorisation, 784 VIA = VEXD* EXT) =2x7 =28 (©) Using prime factorisation, 216 = 2° x 3 =2x3 4 Chapter I Prime Numbers, Factors and MultiplesPrime Factorisation 1 Express the following numbers in index notation. ‘index: ‘To find the prime factorisation of 2 number: Cotes | emtenrie te ‘Base Method 2: Successive division 5 \ fa) 2« 23x37 (b) 2K5KS5KSxS RSH IA (©) TXT x1 23 23x23 (@) 3x3%3%3x3 x37 (©) 3%3%7%7x7x13 (2x Ux 1x 1x 19% 19 (@) S*7«17" 17% 17x17 (hy) 35332323 29 «29% 29 @ 113% 191913 13 |G 5 * 19K 3x 5x3 KS XID 16 Chapier | Prime Numbers, Factors and Muliptes2 _ Find the prime factorisation of the following numbers. Z Teacher's Desk ‘Annumber is divisible by 3 ifthe sum of its digits is divisible by 3. A number is divisible by 5 fits last digit is 0 or S (@) 200 (b) 945 © 75 @ 1000 © 1350 ® 1372 18 Chapter! Prime Numbers, Factors amd MultiplesHighest Common Factor (HCF) 3. Find the HCF of the numbers below. (@ 50,75 &) 24,36 (©) 70,85 @ 84,56 (©) 42,140, 168 (® 20,30, 60 (g) :00, 140, 280 (h) 65, 108, 425, 20 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Maliples‘Look forthe common factors and choose the factor withthe smallest power (index). @ 84=2x3x7 396 = 28x Fx 11 4 Find the HCF of the numbers below. (be) 650=2«5°x 13 12675=3 x S?x 1F. (©) 49005 =3*« 5x 117 81675 = 3x 5? 1 252= 22x 3x7 420 = 223 x5*7 (@ _57800=28« 58% 17° 781 456 = 24 x 13? x 17? . (© 7007=7 x11 x13 9317=7=1P 9163= 7x 11x17 (@ 11375=5'*7%13 15925 =5?x Px 13 88445 =5 x 7x 19" nm Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples (h) 19 980= 28 38% 537 $100= 2! «3 $17 $4760=2) x5 x37?5 Find the HCF of the numbers below in index notation, (@) 2*3" and Bx 7 (&) 117 and nt 17 (©) Pes 7 and 23% 7 (@) Wx Px, WT UF and 2" 7 117 (@ BxSeIF and Fx 13" () BxPxD, Bx HKP and 2x Six 7 (g) 21% 19229, 2x 19% «298 and 27% 19" 29 0) 1x48, 3H 1B and 11? 134? a 2h Chapter 1 Prime Number. Factors and MaliplesLowest Common Multiple (LCM) 6 Find the LCM of the numbers below. (a) 24,40 (b) 36,63 (ce) 105, 150 : | (a) 90, 144 (© 81,108,180 © 7510515 G : (g) 63, 147,315 | hy) i 110, 198, 264 26 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples7 Find the LCM of the numbers below. ‘Teachers Desk ‘Choose the common factors with the largest power (index), as well as all remaining factors. (a) 405=3¢% 5 135=3°%5 385 <5 7 «11 (© 1960=2% 5% 7 (@) 2925-3 «53 1a=2%P 980=28 «Sx ‘ ( 42=2%3%7 ( 98=2«7 7 126 =2* 37 2002= 2% 7 «13 1078 =2* 7x11 1694=2*7* 102 (@ S88=2«3x7 wy a 686-2? 1156=2? «17 I= #13 4165 =5 xP «IT 28 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Maliples8 Find the LCM of the numbers below in index notation. (@) 2636 and 243° (©) Bx3x 7 and 2x 3'%7 () 2! 13? and 3*« 137 @ Px iti and 31x13 (©) 2x37, Bx sie and 2% 5?x 7? 2x13 19, Sx IPI and 5*« 11¢ 198 () Sx3611, 2x5 IP and 2% 5? 12 (he) 2117 23%, 57% 234, and 23° Cope Prime mds, Factor ond MaisSquare Roots and Cube Roots 9 Find the square roots of the numbers using prime factorisation, (@ 196 (b) 324 (© 25 @ 484 © 576 ® 784 3z Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples| 10 Find the cube roots of the numbers using prime factorisation. | ‘Use the calculator to check your answers. Eg. [Vim|216=6 @ 64 ) 1000 (© 178 @ 2744 (© 5832 © 91125 34 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and MulplesMEE §«Consolidation Practice MT 1 Consider the list of numbers below: (Teacher's Desk (@)Aprime number has es S48 1a, 1A OL Gala eA, exactly 2 diferent tors and ise (a) Find the sum of all the prime numbers. (b) Find the sum of all the perfect squares. 2 Given that 3000=2" x 3 x 5, find the values of x, y and z, using prime factorisation, 3 Find the (square root of the number 2 x 3*% 7 (b) cube root of the number 2° 3° x 11, (©) HCF of 23! 7? and 263? 11 Give your answers in index notation, 36 Chapter Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples(a) Find the prime factorisation of 40 and 324. (b) Hence, find the smallest integer m such that 400 is a multiple of 324. of 40. and 324. Fld the smallest possible value of in first (le. LCM) (@) Find the prime factorisation of 150. (b) Hence, find the smallest integer k such that 150k is a perfect cube, Janet has a number of coins of different values, The ‘number of coins can be divided into groups of 8, 12 "The ttmnber of coins and 15 without remainder. ‘is multiple oF 8,12 | other c ee, coins anal ERE If} of her coins are 20 ¢ coins, + are 50 ¢ coins and + are $1 coins, find the minimum value of the sum of ‘money that Janet has. 38 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples‘Alison, Betty and Carl start to run from the same ‘point, in the same direction, around a circular track. If they take 126 seconds, 154 seconds, and 198 seconds respectively to complete one round along the track, afler how many seconds will they meet again? In the diagram below, each disc in Stack 4 is 25 mm in height, while each disc in Stack B is 30 mm in height. (@) What is the minimum height for each stack so that both stacks will be ofthe same height? (&) How many pieces of discs are required for Stack A to.reach this minimum height? Stack A Stack B “The word “minimum” suggests that lowest common multiple can be sed 40 Chapter Prime Numbers, Factors and MultiplesA fruiterer has a certain number of apples. If he arranges them in groups of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, he will always have one left over for each group. What is the least number of apples he can possibly have? David is cutting square pieces of cake from a huge ‘cake measuring 60 cm by 48 cm. If David wants the The length ofeach square | square pieces to be as big as possible, piece of eake isa fetor 960 and 48, (@) what is the length of each square piece of cake? (b) what is the maximum number of guests he can serve? ‘ A chemist has 100 m/ of red solution, 320 m/ of blue solution and 450 m/ of yellow solution. He divides ‘each type of solution into beakers of equal volumes: (for all colours) for a Science Practical class. Find (@) the largest volume of each type of solution, (b) the number of beakers for each type of solution, az Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples13 “ ‘A rectangular piece of styrofoam has dimensions 40 cm, by 60 cm by 100 cm. Identical eubes are to be carved | eg atthe cbein ‘out from the styrofoam for an event. 2 conmon fete of 4, (@ Find the volume of the largest cube that can be {60 and 100 carved out such that there is no leftover. (b) Hence, find the total number of cubes that can be carved out A school wants to donate 270 packets of milo, 468 packets of sugar and $5400 in eash. Suppose that the ‘maximum number of packets of milo, packets of sugar sens and cash are placed equally in gift bags >efore the donation, (2) how many gift bags are needed? (©) how much cash was in each bag? using highest common factor. ‘Mrs Lim has two children, Darius and Elaine, Elaine! is 18 years old, Given that the LCM of Darius’ age and| FOtiHepsime Elaine's age is 180, find Darius’ age given that he is less| go, than 30 years old. Find the prime 46 Chapter 1 Prime Numbers, Factor and Multiples45 The numbers X and Y have an LCM Z. (@) Find the LCM of X'and Z. (@) Zisamuluple ot] — (b)_ Find the HCF of Yand z. (b) Zis a multiple of ¥} 16 Find the smallest value of an integer P such that :he ) LeMofP and 24 is 72. ‘Use prime factorisation to deduce possible values of? 17 The LCM of 8, 12 and 7 is 720. Find the smallest x -) value of n. Use prime factorisation ‘o deduce possible values of ‘The HCF of 28, m and 112 is 14. Find two smallest. possible values of m. 46 CChapier I Prime Numbers, Factors and MultiplesChallenging Practice 41 Forany two numbers x and y, their LCM and HCF are related by the following formula: HCFC, 9) x LOMG, y) =39. Given thatthe product of two numbers is 3240 and their HF is 2 «3, find the LCM in index notation. 2 The diagram shows a framework of a cube made by wire. The volume of the cube is 729 000 cm* (a) Express the volume in index notation. (b) Find the length of wire used 48 Chapter! Prime Numbers, Factors and Multiples3 The LCM of three numbers P, Q and R is 2° «3° 5? « 7, Given that Padx3xP and QR=BxRKSx7, find the smallest value of R, in index notation, 4 His given hat M= 473 nn igor and Aisacommon factor of 1728and) | 648. Find the largest possible values of p and ; Caper | Prine NemB, Facos and Malis