Diet and Exercise in Cognitive

Function and Neurological Diseases

Diet and Exercise in
Cognitive Function and
Neurological Diseases

Editors

TAHIRA FAROOQUI AND AKHLAQ A. FAROOQUI

Copyright © 2015 by Wiley‐Blackwell. All rights reserved
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:
Diet and exercise in cognitive function and neurological diseases / Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui, editors.
   p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-84055-9 (cloth)
I. Farooqui, Tahira, editor. II. Farooqui, Akhlaq A., editor.
[DNLM: 1. Brain–physiology. 2. Aging–physiology. 3. Cognition–physiology. 4. Diet. 5. Exercise.
6. Nervous System Diseases. WL 300]
RA645.N87
612.8–dc23
2014043911

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Dedicated to the Next Generation
To make this world healthier and happier
“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little
and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”
—Hippocrates 440BC
Contents

Contributors xi
Foreword Kirk I. Erickson xv
Foreword Shin Murakami xvii
Preface Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui xix
Acknowledgments xxi

1 Nutrition, Genes, and Neuroscience: Implications for Development, Health, and Disease 1
Margaret Joy Dauncey

2 Neurochemical Effects of Western Diet Consumption on Human Brain 15

Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui

3 Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Human Health in Seniors: Relationship with Telomers 29

Virginia Boccardi and Giuseppe Paolisso

4 Effect of a Mediterranean Diet on Mental and Physical Quality of Life 39

Marialaura Bonaccio, Giovanni de Gaetano, and Licia Iacoviello

5 Ketogenic Diets for the Treatment of Neurologic Disease 47

Christa W. Habela and Eric H. Kossoff

6 Levels of n‐3 Fatty Acids and their Metabolites in the Brain:

Their Impact on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders 59
Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui

7 Homocysteine Levels in Neurological Disorders 73

Ahmed A. Moustafa, Doaa H. Hewedi, Abeer M. Eissa, Dorota Frydecka, and Błażej Misiak

8 Table Salt and Dementia 83

Surender R. Neravetla and Shantanu R. Neravetla
viii Contents

9 Contribution of Diet and Exercise in the Pathogenesis of Major Depression 93

Adrian L. Lopresti

10 Role of Diet and Exercise in Diabetic Retinopathy 105

Mohammad Shamsul Ola, Haseeb A. Khan, and Abdullah S. Alhomida

11 The Effect of Western Diet on Cognition in Humans 111

Heather M. Francis and Richard J. Stevenson

12 Role of Diet and Exercise in Intervention of Age‐Induced Impairments 123

Kanti Bhooshan Pandey and Syed Ibrahim Rizvi

13 Hormesis and Cognitive Function: An Evolutionary/Adaptive Arabesque

Leading to Longevity 133
Alistair V.W. Nunn, Geoffrey W. Guy, and Jimmy D. Bell

14 Polyphenols and Cognitive Function 143

Edwin D. Lephart

15 Prevention of Dementia Through Modifiable Risk Factors 163

Patsri Srisuwan

16 Physical Exercise Improves Cognition in Brain Disorders: Alzheimer’s Disease 175

Trevor Archer and Danilo Garcia

17 Molecular, Biochemical, and Physiological Basis of Beneficial Actions of Exercise 183

Undurti N. Das

18 Beneficial Effects of Exercise and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Functions

in Older Adults: Introduction of Smart Aging Studies 205
Rui Nouchi and Ryuta Kawashima

19 Exercise and Cognitive Functions 213

Bijli Nanda and S. Manjunatha

20 Role of Sleep in Cognition, Immunity, and Disease and Its Interaction with Exercise 225
Mark R. Zielinski and Dmitry Gerashchenko

21 Effect of Forced and Voluntary Exercise on Neural Plasticity Mediated by Astrocytes 241
Caren Bernardi, Mario Roberto Generosi Brauner, and Carlos Alberto Gonçalves

22 Effect of Exercise on the Aging Brain 253

Bonita L. Marks

23 The Effects of Exercise on Neuronal Survival 267

Michael J. Chen

24 Exercise and Cognitive Function in Older Adults 279

Nicola J. Gates and Maria Fiatarone Singh

25 Research Issues and Clinical Implications of Exercise Effects in the Treatment

of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders 295
A. Garrett Hazelton, Richard Bloch, and Sy Saeed
 Contents ix

26 Exercise‐Induced Protection Against Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases:

Role of Redox‐ and Mitochondrial‐Based Alterations 309
Inês Marques‐Aleixo, Estela Santos‐Alves, Paula I. Moreira, Paulo J. Oliveira, José Magalhães,
and António Ascensão

27 Exercise, Neuroplasticity, and Growth Factors in Adolescence 323

Helios Pareja‐Galeano, Sara Mayero, and Fabián Sanchis‐Gomar

28 Summary, Perspective, and Direction for Future Studies 339

Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui

Index 349
Contributors
Abdullah S. Alhomida, Department of Biochem-
istry, College of Science, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Trevor Archer, Department of Psychology,
­University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
Network for Empowerment and Well‐Being,
Gothenburg, Sweden
António Ascensão, Research Centre in Physical
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL),
­Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
Jimmy D. Bell, Department of Life Sciences,
Clipstone Building, University of Westminster,
London, UK
Caren Bernardi, Programa de Pós-Graduação
Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade
Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Porto Alegre, Brazil
Richard Bloch, Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Medicine, Brody School of Medicine
at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC,
USA
Virginia Boccardi, Department of Internal Medicine,
Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Disease
and Geriatric Medicine, Second University of
Naples, Naples, Italy
Marialaura Bonaccio, Department of Epidemiology
and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico
Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
Mario Roberto Generosi Brauner, Escola de
Educação Física (ESEF), Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Michael J. Chen, Department of Biological
Sciences, California State University, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Undurti N. Das, UND Life Sciences, Federal Way,
WA, USA
Margaret Joy Dauncey, Wolfson College, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Abeer M. Eissa, Psychogeriatric Research Center,
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Kirk I. Erickson, Department of Psychology,
­University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Akhlaq A. Farooqui, Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Tahira Farooqui, Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
USA
xii Contributors
Heather M. Francis, School of Psychology,
­Science Department, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Dorota Frydecka, Department and Clinic of
Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University,
­ Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins
Wrocław, Poland
Giovanni de Gaetano, Department of Epidemiology
and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico
Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
Danilo Garcia, Network for Empowerment and
Well‐Being, Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for
Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Nicola J. Gates, School of Psychiatry, Centre for
Healthy Brain Ageing (CheBA), University of
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia; Brain and Mind Psychology, Sydney,
New South Wales, Australia
Dmitry Gerashchenko, Department of Psychiatry,
Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs
Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA
Carlos Alberto Gonçalves, Programa de Pós-­
Graduação Ciências da Reabilitação, Universi-
dade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto
Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de
Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da
Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Geoffrey W. Guy, GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton
Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
Christa W. Habela, Division of Child Neurology,
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
A. Garrett Hazelton, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Medicine, Brody School of Med-
icine at East Carolina University, G
­ reenville,
NC, USA
Doaa H. Hewedi, Psychogeriatric Research Center,
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Licia Iacoviello, Department of Epidemiology
and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico
Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
Ryuta Kawashima, Smart Ageing International
Research Centre, Institute of Development, Aging
and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Haseeb A. Khan, Department of Biochemistry,
College of Science, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Eric H. Kossoff, Division of Child Neurology,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Edwin D. Lephart, Department of Physiology and
Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience
Center, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young
University, Provo, UT, USA
Adrian l. Lopresti, School of Psychology
and Exercise Science, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
José Magalhães, Research Centre in Physical
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty
of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Inês Marques‐Aleixo, Research Center in Physical
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty
of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Bonita L. Marks, Departments of Exercise and
Sport Science, Emergency Medicine, and Allied
Health Sciences, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Sara Mayero, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital
Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
Błażej Misiak, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry,
Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland;
Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical
­University, Wrocław, Poland
Paula I. Moreira, Centre for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology (CNC), UC‐Biotech/Biocant Park,
University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal;
Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Ahmed A. Moustafa, School of Social Sciences
and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain
and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Shin Murakami, Department of Basic Sciences,
College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro Univer-
sity‐California, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA, USA
Bijli Nanda, Department of Physiology, School
of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda
University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shantanu R. Neravetla, Medical Director, Heart
Health Now LLC, Springfield, OH, USA

Surender R. Neravetla, Director Cardiac Surgery
Springfield Regional Medical Center, Spring-
field, OH, USA; Wright State University,
Dayton, OH, USA
Rui Nouchi, Human and Social Response Research
Division, International Research Institute of
Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai,
Japan; Smart Ageing International Research
Centre, Institute of Development, Aging and
Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Alistair V.W. Nunn, School of Pharmacy, Uni-
versity of Reading, Reading, UK
Mohammad Shamsul Ola, Department of
­Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Paulo J. Oliveira, Centre for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology (CNC), UC‐Biotech/Biocant Park,
University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
Kanti Bhooshan Pandey, Department of
Biochemistry, University of Allahabad,
­Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Giuseppe Paolisso, Department of Internal Medi-
cine, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Dis-
ease and Geriatric Medicine, Second University
of Naples, Naples, Italy
Helios Pareja‐Galeano, Department of Physiology,
School of Medicine, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital
Clínico Universitario Valencia (FIHCUV‐­
INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
Syed Ibrahim Rizvi, Department of Biochemistry,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Contributors xiii
Sy Saeed, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East
­Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
Fabián Sanchis‐Gomar, Department of Physiology,
School of Medicine, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital Clínico
Universitario Valencia (FIHCUV‐INCLIVA),
Valencia, Spain
Estela Santos‐Alves, Research Centre in Physical
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL),
­Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto,
Portugal
S. Manjunatha, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo
Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
Maria Fiatarone Singh, Exercise Health and
Performance Faculty Research Group, Sydney
Medical School, The University of Sydney, Lid-
combe, New South Wales, Australia; Hebrew
SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Jean Mayer USDA
Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at
Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
Patsri Srisuwan, Outpatient and Family Medicine
Department, Phramongkutklao Hospital and
College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
Richard J. Stevenson, Department of Psychology,
Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia
Mark R. Zielinski, Department of Psychiatry,
Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs
Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA,
USA