VIEN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG TiEU CHUAN CHAU AU EN 1998-1:2004 + A1:2013 THIET KE CONG TRINH CHIU DONG DAT An QUY BINH CHUNG, TAC DONG DONG DAT VA Quy BINH DOI VOI KET CAU NHA ist] NHA XUAT BAN XAY DUNGLOI GIGI THIEU Tiéu chulin chau Au (Eurccodes) l6 héthéng gm 10 bg du chun vé tiét é két chu cong trinh cing véi tn 100 tidu chudn Kec v8 thy cdg, thi nghiém, quin ly cht lugng, ... do Uy ban chau Au vé tou chudn fxba ban anh d& thing nht ap dung ké tir n&m 2010 trong Lin rrinh chau Au EU. Mét trong nhing mye tiéu chi yu cia Eurocodes [a loai trip nhimg rao cén kj ttuat trong thé ké xay dumg ola cac nue thanh vien trong EU. Tieu chun chau Au cing d3 duoc miu qué oie ngoai EU dc biet quan tam, tong do 6 thé KE adn Nga, Unvzina, Bungar, Nhat Ban, Trung Quéc, Malaysia Singapore, mot 26 quéc gia ving Caribe va Vigt Nam. Ap dung hé théng tau chutin chdu Au dom tai cc Ii ich: 1- Dua ra hing fu chi va phurong php thiét ké chung nhdm dap dng cdc yéu edu vé 46 ban, én dinh, kha ning chiu la va tubi tho cng tri; 2- Bua ra cc hid tng nht vé tit Ké gia chi du tw, nquot thi ké, nna th2u, nha quain Wy... 3 Tao diu kién thugn loi cho ec tr2o 08 dich vu xay dug gira cac quBe ala, thong mal cac san phém xy dung; 4 La og sé thing nba cho viéc nghién ciru va phat ign dng nghigp xay dung; 5 Cho phép tao ra nhiing cing cy ht thi ké va phn imam thiétké chung; 6 Tang curing si hop tic chit ché gia cic t chie, of nan trong va ngeai nude trong host dng xay ung, © Viet Nam, te ving nam 2001 - 2003, tart dao BD Xay dung da il dao thy hién d8 ti Khoa bec oéng ngh cp Nhs nut "Nghign ciru xy dmg ding bg he théng tidu chun xdy dug Viet Nam dén nm 2010 theo hung dei mi, Gi nhap* do This tring GS.TSKH Nguyén Van Liga lam chi nhigm. Trén cos cc két qua nghién citu ala dB 18%, Bd Xay dung da 06 chi trrong nghién alu va ap dung cdc tidu chun chau Au trong finh vu két cu, nbn mong va vat eu xay dung. Nniéu con vi rong ngann xay dung da tham gla cruyén dich teu chun chau Au va mot sb Geu chudn xay dmg Viet Nam da duge tién soan ten ay st tham khéo Eurocodes. én nay vigc chuyén cich hu hét cdc tidy chun chau Au 43 dugchoan than, “rong béi cand nue ta hot nhap ngay eng sau hon vao nBn kinh 16 thé iti, vide ap dung he thing teu chudn chau Au trong Hilt KE xay dmg sé 96 phi do rdo can hj thu va thic dy qué tinh hoi nhp cla ngénh 3 Loi noi dau Eurocode € 66 6 phan: EN 1998-1: Quy ainn chung, tae dong dong at va quy din aét vor Két cu nh EN 1998-2: Quy ainn cu hd cho edu: EN 1998 - 3: Quy dinh cho danh gid va gia curng Khang chén nhiing cong trinh hién hau: EN 1998 -4: Quy dinh ou thd cho sild, bé chira, ding éng; EN 1996-5: Quy dint cy thé cho nén méng, tuémg chén va nhtng van de ia thus, EN 1998 - 6: Quy ainh cu th cho cong tinh dang thap, deng cot, ng knot Xay dung voi cic nec trong kw wwe va thé gigi. Nim myc tiéu néu tén, Vien Khoa hee Géng nghé Xéy dug - B6 Xéy dug xin git thigu cdc ban dich cia mét 26 Seu chudn EUROCODE sang tiéng Vist 48 ode co quan quan i, céc don vi va c’ nhan tham ga hoat déng xa dung tham ko va 4p dung, Trong qua trinh chuyén dich, khéng tranh khéi nhimng sai st, ching tai xin tran trong cam om mo) su gop y 4B cae bn dich dure hoan tien hon. ¥ kién traq «6 xan got vi Vien Koa hoc Cong nghe Xay dung, 61 Tran Cung, Nahia Tan, cu Gidy, Ha NOL “Tran trong! Vign KHEN Xay dung4 Téng quat 4.1 Pham vi dp dung 4.14 Pham vi 4p dung ciia tiéu chudn: Thiét ké eng trinh chi dong dat (1)P Tiéu chudn nay dp dung 48 thi ké nha VA cing trinh x8y durng trong ‘ving © déng dat. Muc dich cila tiéu chuan nay [a dé bao dm trong tréng hop 6 déng a4t thi ~ Sinh mang con ngudi durgs bao ve; ~ Gac hu hong auwoc han cné; ~ Nhiing cng trinh quan trong 6 chtie nang bao vé dan su vin cd thé duy tri hoat dong. CHU THICH: Do ban cht ngdu nhidn ea hién trong ding dt cing nhur nhimg han ché ‘eda cac gia pap hien co nam giat quyét nau qua dong dt nen nheng myc dich no tren Cia trong it 8 0 8 Sh ge thdrg qua enim do eu No db do v8 (5 6 cc ai cng nh Khe nha chic th dnc théng qua ka rm xe st a mi bai an pan ub vu cic ngudn tai nguyen va. vay o6 nb nay a ty neo ting ‘ae of, ly two thm quan tong tong al eta nguy eo dag dt cow ee May co do cc neuen nhan dc cing bu tythoo abu ir 6 ni chne, {Q)P_Nhiing cng trinh dae bigt nhur nha may dign hat nha, eéng tinh ngoai kho’ va cdc dap lon ndm ngoai pham vi quy dinh eda tiéu chudn nay. {@)P_ Ngoai nhimng dibu khogn cia cée tu chun khdc 66 lién quan, teu chun thiét ké nay chi bao gm nbiing dieu Khodn buge phai tun theo Ki thiét ké céng trinh trong vung déng dat. Tidu chudin nay bé sung v8 khia canh khang chan cho cc tiéu chudn khde. 4.4.2. Pham vi ap dung eva Phan 4 (1) Tiéu chudn nay ép dung 48 thiét ké nha va céng tinh xy dung trong ving 5 dong dit. Tidu chudn duoc chia thanh 10 Chuang, trong dé 06 mbt s6 Churang danh ring cho thiét kA nha, (2) Chuong 2 bao gim nhimg yéu cu v8 tinh nang va céc tu chi cén {udn theo 4p dung cho nha va eéng tinh xéy dung trong ving déng 66 {@) Chuong 3 bao gdm nhong quy dinh bibu dn tac dong dong ait va vide 8 hyp ching véi ede tac dong kha. (4) Chuong 4 bao gém nhimg quy dinh thiSt ké chung, dac biét lién quan én nna. EN 1995-1-1, Eurocode 5 ~ Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - ‘Common rules and rulas for buildings (Tht ké két odu od - Phin 1-1: ‘Quy inh chung va quy dinh cho nha): EN 1996-1-1, Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - Part 1-1: Genaral ~ rules reinforced and unrointorced masonry (Thist ké két ccdu gach. da - Phén 1-1: Quy ainh cho két céu gach, va gach, dé co dt nep); EN 1997-1-1, Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design ~ Part 1-1 General— nulos (Thiétké ca ky thu - Phin 1: Cac nguyen téc chung) 1.2.2 Nhtng quy chuan va tleu chudn vien dn knac (1)P ©8 ap dung tigu chudn nay phi tham khdo céc tiéu chudn tir EN 1990 din EN 1997 va EN 1999, (2) Tiéu chudn nay cin bao gbm céec ti iu vin dln Khde khéc vé tidy chuan duge trich din tai hing ch phii hop trong vin ban tiéu chudn, NhGing t3i iu tham khdo v8 tidu chudin nay la: {SO 1000, The intemational system of units (SI) and its application (Ben vi do uring qué t& (né SI) va tng dung ota né); EEN 1090-2, Executlon of stee! structures and aluminum structures — Part 2: Technical requyrements for steel structures (Thi cong Aét céu thép va két cfu nom Phin 2: Nhiing yéu cdu Ky thudt cho két cu thép). 1.3 Cée gid thiée (1) Gia tht erung - Lua chon va thiét ké két edu duge thye hign béi nhiing ngudi c6 kinh ghiém va eé trinh a8 thich hop: Thi céng duge tién hanh bai nhiing ngudi ob kinh nghiém va o6 KY nang thich hep; ~ Glam sat va kiém tra chdt iwong Ouge thuc hien dy a0. tong qué trinh céng téc & vn phéng thiét ké, cing xudng, nha may va ngoai hién tng: - Vat liu va san phdm xay dung duroc si dung theo quy dinn cla cae tieu chun nien hanh co en quan, theo tal ley tham Khao hoac theo cac chi dn kj thuat san phdm; = K6t cu due bao tr dy di, ding cach -Két cdu cuge ir dung phi hop vot gi tidt tit. (6) Chuong 5 t6i Chuong 9 gém nhing quy din thiét ké cy thé cho cae Toai vat ligu, edu Kign va kBt cu kde nhau, de biftidn quan dn nha Chyong 5: Nngng quy ainh cy thé cho két edu be ong; Churong 6: Nning quy dinh cy thé cho két cu thép: CChureng 7: Nang quy dinh cy thé cho két of ign hop thep -b& tang, Chwong 8: Nhing quy dinh cu thé cho két cdu gd; Churong 9: Nning quy dinh cu thé cho kBt cu xay. (6) Chueng 10 bao gém nhirng yéu cau ca ban va cic khia canh edn thiét kehde ola vige thiét ké va d@ an todn cf lin quan toi céch chain day kat fu, ac bist la céch chan ay na (7) Phy tye C bao gém nding quy dinh bB sung fn quan tei vibe thiétké cét thep ban canh cla dm lén hep thép -bé ting & vt ndt dm - eft cla Kung chi m6 men. CCH THICH: Py ue tam Kado Ava Py ne ham Kno B kao gm hing ay deb sing ten quan dé pn’ pan ong chun vy dan Ps va hn quan enn mc BEN ‘trong phan tich phi tuyén finh. 12 Tail (1)P Cac tai lieu vign dn sau day rt cn thiét cho vige ap dung teu chudn nay. Bi ¥éi cde 12 ligu vin dn ghi ndm oéng b6 thi ép dung phién ban duge néu. 51 v6i cdc tai gu vién dn khng ghi ndm céng bé thi 4p dung phign ban méi nhat 1.2.1 Cac tal lieu vien dan chung EN 1990, Eurocode - Basie of structural design (Co sé thie kd két cu); EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures ~ Part 1-1 General — Common rules for building and civil engineering structures (Thi ké kt cu B6 tng — Phdn 1-1: Quy dinh chung va quy dinh cho két edu); EN 1999-1-1, Eurocode 3 - Design of stec! structures ~ Part 1-1: General ~ rules (Thist ké két edu thép - Phén 1-1: Téng quat - Nhimg quy Gioh chung): EN 1994-1-1, Eurocode 4 — Design of composite steel! and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General — Common rules and rules for buildings (Thi ké ket caus ién hop thép - bé tong ~ Phan 1-1: Quy dinh chung va ‘uy ainh cho nna); (@)P_ Gia this 1a 28 khéng xay ra nhiing thay abi trong két odu & giai doan thicdng hoc giai doan sir dung sau nay cia cing trinh, trir nhing thay déi 5 1¥ do xac dng va durac kiém ching la ding dén. Do ban chat dac tha cia phan ung dong dit, diBu nay duoc ap dung ngay ca cho truong hop co nhiing thay d6i tam tang oo ben ca Ket cu 44 Sy phan bi (1) Cae nguyén tac bao gdm: Jn va dinh nghia chung Khong o6 Iya chen nao khéc glia céc nguyén téc va cée quy dinh p dung ~ Cae eh ~ Cac yeu cu va mo hinh phan tich khong co lya chon nao Knae tr phi co snhimng chi din ring, (@) Cac nguyen téc duoc ky hieu bang ch P sau con sé nam trong ngoac on, vi du (1). (3) Cac quy dinh ap dung noi chung 1a nhirng quy dinh duoc xay dung tten co s@ thura nnan céc nguyen téc va thda man cac yeu cu cia no, (4) Cho phép si dung cée quy dinh thiétké Iya chon Khe voi cée quy inh ap dung, voi diéu kién cdc quy dinh Iva chon phai phi hop voi hing nguyen tic co lien quan va it nhat chung phai tuong dong vé mat an toan, kha nang sir dung va dd bin eb két cd (5) Cac quy dinh 4p dung durec ky biéu bing mot con s6 nim trong ngo3e on, vi du (1). 4.5. Thuat ngo va dinh ghia 4.54. Thudt ngir chung cho tit ea céc Eurocode (1) Ap dung cae thust nai va dina nga trong EN 19902002, 1.5 4.5.2 Cac thuat ngo knac duroc sir dung trong teu chuan Hg 86 ang x0 (behaviour factor) 1g s6 duoc sir dung cho myc dich thi8t kb a8 gidm a kim cha luc thu ‘ourge tir phan tich tuyén tinh, nhém xét dén phan ung phi tuyén cia két cu, len quan aén vat leu, ne két c4u va quy trinh thiét ké. Phuong phap thiét ké theo kha ning cl (capacity design method) Phuong phép tit ké trong db mot s6 céu Kien ota he Ket cu duoc ha chon, thiét ké va edu tao pha hop nnn dam bao teu tan néng txong thong lye va tiéu tan nang long 10qua cde bién dang kin trong khi tt ca nhing céu kign cin lei vn dim bio di 4 bén thé duy tri dupe cach tidu tan nang lang && chon. Két cdu tidu tan nang lweng (dissipative structure) ét cu co knd nang teu tan nang trong Dang cach ung x 18 do déo Két céu vathoac bing cae cv ché kha. Viing tiéu tan nang lrgng (dissipative zones) Ving duge dinh truée eta mot két céu tiéu tan nang kong. Su fiéu tan nang lworg alia Két cu chi yéu tap trung tai day. 10 THON 1: Ving nay con duge go vig Wt han Don vi dge lap vé mat déng le (dynamically independent unt) ét cu hoae mot phan két cAu tryc tip chiu dao dong nan va phan (rng c¥a no khong chiu anh hung bot phan ung cia cac don vi noc Két cu ben canh, H@ 56 tm quan trong (mportance factor) 8 06 06 lién quan dén nhing hau qua cia vide hu héng két edu. Kit edu khdng tiéu tan nang lurong (non- €00 ya 88, kb of cde abt ybu hom teén 8 mat vei be day kon nh 13 5m, | odt cat, cupi s6i rd chat hoe aét| 360-800 | >50 | >250 98 rt etmg ob bé dy it nhdt hang Jehuc mét, tish ehét ex hoe tang an theo d6 sau 8 © | oat cat, cu sok chat, chat via hose] 180-360 | 1 70-250 ad 28t otng 06 b8 diy ln tir hing che ti ang trim met D Jat rei trang tai tw xép aén crat| < 180 <1 | <0 va (28 hoe king xen hep vai 6p 8% dink) hoe e6 da phi dt dint trang thai tr mém dén cima vira eT 32 Tac dong dong at 32.4. Céc ving dong ait (P_Voi haw nét nhdmg mg dung cia tibu chun nay, nguy co dong at durzc md té duci dang mat tham sé la dinh gia t6c néntham Chiu aye tren nén foal A. Cac tham s6 bé sung cn thiét cho cac dang két céu cu thé urge cho trong cae phan én quan cia teu chun nay. (CHU THICH: Oi gia tic nbn tham eu a ton nn oa A dro y ty ban a phan ving a be nba inh 8 Vigt Nar che rong Phu eG, Pn hae duge yt in a8 pn ing nes dng at ia mit wing ln hb ec quan ob thm yn pS dd (2) Trong teu chun nay, dinh aia t6c nn tham chigu aye ten tanh thd Viet Nam duge bibu thi bing céc dung dang Wi. Gié ti ae giZa hai uring ding ti duge xéc dinh theo nguyén tic néi suy tuyén tinh, Ti dink gia tic nén of thé ctuyén d&i sang cdp ding dét theo thang MSK-64 hoge thang MM dya vao bang chuyén déi cho trong Phy luc |, Phan 4 (3) Bb gia tc nén tham chiéu do eo quan Nna nude oo thdm quyén ya ‘chon cho ting ving dng dit, trong img vei chu ky lp tham cbigu Ty cba te dOng dong dit abi voi ydu cu khéng sup 4B (hose mét oéch tuwong yong la xc sudt tham chidu vwet qué trong 50 nm, Pyen) (xem 21(1)P). Hé sé tim quan trong , bang 1,0 dye gan cho chu kj lp tham chidu. Véi ‘chu ky lap khdc chu ky lap tham chiéu (xem c4c mirc dO quan trong trong 2.1(8)P va (4), gla 6c nn tn toan a, tren n&n loal A sé bang aye nhan vot he 86 thm quan trong (Wc a, = age) (Hem ghi cho oda 2.1(4)}, Gid ti aq Hy theo Ban dB phan ving gia téc nén lanh thé Vigt Nam, ‘ty 18 1:1000000 (phidn ban thu nhd cho trong Phu luc G, Phan 1) hose Bang phan ving gia Yc nén theo dia danh anh chinh cho trong Phu luc H, nin 1 (ola tn ola t6c nén aie cho trong bang duoc xem ta aia tn dal aien ‘cho 8 vang dia dant). (4) Trrdng hop déng dat yéu, 06 thé sir dung ce quy trinh thiét k& chia dong dat due giam nhe hoac don gian hoa cho met s6 tol, dang kSt cu (CHU THICH: Tasting hop déing dt yéu 1 trudng hop Ki gia te nan tinh ton a, ttn nn toa” kong wut qua 89 (0.7815) ()P Trong trréng hop dng dit rit yu, Kndng cn phai tudn theo nhing ‘diéu khodn ciia tiéu chudn nay. CHU THICHE Trang hyp ding dét rit y6u Ia truéng hop Khi gia the nén tinh tosn a, ten _nén loai A khéng wot qua 0,049 (0,3r/s"). 33 Bang 3.4 (Két thie) 2 3 4 5 [Bia ting boo gm tsp ait tim tich sing 6 ‘rén mat voi be dy trong enoaing Sm a6 20m 6 gia tbe 69 fruy8n s6ng nhu leai C, D va bi dr a cc dt cdg horn vi tbe 36 truyén song v. on hon 8oom's 1 ]Da tina tao abm hodc chia met] < 100 - 1020 lop at set mém/oon (bul) tinh do) (tam Kho) 20 (PI ton hen 40) vi 88 dm c20, co chu day itn 10m. ‘82 [Bia ting bao gim cée at dé héa| I6ng, dit set nhay hose cac 6 Knac wii cic 8 wong ede loai na AE hose St (2) Nén oft cn dure phan loa theo gid cha van the song cSt rung bin Vaa0 (m/s) néu 6 gia tri nay. Néu khéng, c6 thé ding gid tri Neer. (3) Van téc song cét trung binh, v.se, ot tinh tozn theo biéu thue sau: 30 i 1 "Ty tn trong a6: 1h, vs fa chidu day (m) va van téc song cat (ti mix bién dang cét ang 10° noge thép hom) ca lop thw | trong téng s6 N lop tén tai wong 30m dit én bB ma (4)P_ 86 voi cac dia diém c6 dibu kin nén dt thudc mot trong hai foal nén ac biet S, va S» cn phai cb nghien cou dac biet GB xac Ginn tac dong dong dt. B6i véi nhing lost nén nay, dac bigt li voi nn Sp, cn phai xeom xét khd nang pha hy nBn khichiu te dng d6ng dat Ca THK nik jem ca at i i tg a ty (gia tv, rit thé, 45 can bén trang nhé va pham vi méy r6ng bat thurémg vé ting xi tuyéin tinh. Vig, con bo ra ang hou ung 4 urorg Ve Khu dal ci cong nb va ror te nin ang inh rom Chung & Phin 2). Trabng hep ry, cn nghién es do bit xo 1) can xét eae higy ng khuéch ei dia hinh (cH THC Pru uetnam kno A, Pn 2cung ep nena tn vey Una Kran da aia, (7) Cé thé bidu din chuyén dong dong dét theo ham cia thei gian (oom 3.2.3) (2) D6 véi mot 6 fosi cong trinh, o6 thé xét sy bién thién cla chuyén ng nin dit trong khdng gian cing nhu theo th gian. 3.2.22 Phd phin Gg din hdi theo phrong nim ngang (YP. Voi cac thanh phan nam ngang cia tac dong dong dat. phd phan ing dan Ndi S(T) due xac dinh bang cac cOng thie sau (xem Hinh 3.1: 34021 41 :5,(T)-a,-8 |r Tn 25-0| (32) e 7; r 80) =a, S25 (3.3) Te STSTy28,(0)=a, -S-n-25 [E 4) 7, <7 $48:5,(r)=a, sas T, | as) trong ai ‘S.(7) fa phd phan img dan nai; T icchu by dao déng eta hd tuyén tinh mot be ty do; a, (gia We nn tinh tain ten nn toa A (2 = Yas) Te 18.9364 han dui cia chu kj, img voi doan ném ngang cia phd phan ung gia tc; Te [a gi6i han trén cia chu ky, ieng voi don ndm ngang cia phd phan tmg gia téc: Tp 1 gid ti xée dinh dim bat du cia phin phan ing dich chuyén khong a6i trong ph phan tng, She sénén, nl Bin8 sé du chinh do can v6i gid tri tham chiu n= 1 464 vo 0 can nnot 5%, xem (3) cla dieu nay. i ie 7 Mink 3.1 ~ Deny cia ph phn ig dn i 35 (8) 8.86 au chinn do can n 00 thé xac anh bang Du thre: ae 105 +£)=0,55 @s) trong 40: 18) 26 cdr nhét eda két edu, tinh bing phan trim, (4) Trudng hop dae big, Khi ding 1 36 cn nhgt Khéc 5%, gid Ui nay urge cho tong phan o lién quan eda ttu chun nay. (8)P_ Phd phan ting chuyén vi dan hdi So,(T), nha duoc bang cach bién Bi truc tiép phé phan ung gia toc dan hd S.(7) theo bigu thuc sau 1 spar -scr)[E] en (0) Thong thuang, cin ép dung biéu thie (2.7) cho cae chu ky dao dong kong vugt qué 4,0s. DSi vi cc két cu c6 chu ky dao déng ién hon 4,08 6 thé ding mt dinh ngbva phd chuyén vi dan hdi haan chiah hon, (CHO THC: vor gd pian ang dn nd am Kd Cha Bic cba 3.2222°P, mgt aon abianhw fh due th bay eng Phy ethan Kho A. duds dang pb phn dng uy Dé v6 ahaa chu ky dt hon 4s, ch ohn una ia téc dan hb S(T) 65th iy pnd phn mg chuydn vi dn hi da vo babu Buc (3.7). Ts) Hinh 3.3 - Phd pin ting din hi Logi 2 cho ec loa nbn ait tA dn E (G8 can 5%) 7 Q)P_ Gis tri ciia chu ky To, Te va To va eta hé s6 nn S mé té dang phé phan mg dan hdi phu thude vao loai nn dat, néu khéng xét toi dia chat ting sau (em 3.4.2(1)) (CHO THICH 4:08: wi 5 loi nd Bt A,B, C,D, v8 E, git i ode tham eb S, To, Te v8 To ‘age cho tong Bang 3.2, cae dang ph auge chudn hoa theo a, vod can 3% dupe cho @ inn 22. Bang 3.2 - Gia tricia cdc tham 66 mé ta cde phd phan Ging dan hai Logi nén et s a & 3 A 10 015 04 20 5 42 045 os 20 © 445 020 06 20 D 138 o20 os 20 E 14 045 os 20 (CHU THICH 2: DA vi ce nin dit LoalS, WAS, clin ob ee niin cu feng dB wie dink cae gat trong ung cia, Te, Teva To. 4 a ® 4 VK 2 Se + 2 4 TO) Hin 3.2 - Phé pln ang dan ndi Logi 1 cho cdc lol nén at A an E (@ cin 89%). Bu 3 Phd phan wg dan nél theo phutong thang aung (1)P Thanh phan thang dling cia tc dong déng 4ét phai durge thé hién bang phé phan ung dan héi, S(T), éuge xae dinh bang cach sit dung cde bidu thite ty (8) d&n (11). geren (tan teZovso-) om 1, $1 1? + en, 1? > L? + eg, trong dé, ban kinh quan tinh J,, ban kinh xodn %, r, va cdc d6 Ich tm ngdu nhién en 8, duge inh nghia trong 423.216) {110 Tui: i ca gb tm quan trong n,m igi nyt cho php do gn ha chants theo 4.33.18, cho @ Phu cE. Phn 1 () Két céu nha théa man tét c& cA dibu kign (8) ola muc nay nung kexéng thda min d), e5 thé thye hién phan tich dan hi - tuyén tint bing Ach si? dung hai mé hinh phdng, mdi mé hinh cho mét phyong ngang Chinn. Trong nhiing tnximg hop ahu thé, tAt cd cae he qua tie dong xc dinh tr nhirng phan tich nay can nhan vor 1,25. 54