S ws etnies ine Sharsephgeg A? 20% moaweh22) 5 et ST 112 -MUHD San) I3 evi | P x cn, ued From the] having CoPi (1422) Lage K Woy Tegnee ie ay Moa 8 Word, Speech, of Method andy ~ NEA ~ — Ov a | Pring Phe . . S defined ag the So Te dea th the OXLAKPG GIRS) Leg! mas OV Valid veason4 Shyu chuve the Systema’ of Valid invevence by ame evs that have! toe which alos ky {yom ay Matte of PrePosieons & Philosoph Jen oh Tevent Jef; nal tions of Le GIG: Logic 1s ConCerned with é (1968). Logic ts) An awaarrene based on as < Method of Yedsonin J FCN as a alkemP| ; ie fo distinguish bewoan|Yhether a5 univer sak dovvec* (valid and in4Ot Pavticulay ldea: basa UAL TIRE TWO \xEY In7Tite DEF- WATLONS ‘of ) OGIC 4 et oer | po and Argum ext ae == Sil 5. alll Avguments-the Cenrra) idea of \ 13“ “nent | Av quitnent: logic 1S beet excplaing | INCH OF GytiSma and s yeti Sh Logic 18 nek about, Pre| “en Lin J Orgur eat 40 Ov WCISE Olney PeoPle's | OPinlon-Buk backing up: Your efinion with objec tives Weas-thot ave Sound} a Logic i$ neither fundain- ental Prindyle Sovorving the universe nov the | fundamental Standard Jovevning human behaa3 JoYSe« Faw Matneoud 1S sa dying medicine and O4IC He Lopically he Shoy| d But he Can decide be@me @ doctor, to bélome q lec tuy oo Logic \\S nek what oy the mind Musk Fo\jous but What the mind ought, +2 follow: Lith knowlege of Loic You Gane ~ APP ly +P Measuye eui dence Ane AlSo ABISk 45 aueid evvor in VeaSonng: Ihe bagic Concept of K ° ‘a MI logic 15 Called ARGumedl the Cortya\ Idea o¥ whic YeaSoning 1S based is Called Premise. Sug “9: ae: ajov Sela, Ma) Jor premise igm Jo We of it8 \. daq 3 SUR (minor Premse 1S IS ko | Orting idea ale oo vol o0q. While Dlodeving Gnc\u sioN -/ the two Premise ¢? a Mortal a6 Noo. Stowe fvor the “amPle of VNSe Premise, Krowwn thvuth © avvive . vie legs. Pi tne? Veally distine _ TYOM “theme ohoye The losicat Onvanqemart and Presentation af ideas i Premise is devider inte) |> illed ARGumenT Vid Joy Premise renwise Conclusion _ joince [there ove pamey PYemuse Recause ie i , Fov hh nC lusien ue Gane lu P F a lotherwise Conse quent oeCv Cal Chinteigg ge S$ the a fo Ying W&ently ¥ loaica\, Sently 8 agicaty. EXAMPLE AM mig ewians ave AFYi Cans \ Some Men awe Nigerians” ee . \heretare, Some Men OVE | ' Afyican—> (ontlusion als the oie) tous x [Problem So twing an | Mis Ane kvanstiod decision MaRIng- Ci tical tninkin 4 tS ¢ > Se 40 Gnclusio® 7 from Pyemse bo Gnclur’ lalso Called “es SSome Polrticial ave Conv fig] fun davaen kay af vw | 5 1. [% major Premise | Communi Cation « 7 Some (orth emnergs ave PVM CACAL thin ing Miner Premise jthe analysis is Gre $S0, Some novinemer.owe Corwupt- th 004 not heat: Ml | Gonc\usicn IGvitiCa} hin King wore \ J CRIICA THINKING jiel? 4S 40 uncover ~<.. sa3ne3¢ ang It involves yea dingy SPeaning ico i [> , Wyiting and listening. ee ae, It helps +p Identity profy|mecal tnintind Ql eae ty donks 4 Xan da fn ns utd aoe Yeesnize log cel hil Bande oatel exmlf Frag rd propo bitrates of Cammurncation * deeee. Fon aA : h veo DAO s Cha 7 4 EnV On | ce iP Re WV ass | the Process of ComPonrin _ HV je, € CRI > Cy p ‘ G | One thing with an oxn or fn dy | a i 2 nee Sala hak hag similow feat ; Dati 9 : Yes loin Hh Ke\l op eWectual honecs Nie ay a “I thin Keyes Gy r S Ove as Sha \5 Ven pret i Aisha 15 om, Pret “Madan AiSh a's Aherefore, BikiSy coy Cer Bin be ’ nO be Mey Pretty wh Culp Pvoblem Solung Steps. example Ve dontity ne Problem TP? Most science. hea 1 Analyse the Problem Av dworKing ii B fovmulate Poss Solu tun! | YAN eng INeEeving dept, ; PCT ave Scien # ig 4 raluate OSS ble lution sth ¢ Ces. ap ego OYe il én & ChooSe he Solution | Stud one = have be Sil eeving Onchsovtingpo *®Genev al Xo Sen eral dedu Chive ve Example | >A human being S Ae moval PAL men ME Numan loeiage >So A men ave mortal Geneva tp Pow Example All men ave Mortal hicu lar * Muh'd is @ Man “Therefove FM4b\S-1s mova! y Mscugs Awe PRe mag, # DisCuse-ts ts the Ue of Lon Guage to express a a !Cal gu ideq Whethey i Wuvibten ov Varta} » %& Propagenda¢ |a On ings Yury on Used | tn discuge! tO Pevsua de ReoPle tp ACCEP an Ide . | TyPes of Pro Pagendg 3 TVaq 3 Fe | Inh oni ke | | Yes oY Nw. hNome Cal Ming Progan do Gli tering Jneray; nity y Pro PaSendq Ke Bondwason i PRePo Stile Proposition Gntang two ProPar ties | Pvo Position have X Clem ent Subject torm Predick erm 3, CoPulg % Guoabhrer“ome Stuy S enh 5 > Pay-i ( Attiwmed Jul avr - RaybCuler Akfiveed Pvok. | > Some sents ove ‘lazy [order XP Veasoning: ‘| stents 3 mayoyity “eho “8 me asta | Vea ave nok \ady Honesty iL means major of them ove dish ons Some of Aner th at, owe ones @ Majority ot Ahem shat ave, dishonest majority oF anon that ove honest fed the Cole , Ny, pPreju die 2.\n ea Ve) 4, So ved ieent “wlenectual dishonest of ARGumENT 3 Combi Can ows ayavent ¢ and tru- 1 cil son Por cla ove | Linens 3S oF PvernGes anddon Avgumen must be valid fet hefore Someone ask for is SoundneKe fygument Can he lvalté Kuk unSound- | Sounds =Validiky Gyog) + tyuc Preris | ogre Gnclusion Gc): excamPle of F wtSound Aygwmect Sore Geleb ries Ahoed musa isa Ce lebv' ty awe MWSiANS USIC “Theve fore, Abie ad musa 4° is vale “The ahowe exgumort Bcc eat (AN with vue Premises bu beGuse the conclusion enhjo | Seales a AM guitar cohen “ae | e Hemi Se" ‘an on “ove Conclu Sot Dome Polit Gag S owe Covwue & 3 ome, Nokherners ave paigdan® | | Vneve foe, Some nuh erners. Are. ND OMEumEN the tome _| Covw, J t fe the wd in ny uP R erited 4y, es © ProPerties tg val Q \ lid oy inw « pe valid Anigueaenk with false ume to hd Prem mise” and true Cnclugion” ™ Valid tne Syitpgie | ieee be vaige MDA Shanes as metal wy - iW I jens The Structue of Vang oi oo . g Frpument mu ste Comply Piheveore, Feds iene ithe the Formula hel od FIN VALID ARoa aan | wwalid agumers witn due Ps ave @ aise one ie @Clusion = 6 UMLon OWL Myv-ka { R g@ All MM Oe Morvtal Thheve fore, R is ; eFaves > ag IMO AW MEN Are oa qSyWogigm lov undev \nvcali J Or gum end eed ul stheve ig ¢ Dt Al) Pig One G's omg), > Inntalia ANSum ei LUikht | Prem Wue Premigg and Fale fale & 18 P —striney Rye Conclusion « =) a “Thevefore, Ris G Seon ctugior > \nvalid ONG en L wi dn + de AN angument have one falge PremSe ond false false Premige and & fais Gacusion (Conclusion Called Vatra Reece Spllogisty a ogiem Mehioe Some hardwareing Peoflg the syllogism< awe Succ esstul - RULES € an awgumen > Some students ae hard has All true Premig, Loving People: Nt musk have a tyue = theve fore Some lechwers CncluSion- Ex AMPLE Ane, Syccessful|-— ‘AY nigerian are akrica a —— AN he tom LECTURER ave | Some women Ove wiger ig.an undistibuted teem, | ik Shouldhte hai op? hove wre, Some Womer anes in Xhe more ave AfnlonsFoRWIs of In fog cecal FALLRCES m LoGich. a FALLACIY AU Fallacy In oe VCRs ae to any | orms oF decry les oi at Avg Guitye- P and urtvue Qo tt 4 INComp Pat LC Seu u 5 easonin | - : Gm Positiog ¢ mes Se a lal” 7 ‘ divi Stoq ‘i : { mreang-| ut “ Baikcais. Tam deceeds io \ Ww Smayy ¢ eee . | 2 Ple forms of Fallacy Shes Ww Biaged Stabstic Foxrng| pies pu 4M FPP eal tp forte Wnformal allay i . : L i D formay fariacy ol “PN (out al \9Novance Cws When Onv5um ent] Vidlate the, Ss Aveta Val form of legit | Informa} Fal Wacy le Commited Lctihinggly on Gn will nwilling \y is the Co use of language es] Wage Gch as SVPeccthes Lo vrting aaa jLek Select prs aad Give examPle of trem O fat lacy of Ambiguity = “This ocCuws When 4 Word with Move thor one meaning iS used in a SentonCe ExAm) bam going fo he ik 14 a viver_baw) “bank ey jon: me Qaancial nseFallacy of y a (Ney p Pa tint LONen tautelo Oat Is & am mike ¢ inas A Sentence Ext ple I yarn oe © leit my Sci f 4 mmitting Suid 2 \S to KW your: otal ity of Ambiguity’ I¥ avises When one ae cs we Me Same for ~ne whole: @eomple, SS 7 Buh any is Black, 30 Nigerians ave black: STinuby Tike fimala, “Theveoe all Yorubas like Ama\a le fatlacy of diniSy0 site OF 113 tne OP Ve y jones: Peon l& \9 jon infe vone {vom | | Jen el Ao Rav ticale exam le (AL Yovulsas Vixe Amala« eve fave Tiniby line Amala AW students WE law > nee fore Risha is lazy (2) fallag ok ignevonce Tthig occuws When the Conclusion TS laccepted because Noone has Pyou Other 1Se-2A Ni « ) Pea bed i : vs c OT You the tol). be Ni »- eS gc" y Coney Pree. {Os tod ie 4 Me Sane Shing as “Sentence. ON fal ge. OY Ww hich tev af ProPos} tion whe Sort the word “be ed Wwe “AN Swi ave Lazy -which tem of propesitian VePveGent ne Wub Cader lined ? ‘al. AM Men OVE MOV e ‘ Which stondon ¢ wt of Pro positron ve Pye- tes Ais avgument t .-Zdinah to not beaut which Aon dowd form Y ¢ € proposition vepres o ic ONvsumen i ' AE Pre Ow wing Weestiang Veong . ere i logic I be le to Grower , aur (the dense in meaSav! = eof aN the styuctuve ox 4 | ®5ument 19 Calleo- Gurhigh one is Mula the {ov- Horwesning aNMa\tc Sylte 51m oA ah oie. ie IC, a . ie q is RS ae G id, Fa Neen LoNPPyaSe hic On yer er" | aS vo}! 9 ov Invalid Si\ | esism. AN migenan ove “usicheu | [Pon “oan aa isa | Nigerian Theebre, Nan moveu A Joe i$ @ musidaf-