Dredging and Sustainability How can Boskalis be a global leader in the reduction of emissions? 2019 RSM Star Case Competition of Management RSM, Case Development CentreThis case was prepared by Carla Gatt and Tao Yue at the Case Development Centre, Pee uate gare eu ae enc aT oe eel nem ae omnes Ross Bes ne ae eer eae cl - Dirk-Jan van Leeuwen - Director Fleet, Dredging, and Inland infra at Royal Boskalis - Joost Wijnands - Manager Central Fleet support (initiative taker collaboration Goodfuels) at Royal Boskalis Bee Ue at eae aa aarti ae ae Cen cr collaboration Goodfuels) at Royal Boskalis = Johan van der Vorm - Director of Projects at Boskalis the Netherlands - Richard van Breenen - Head of Procurement, Boskalis the Netherlands ea neers suena ue acc - Annika Trignol- EMVI Coordinator at Boskalis the Netherlands - Isabel Welten - Head of Marine at Goodfuels Sea an ee eta eae RCA ec ue Petersen aa uae ee This case is based on field research data. Copyright © 2019 RSM Case Development eer Cun anna ueeg ee tse oad copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distributed in any form or medium Pea nae ue eee Cena caeR once eciemat 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITIONAbstract In 2015 Boskalis, a global leader in the dredging and maritime service sectors ith revenues of 26 billion euro and 1A of 354 million euro* - joined forces marine biofuel supplier Goodfuels and the Finnis engine manufacturing componftarsiajons plotprogrammets test advanced biofuels in their vessels. With positive results from the pilot programme, and following the announcement of International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations on greenhouse gas ?) emissions, the company signed a contract with GoodFuels aimed towards reduc ‘CO2 emissions in the Netherlands wy 35%) 1022. \Boskalis aims to use bioful a broader scale in projects outside the Netherlands in the near future. Considering that the prices of fossil fuels and biofuels keep changing from one day to the next - and the cost of biofuels is considerably higher than that of fossil fuels T- how can Boskalis align its running costs and capital expenditure for future projects?) THow can Boskalis increase its clients awareness and prioritising of sustainability when the cost of projects in which biofuels are used is so much steeper?) © fBoskalis can Bunker its vessels with biofuels when working in the Netherlands, but how can it operate when working on projects in countries where biofuels are not readily available?yAnd if biofuels are available in other countries, how can one check thatthe feedstock used for the biofuel production is truly sustainable2y ie While GoodFuels has proven to be a reliable partner so far, the company does not face much competition as yet and their pricing for biofuelis ieee comparedto the cost of fossil fuels{ What will happen when the supply and demand dynamics change?) BoskalisIntroduction It was Tuesday 12 February 2019 when members of Boskalis’ middle and senior management had a meeting at the ‘company’s head office in Papendrecht, the Netherlands, to discuss the way forward with regard to the use of biofuels in their fleet Boskalis’ general manager for procurement and logistics said: ‘In order for Boskalis to be a frontrunner when it comes to reducing emissions, we need to look into what is being done on a global level. is there enough feedstock available for the production of sustainable biofuels - and could we rely just on GoodFuels for this? It would be interesting to look at the production of waste streams in other parts of the world and see if they are truly Sy sustainable, available in larger quantities, and possibly cheaper.” Boskalis’ director of projects in the Netherlands said that the situation required looking into from multiple perspectives: THow can we maintain a balance between sustainability and running a healthy business When most of our clients are governmental agencies and when not every region in the world prioritises sustainability, it is necessary to convince our clients that if they want to use biofuels, it comes with a price tag.” Boskalis’ business manager agreed and stated that if the competitors refused to invest in sustainability because the global market did not value it enough, there was the and sustainability danger that Boskalis would lose all of its business. But he also saw the situation from another perspective: [What about the next generation of clients? With so many young people all around the world extremely vocal ‘on such issues as sustainability and fair trade, it is clear that sustainability is going to rank higher and higher on the agenda in the near future. The question to ask here is, how far and fast will this evolve?*= “Boskalis’ director of the dredging fleet elaborated on this point: “As a company we take innovation and sustainability very seriously which is one of the reasons people feel proud to be working here. Employees and their families are very important stakeholders, so it is crucial to continue building the reputation of this company.” Boskalis’ coordinator of sustainability in the Netherlands: “On one hand, it is important to educate clients on the choice of using biofuels and to have them pay for it. On the other hand, however, the uncertainty of availability of the feedstock coupled with the fluctuation of costs of fuel means that we need to make some really good choices regarding when — and when not - to use biofuels.” THow can Boskalis make the right choice between setting a long-term goal for the reduction of emissions and keeping up to par with continuously fluctuating fuel costs in order to retain its competitive edge and maintain a healthy business? 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITIONAbout Boskalis eae ae ge ABCC ET Uet of families in Sliedrecht, a small Dutch anc uM mn! War |, in the period between 1914 and 1930, Boskalis was involved in the Zuider Zee Oe aaa Onn CEREUS oem tele ee ec CI Ree et RC ee DM te cea crc CRUSE crest oR Pam mt Cana CBC ce cece aur) Or ha eae seca) Sma mea Cla) ean CON ec mec aon eeu] internationally, to projects in Australia, ee a a a ge Cee ec Mec Mec mea Fee mec aA a De aa ate) Pee MS ae ley ogc Ream ole sa eRe Meme Uno em Ve eOn eat ane ue Nmed eM ieee cme esta Mae acne os mccutcacd that required complex coastal defense Pema Boskalis became a listed stock in 1971 Pee ie Rue ae mee Teme R CK Mak keaca keg Men eer aor aa Dea ea ec Ream aa Ono cee el R Tag) Pet er Rca our coo elec RCo ec ane Corea amet M Urol Airport in the 1990s. GeO cea) to expand its offshore activities, aided in part through the acquisition of Smit CeO Meee se aera eae) RoR ec Men Ma Tce Peace MM ca eee ae er) ee ha ecu agus De RO Cue mC ot ard Ree eae etc eRe al) vessels, The company, including its joint RoC mee med Sree Ce ceca Dee RRC ne lee ca Reaction secu cit) Bi Reagent Rr Cee Mana cm Seas) ERA eMC Meco acl Cea Megs ne teas Ce CM oma ead Ma Cie ee MIN Sra me Mu atm em) Se ea ela ca NT te Re aN ames Partnerships in harbour towage and ea ee Boskalis’ main clients include: eS Sete eR roy eee Maia aed ee hes Sa tr cers Ca mera To Cee netted Oe aah aes Se Seer Semen eaters 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITIONAir Emissions in the Maritime Industry Maritime transport has three main air emissions (GHG): carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides Cane well as particulate matter, known as CO2 is the most common Green House Gas (GHG) emission. The maritime industry emits around{940 million tonnes of Ct annually and is responsible for about_2.5%] of global GHG emissions? Although the percentage does not seem high compared to some other industries, the total amount of CO2 emitted is relatively high. Moreover, because shipping is growing at an annual rate faa, its carbon emissions will be much higher than at present if the current path is maintained. SOx and NOx cause air pollution that are very harmful to humans and the ecosystem. They can harm the respiratory system and make breathing difficult: they can react with other airborne chemicals to form PM and ozone; they can also contribute to acid rain, damaging ecosystems. Currently, shipping is responsible for about of SOx emissions and{5%)of NOx emissions worldwide every year The 15 largest ships generate as much{§Okas all the cars in the world.* Despite the fact that the Paris Climate Agreement does not include the maritime industry, the IMO came out with its own regulations on emissions: (ey 2050 GHG emissions should be reduced by 50% compared to 2008; [By 2050 CO2 emissions during maritime transport should be reduced by 70% compared to 2008; [By 2030 CO2 emissions during maritime transport should be reduced by 40% compared to 2008, in line with the United Nation Sustainable Development Goal 13.5 BoskalisBiofuels, Feedstock and Costs Biofuels are derived from biomass, including plant, algae material, and animal waste. Since such feedstock. can be replenished readily, biofuels are considered to be a source of renewable energy ~ an alternative to fossil fuels.® cioretve | Biofuels are carbon neutral because they do not result in CO2 being released into the atmosphere. All of the carbon contained in biofuels are absorbed from the atmosphere into the biomass. When one burns biofuels, ‘one simply releases the carbon back into the atmosphere and there is no effect on ‘overall CO2 emissions.’ A*> Even though biofuels are (in theory) 100% carbon neutral, if we include all the steps of production, and transportation of the fuel and of the feedstock (so called ‘Wel to-Wheels’ analysis), reduction over the whole chain will be lowered. Today, the most advanced biofuels, combined with the most responsible production and transportation practices can result in about95% of carbon reduction. By comparison, conventional biofuels and the chain behind trem can only reduce about‘ Gox)ot carbon emissions.* Apart from low carbon emissions, biofuels also have very-low-to-no sulfur (SOx) emissions. One of the major problems of burning fossil fuels, especially coal, is the acid rain that comes from the high SOx of these fuels. Biofuels can be produced in ways that eliminate SOx. Although biofuels tend to contain high levels of nitrogen (NOx) which can lead to acid rain, on the whole the net impact on acid rain is negative? 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITION then the carbon Historically biofuels were produced from food crops, but later technologies enabled biofuel production from non-food sources of biomass including organic waste material and crops grown specifically for energy. This is called ‘advance Some advanced biofuels can be either blended with fossil fuels or used as a direct replacement for fossil fuels without the need to modify the vehicle or vessel, as they are fully compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure. These types of advanced biofuels, called ‘drop-in fuels’, are often used in industry (Exhibit 1).° There are at least seven commercial-scale cellulosic advanced biofuel plants in the world that focus on non-food feedstock, with a total capacity of over #o.cricn litres per year. Many more such piamt in the planning and construction stages largely outside of the EU, for example in the US, Brazil and China (Exhibit 2). Like any energy market, the prices of biofuels are subject to market fluctuations, geographic variation, feedstock quality, volume, and contract terms, of which feedstock and capital costs are the most significant (Exhibit 3). At present biofuels are about twice as expensive as fossil fuels. But with technological advancement, increase in production scale, and costs reduction in feedstock such as bagasse from the sugar cane industry in Brazil and co-locating the production of heat and power, ethanol, biogas and waste, the prices for advanced biofuels are likely to decrease.Cyny=sae Ceca e Exhibit 1. Drop-in biofuel types, their feedstock and usage. Source: Biofuels for Europe USA pocr-osu a fede Dipot 20 walla = a BRAZIL rato ooo eames Sonos ooo Baca wets, Sombod coos Exhibit 2. Major advanced biofuel plants globally. Source: Biofuels for Europe Capital costs Equipment, land, capita, royalties 35.55% High Operating costs Licino 5.10% low Biomass, hydrogen, and Feedstock costs erlnat 30.45% High Catalysts Enzymes, heterogeneous catalysts 515% Medium Infrastructure Transport, fling stations 25% low Exhibit 3. Cost breakdown for advanced biofuels. Source: Biofuels for Europe 6 BoskalisBoskalis Pilots with Biofuels Boskalis’ interest in biofuels started about a decade ago when the company started looking at alternative fuels. Two Dutch companies - KLM and Argos — launched a joint venture, 'SkyNRG’, to develop drop-in biofuels for the aviation sector. Originally the ‘drop-in’ was cooking oil. In 2014, Boskalis joined this-iitfative~and started using a blend of diluted cooking oil and regular diesel fuel for their sand dumping trucks However, Boskalis really wanted something specifically for their vessels. Discussions started in 2015 around how to develop a truly sustainable drop-in biofuel for the maritime industry = Ofe that would be scalable and reliable, and reduce emissions substantially. Besides its operations in the Netherlands and the North Sea, Boskalis also used drop-in biofuels in Singapore. Ablend of 50% biofuel and 50% M Oil (MGO) successfully powered the Boskalis, cutter section dredger Edax (a vessel) in the Marker Wadden project in the first half of 2016. * This was one of the largest nature restoration projects in Western Europe. The project goal was to replenish the barren Markermeer Lake, turning it into a unique area rich in animal and plant life, through the use of sand, clay and fine sediment. Another successful pilot with this, blend of bio and fossil fuels was used to power the trailing suction hopper dredger Willem van Oranje in 2015. At the end of 2018, Boskalis started work on the Borssele Alpha project for the Dutch power grid operator TenneT. For this project Boskalis used the large trailing suction hopper dredger Prins der Nederlanden, powered by a biofuel blend of up to 60% Pesala non spre eaten of the dredger’s carbon footprirtt. Biofuels were also used to power the trailing suction hopper dredger Causeway during operations at the Hartel Tank Terminal project in the Port of Rotterdam.* 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITIONGoodFuels — Biofuel Supplier Re ec Rang Cette eR atc atmos Ones ge a eee om Reeie mcee eoae sce ca ame cee ca Pec oes Ree eur a om eae aa Pe ae eee SS ec cd forces with GoodFuels, a sustainable fuel Cavers fee a es eo od ea SoS ae c entire supply chain for sustainable biofuels. Shs Renee uae PoC mec ta ieks cman Rell (HFO) and Bio-Marine Gas Oil (MGO) CN te eRe cae TE eRe escheat cas] eR Rn te ec PME nice mee lag eran ieee RNa ere Reco a based on forest-residues, also known as Cora ol oko AC Mt Ree) CMe aM eee ntre a acct RUC RUre aes’ Prec ek acon asc Ke} available and is made out of lignocellulosic Renee ee ee aaa Pinder gcc a nna ar ee) eee amr red Reg een een currently the most-used feedstock in the Deir ect a Cee teCer an ee nl Pen Oger sad Pree Cm Ramer CE mC] mo nae ee] pressure. GoodFuels defends its prices by emphasising sustainability and quality ‘According to the company, the use of its Pot et ne ees acs Manas ue Reema Ene stat) eee Oe Sec mS} Standard Certification System Validation - BSS Ne Coen eee hoee tiered Ce em eee ter acd by-products - and the ISCC (International Seo mae a Me tame tte or ere ar ssa tei aad Cee RNa eee et CO sustainable (Exhibit 7) Aeon e Cee creme eee Rae) biofuel feedstock needs, the more energy is required to produce it, which makes it eee ae Meters ee Mes Me ee cs] egetiere etre en eer ecm cir ecg] eee hae emule] supply and prices. CreesGoodFuels Marine currently offers two categories of Advanced Marine Biofuels: Residual HFO type fuels and distillate MGO type fuels GoodFuels MR1-100(HFO substitute) | What is ie? 100% Based on Used Cooking Ot 80% CO, emission reduction compared to fossil ULSFO <0,02% Sulphur Drop-in replacement for HO /1SFO ‘black’ non-transparent fuel Status ‘+ Wartsil LAB testing performed + Onboard tests performed in September 2018 onboard Nord Highlander GoodFuels MD1-100 (MGO substitute) What st? + 100% Based on Used Cooking Oi! ‘+ >80% CO, emission reduction compared to fossil MGO + <002% Sulphur + Drop-in replacement for OMA / MGO / ENS8O diese! *+ Clear, bright and ansparent fuet status + Commercial product for GoodFuels sold on regular basis to various marine cllents i different blend ratios, ‘+ Fully compliant with $0827 OMA specification ‘+ Specific OEM approval from all major OEMS ‘+ Ghents that have been using ths fue in ther daly ‘operations include Port of Rotterdam, Port of “Amsterdam, Dutch Coastguard and Boskals Exhibit 4. The two types of Advanced Marine Biofuels supplied by GoodFuels. Source: GoodFuels Developing sustainable biofuels for shipping has been an exciting journey so far..... and we have only just started GoodFuels developing Marine Biofuels 2015 2. | Feedstock careareioa = ‘Future Feedstoces ‘ontinsou elaboration with OEM, Cas sci & Lob Exhibit 5: Goodifuels and the development of Marine Biofuels. Source: GoodFuels 2019 RSM STAR CASE COMPETITIONSustainability: carbon cycle and principles of carbon accounting IPCC guidance for carbon footprint is crucial to understanding how our marine biofuels compare to fossil fuels, in terms of sustainability. Carbon accounting By IPCC definition, carbon emissions of waste and residues are rated at 2er0 + Already assigned to life cycle of initial product Emissions in kg CO per liter: = oe 0,345 3,490 -0- Wheel 0,345 o 0,610 2,880 Exhibit 6. GoodFuels CO2 footprint reduction. Source: GoodFuels GoodFuels Sustainability promise GoodFuels guarantees sustainability and transparency through the independent sustainability board combined withthe ISCC and RSB certification, Independent Sustainability Board Certification All our fuels are under strict supervision ISCC_& RSB are globally recognized of our independent sustainability board. certification standards to warrant the origin and sustainability of the feedstock. sas z. m4 @iscc eB RSB a Sustainability principles fy: i * Waste and residue based stare tant Prof Part new «No competition with food & oa * No direct or indirect land use change (ILUC) a “+ No higher quality application possible é-iiranl oe co Secon + No negative social or legal impacts Exhibit 7: GoodFuels sustainability promise. Source: GoodFuels 10 BoskalisOther Clean Fuels LNG Biofuel is one of the few options available to reduce GHG emissions. Liquefied Natural Gas (NG) is an alternative fuel that can significantly reduce SOx and NOx particles emitted into the atmosphere, but its reduction of CO2 emissions is far less than with biofuels. LNG is derived from organic material buried ie earth millions of years ago, so it is a fossil fuel. Compared to biofuels, LNG has a lower energy density and therefore cannot power all types of vessels; LNG storage also takes up a lot of space on board, which may require modification of vessels, The engine that runs on LNG is also different from the engine that runs on traditional marine gas oil fuels. Modifying the engines of existing vessels can be very expensive, if it isin fact possible. Therefore, vessels powered by LNG usually have dual fuel engines capable of operating ‘on natural gas as well as traditional marine gas oil fuels. Biofuels, however, do not Present this problem because they are simply drop-in fuels, compatible with conventional engines. LNG is, further, not available everywhere. While it may be found in the ports of Rotterdam and Singapore, it may not be available in Nigeria. Despite all these disadvantages, LNG nevertheless has some advantages over biofuels. For example, its ability to greatly reduce: =) and NOx)emissions can help vessel operators sulphur cap of 0.5% by 2020. At present, the global sulphur content cap on bunker fuel is atl a level considered relatively easy to comply with; also, the price of LNG at the moment is considerably lower than that of biofuels. And even though the investment for modifying a vessel is high, it can be seen as a one-time investment; because of the low LNG price, a return on investment is possible in the medium term (e.g. 10 years). In addition, vessels with qualraet engines can continue to operate using fossil fuel if they run out of LNG and bunkering in the vicinity is not possible. (BIO-LNG \ Bio-LNG has the same chemical components as traditional LNG and is a 100% renewable energy. It has a number of advantages: 1) it not only emits negligible SOx and NOx but also reduces CO2 emissions by(90%, and can even be carbon negative; 2) itteafi be produced any place where anaerobic digestion occurs, with the perfect source being biogas from animal manure and sewage sludge or green waste, and 3) once liquefied, the volume of the gas is reduced by a factor of at least 60 so large amounts can be distributed easily. The downside, however, is that there is not yet significant bio-LNG production capacity available. The supply chain is not entirely in place and the technology is still evolving, At present bio-LNG is significantly more expensive than LNG, and requires government subsidies to be competitive.” Hydrogen x V Another interesting option is hydrogen or hydrogen carriers, such as methanol, dimethyi ether and ammonia. These are expected to become the energy carriers for vessels in the near future, which cot emission issues whilst also being (100 renewable. Such zeto-emission energy carriers could provide the near-perfect solution if it were not for one problem: the energy density of the product is low. Huge investments are required to make changes to a vessel for it to run on hydrogen or hydrogen carriers. it12 BoskalisShort-term Chall A lot of clients Boskalis serves think sustainability is important; but not many are willing to.pay for it. There are some tax incentives on having a low carbon footprint when carrying out dredging projects in countries like the Netherlands and Finland, but this is not enough to help Boskalis succeed in winning tenders. In order to win a tender, Boskalis has to balance many Intricate fectos suchas pce, sustalnabil stakeholder interests. ~— TT Price is a crucial variable in this equation. For a dredging contractor and maritime services provider the cost of fuel plays a big role in the overall costs associated with the projects it executes. The price of biofuels is increasing, so the difference in fuel pricing for traditional marine fuels versus biofuels is on the increase. The fluctuation in fuel prices does not help either, as what applies today may not apply tomorrow. Boskalis can play with the percentage of blending biofuels with regular fuels, which directly affects price. The company must find the right balance to make an offer that is both sustainable, and economically most beneficial in line with client requirements. ae ( 1) The lobbying from GoodFuels'’ side is quite important. Ifa client says that sustainability rity and set it as a qualitative 1 then Boskalis would seek GoodFuels’ help. In this case the client would pay extra but Boskalis also scores ‘on sustainability, which might help win the se However, the client can also opt for energy neutral solutions without the use of biofuels. This means that itis up to Boskalis to seek energy efficient solutions and ways of reducing emissions, such as using wind energy or solar energy for their projects. Boskalis has to be very sensitive to stakeholder interests - not just clients’ interest, but also that of governments, regulators, local_ communities, etc. One example: Boskalis is competing to win a projectthatinvolvesajointventure between Rijkswaterstaat_ (The Dutch Directorate- General for Public Works and Water Management) and the Port of Rotterdam Although there is the motivation to carry out the work with a reduction of GHG emissions, as well as dust particles, the Port of Rotterdam is willing to pay extra for it but Rijkswaterstaat is not yet willing 4 BoskalisLong-Term Challenges Boskalis is determined to be a frontrunner of sustainability and has a longer view than just looking at current projects and tenders. [Boskalis claims that in an ideal situation, the waste strearwill be at the Same location, irrelevant of Whether that is var or the Netherlands. If there is a project in Argentina, then the waste stream used ac teedsiog shoud be local, with a production plant or facility in the region. This is the only way biofuels can be truly sustainable, zi However, in reality biofuels are not readily available in all ports around the world and sometimes have to be shipped, which generates GHG emissions. The good news is that other forms of waste streams could be available to make different biofuels. In Brazil, there are plants that could rapidly grow 3 or 4 meters high. Elephant grass and kelp could be another alternative because for example, the growth of kelp is not affected by the temperature of its location. Waste streams from old vehicle tires could be yet another option With its many options, what can Boskalis do to ensure the long-term local supply of biofuels? | Reliable supply of feedstock is also important for bringing down, the price of biofuels. Boskalis is fullyaware that scalability can reduce the price gap between fossil fuels and biofuels. If there is more demand for biofuels, then there is more scale — and that will bring the price per litre down. But this economical law of ity only works in a normal market, meaning the demand for feedstock does not outweigh supply. What happens if the market moves in the opposite direction”, If the situation with supply and pricing is no longer workable, then Boskalis would have to look at other fuel options, for example LNG or hydrogen carriers. Buying a vessel is a long-term decision for the company — a decision with a horizon of 40 years. One question to ask is:\Should the vessel be fueled with hydrogen, LNG or biofuels4jFor now the short-term sustainable solution Of biofuels is a good choice but it remains @ question for the whole industry as to whether this will remain a good option Other long-term challenges must not be overlooked, such as technological development, political stability, economic development, and regional policy climate, to name justa few considerations 15Assignment Question Boskalis aims to reduce the GHG emissions of its own equipment, and in particular reducing CO2 emissions in the Netherlands, by 35% by Pea eM Ree Reel seca hn kere ata oy Ce eCommerce EC ree Gs Coo OO en Cote eae tee Naa Ce men ag fossil fuels, biofuels are not readily available in all countries, and not all clients prioritise sustainability. How can Boskalis remain sustainable Rasim eco ike Maka acd ee eee eC Reece ae et ge eh mera) Ramee cence ec eee Reece useage een a ee Rca a) designing your strategy. You do not have to cover all points but your analysis must be holistic, comprehensive, and consider both short- Ree eae Ae ee eel factors that are not mentioned in the list below. Seay oleae Saree su) Seon meacs on emacs ees Se oy area eas Senet el ad 16 CreeRecources Publications by Boskalis that are available for download: https://boskalis.com/download-center.htm| Boskalis on biofuels: https://magazine.boskalis.com/issue06/boskalis-on-bio ttps://boskalis. com/press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/boskalis-neder- land-aiming-for-35-co2-reduction-with-goodtuels-biofuel.html More on the Marker Wadden project https://boskalis.com//press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/boskalis-deploys-a- new-drop-in-marine-bio-fuel-on-the-marker-wadden-nature-restoration-project.htm| More on the Borssele project https://boskalis com//press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/boskalis-to-re- duce-co2-emissions-by-using-sustainable-biofuel-on-borssele-renewable-energy-project html Boskalis videos and images https://boskalis com/press/media-library.htm(? More on Air Emissions ~ Air Pollution and GHG Emissions: http://www.emsa.europa.eu/main/air-pollution/download/4499/1709/23.htm| 7Endnotes 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Works a https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/shipping_en 3 https://www.freightwaves.com/news/maritime/martin-stopford-imo-7styd-x6hfm-wbd9g 4 https://medium.com/shone-blog/the-shipping-industry-is-now-tackling-its-emission- problem-head-on-c0d03105e09f 5 http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/GHG/Pages/default.aspx 6 https://www.britannica.com/technology/biofuel 7 https://www.carbonneutralearth.com/biofuels.php 8 http://www.biofuelsforeurope.eu/ghg-emissions/ 9 http://biofuel.org.uk/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html 10/11/12 http://www. biofuelsforeurope.eu/advanced-biofuels/ 13 https://magazine.boskalis.com/issue06/boskalis-on-bio 14 https://boskalis.com//press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/boskalis-deploys- a-new-drop-in-marine-bio-fuel-on-the-marker-wadden-nature-restoration-project.htmt 1s https://boskalis.com//press/press-releases-and-company-news/detail/boskalis-to-re- duce-co2-emissions-by-using-sustainable-biofuel-on-borssele-renewable-energy-proj- ect html 16 https://goodfuels.com/video/first-commercial-marine-biofuel-based-on-wood-based- residues/ v7 https://wisdom events/blog/bio-Ing-overtake-traditional-Ing/ 18 Boskalis