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Ol) “ag leads dy tot pool a dyin l Rady (2) = (+e) = 1.6029 x 10% Fore lalael fois yl fee Line Ly aM) Set olat 0,5, Holt SLs sf (ions) bY ol nt of5 WS Loy ASSYI dots - Ogi ll gf 0. 1 FSIY Rot) Lf dre altel oF dye (atomic nuclei) Rea co lelne City ASI Sled ae sy (1-1) Jrdtly 2 Osa Og KSI sks ol We spretl UES AUIS, dot) m, = 9.11 X 107! kg M, = 1.673 x 107” kg Seed Vy (destroyed) (pi Y obo of La Rag SUL oy SAM, LUI Jo glad Eat! of yay 053 (As Le U3 qaail J3y (created) Tost) cle Ogle lia Gray Gol I por ot SASSY JL tsi rl de Gay Gly (law of charge conservation) So foal § LEU dy gS ret 6 yarel Silly Lil pet tbdmly 54S of Ue got tut thay emt On S J] (unstable boron decay) peal! nb Sy so! Joel. f Jab) RBoltCtesy Se 6e+e+0 A blally 4S! t Ugeresiy Webs Sack gr TY mal pa lead (101) dar rates) perens)) sd | Particle name cote! | | 1.000 x Mp e P Proton opp 1001” 0 a Neutron Oa-i3 0.000545” -e e Electron Oar SS} 0.000545” e e Positron ds pBye 0.1126 ” -e,te oe Muon Ope 0.1438” +e,-¢,0 ve Pi-meson da5 Sh Oo. 0 Y Photon rere o 3 0 v Neutrino ey OG 0 v Antineutrino gy FyzIl dio 1189” 0 a” Lambda an 082” +e,0,-€ e008 Rho meson Os 0.836” 0 o ‘Omega meson jt Lipagl 53 ee Oss gatas) innst (carbon 14) VE Op fe Ipadlow Mn anolfC+P e+ 0 > Gere ally u te paall gt D4 pipes plea golat yl dev. = oetintely 1 Xe (xenon) 5-45 Af (split) je ty gil Ue oe bigighy Oy Fyciy a (strontium) ° 4450! Stel 235. 236, 1 94 nt “pu us ixe+ ggst +2n ty 0 + 92¢ > 92¢ — S4e + 38e +0 +0 bigs pl ote oof gil sual Jo dL} OYaLal Gd Gael cant Jay OF mds ESI) gill Oj fo ued gglall sual! Ll, algal Gd sayeyll Af gh cee Se howttl pyee gs Jolisll J dell otal ene Am Gl sa LI Eyernll sey Jelisl J pill ata og ul Exe! » folasl (295 0868 (1) (Coulomb’s Law) th eS) gel dial Eleall Gyles oe 2S pte galt Oa ile del PALS «(J. Priestly) Jou yy WA (D. Berno) giy eldall pale dy ESL (2S gill AL ele of Uf daniel! Gylatl aay VV" (HL Cavendish) Zabel! Lest JS Gel Git! VAS (Charles Augustin de Coulomb) AH eh Objee Srl) Liat! Gy RSL dy gS sy aL (V1) JRA J call (torsion balance) “tld le Mere, MALI 5 gall Lal ycltan Gxt oyS orcad iy Sows) sdb pid | eer e OB AS AL a> LASS A Gp LAN RAT LP C(1aN) JRE CB Stl Cy J al Rant foe Gal ip de pull Oued BG tae Bln le LB lg Gy A Uslas 62135 UB ES Jam Hip GLI! oud ind Gina B Ga BU GGL yo ol GL DU ode G dee A Eat! Ob i! toS O51 LoL LIVI Oljee 2 (aN) JRE BS Ua phys DLN errand Gyles odba ye take ele Y denatiy .. NKay 1 Als Ady pall pene be the gl (repulsion) ili! gl (attraction) Skee 55 —wlisn Creel Geet pe frol> a bora, dont pl fo gy Tomty Opoute VEN) SSE GAS CF erty feat gil BLM ge pe rr Lang of gf Fo il J a \-) F=K.—3 Q-)) pela Laneglly Aerteall cildagll plas fo datas atady ult UK, te VAST, BS ESL ob gS! phe ged Slog lily tl oy the international system of units (S.I.) Ab ob Lt -() Goal! jail) Gaussian system ost ( Lontlly AL BLM y Cipla aI OSS AL ell as 2AM &y pall Bale 2K Ky Celis Cal toy ad Lf Arey (permittivity of free space) &1 i) Law 8 (pend te de (1-1) 9 (N-9) Ggdoldll of herds Totty Faedl BLM, cyl dade Sal O55 egos lad Gy ream daly gi K, Col! U5 UP oS okL Fecblally 4S) A dyne . cm? (stat C)? 2Adbll by pall (1-1) Dalal iG WL, Coo (8) SUG al gly S tal gf AK ely 45) Moat Bory Li, pall Le dy PU tagheny Gill GL ABLE Rd ot pe V bey Jo Condy 13] gil etl elle Vay 38 ayy Yas als faa 1(N) Seal beta ges sll platy ld pla! cy Bally 1 ghd Ul odd Gulla oy BAU Gal Uf F=1N=10° dyne q=1C =2,998 x 10°stat.C r=im =10'cm Fe erat DLL daly pS eee JS Had Obiyglate Sltoes Ly LIS 13f8 1h Bgl LaF 055 (10) Dalal ne aif tly (2.998 x 10%) x (2.998 x 10°) 7 = 8.988 x 10'4 dyne = 8.988 x 10°N Cot eal Legal Of (VAN) Datel GUC. ALIN Ud! pared 13] Wi, 8.988 X 10” laa gol Of LYK, outst rot gf m 1 N. K, == 8.988 X 10° =9 x 10” —— a-fy ney Ce 4 05 let ‘ghee Chil ale of U3 Ue 8 = 8.85 X 1077 C7/N. m2 Q-oy OMS 13[5 (vector quantity) ign FS A let Oy ESS sgdly sess el At Jo 26 Le JS J 631 By OF Olan Ober La BaLall me Ui = FL Tiy oy Sly bY Beg) Lyre Lass 1p dials rt (VM) Talal Ob 7) Goal! “[(¥-S) 1 -1 ae > f : 4ne ! : ee ty Fe Pe OY 2 SS Qpwaih (1-0) Dalal! Lf Foi i J F-ab CC (A) Corll ple Bot fo U5 sill thee Of BUS Sled Wal ols 13) Uf Rowtll ale Je daily ogill JS) alZ v1 De Fs Fy Fy ay syn q Eel Jeaay qn gy) Stats aif 13h TEA 9S (VA) Dalal um ails (1) JS4 GIS al qa > kK, WT : Bok, ae » and 2 >) ago F,=K, ] ay Ebkally 4 45 ve eel Jo a3 992 641 Fd Ae 9 or ee Of of cyl old ier teal gp dell aglll Oy eee Gis , Bo, > 4-4 BaF, +P) +Fy=Kea{ i+ it ty} oe OMA) {+ F, +F3;=Keq mat get LOB Tale By yaa Gn Ps ap (ss) —. at F oo F, = y — os oe 2 c oe ae F, oh uh n ae ue & é 4 tI cys deat go BAU Gill (let) JR (V4) DL OAS Ug aye oly Osi Se oF adel oe Opry tell 13 055 1 OWS 1355.3 x 107 om obi Winai 6 ls lan daly (e) = (+e) = 1.6 107°C ym, = 9.1 x(t kg y ¢ Mp = 1.67 X 107” kg oe) Osa ly O97TY dy pS) OAL 5 SI AS ib! BF LT Of eahe 15] cBdod NH ESI GS aly Sym Oa ASY Ob go OL nde a 3SAN Gall gi Glad gy 4S! IL 365 VV 25S led jy Se ASI Ge SUS Gy 9S OAL 85 Ob pbs Ogld Wb _f Pad Osinally 9. (1.6 x 10719)? oF F.=9X10°x Gax ioe 8210 N IL a8 Ob ey BLM my my Geb Uy pl dad oi5 Osi ey alll jas » (eM) lL 6.67 1077 Nm? / kg? ainsi pla! GIL colby Gas eae By elle 5 bas ~11 9-1 1077) x (1.67 x 10727) aa =3.7x10-7N (6.3.x 10-Ny +: Fg = 6.67 X 10 2.216 x 10°9 Ossi Zed Gy SI Gall Gas Sli Win oe eat 20955 Of LW alae GOV 05 SI af Gy all eG Fo GSA abil ig =F Sal idl Croat or (-1¥) OF Bolg! sh G Os 7STY Legler: gil Olt oe Pn Of 48,5 1b ide leans (IY) TW b Jal yo = 2 n=6.5X 10" tums/s (\-¥) DL Ath only Sip AYN 206 10? Lo cary hl oye Lely (lot J bsg SI Caray bigin Sl ge ZY Cheek 1B opty SI ope A blall, t, 4S) Lal Fe 4S 5 eB eg tl Chil G OU ATT G20 SI Chill late SSL os ae ly Oy 5 Boek Brey by SL ASI ASN tot = (6 X 107) x (1.6 x 1079) = 9.6 x 10°C Gakey glad! 44M jay 1=2Rg =2%6.4X 10° = 1.28 x 10’m 9.6 x 104)? F=9x107 © ui = 5.06 x 10°N (1.28 x 107) hater Usle dy 455! Byall OF jlauall (dia ys aay (\-¥) dot PLS CAN Gosh de emdy +9 pte JS Aad Uglies Slt LO a aes fA BAN Yo 6 yl Has ol Aly OS eG . Sl RI iy 05 dln! i lei Fec Fay Cipla Haz sue g tall wat 2Ey= ree 2 OK of F=f q2ts i * de eSy SFac Fa lz Ml oy oS) Pe Foo + Fee belay Oban Slaze le Y pinall og GA Le calyendl ESM Ee of esley yy Y Se OSM aids dba slacay Ueasbsy yyeuk dergll ULI Jo cyill dae CH Hey “Fe Faby ce Facdy Kg Ke oo eae ae (100830°) + Ke Tp e030") = 1.732 ae (Not) JL bee JS Spb ito dai SY Cobar Obiles Le m Le JS Og obs FNS SS SN oe JS Gales glad OTe il Ent oa Le spel A spe add TL ain Lins jt dll De J OU,SII O45 SI 5B om JN) C taal oS of Ce BSN sled fe (mg uslly FL 8 tal Gat Litce UU Ginny Bud -.tan® ney x’ mg 109K Sere Mer Epeve 8 CIS 15] tan +. sin@ = — = —>— 21 4megx’mg - Amegx’mg 1/2 “(“r) ed Hg 4S co gill ol AI ytd bbl Gileat Bae Creal asf Bok ALS! dee re! Jat (1-1) Electric Field lke aes Gat Uf de shy 4 bt U5 dle Opts per globe: de Sf ete Neiay ott bey ee Cild ag of JL Ff GURi ope EH JL Ug) edd E> QA)9 Fydle SE GL par opr nS Cede aes ey 5 UE apy of AAS! Sang 20M Audley he coke CoS 1515 ¢ (test charge) slot tnd (gents 6 qo Lode Ogre ae Made Gy 45 SE pry We gad de 65 igh: Sot Syke dy 3 aw BS Gy 45S! Stell lS (Ay shade Id shy tgs Hee aya CIS Uy Aili g Lapa tnd ge EL 4S! dll! ols of wolAly yldde al Las! gmc ial ws LF Wy igs cr Blas Yee Aas egg th mt Je Be : Of Gl (intensity of electric field) E x4 Stell Be, \o er05 Seal ee ty ar Qi") 1 ye eek Amey 1 oq Se AVE 4ney - - of ee Ae Bo Gg Bag 2 (7) aeage he ON) Doll Goll) 6g Hatt cys Aon sy (unit vector) Boyll ancei, Ce ust! pLadsty (S.1,) all lad tS led sat Cldiengs (WA) ae E = Newton/Coulomb(N/C) (S.1.) E= dyne/stat.C Lay Be Lo 1 2, 3) ees dy HLA ge ae SLs als 13h ie bet ede ope Bat IS OB gy Lapa lee id Spat ay yp ccs Ty Covell go Bet ola fo oyill Uae W 5Sig tne yds gy Hot! de 33 SEAS OS (VA) Wala Cums co yal ocd ley fe Q-)) 4neg net Tt Maa ode dee Gy 9455) Stall 1 Dat o Sy ey (AY) 4ney ne (\-0) JLae SU SEN GS 10cm gigs Aad 12 x 10°C 912 10°C Skat bball, 4S) Nv .a,b,¢ bla ti Cytol Sythe oe gat Sled Bt 2 (VAN) Dalal pide DL oie Jo pps oy tell Stl Sle age 2 a tad ee ig A LL -T racady Oredll 12x10~? E,=9 109 =3.0x 10'N/C : (0.06)? ready Cad sos Lard any SILI Dott Slt ene E) = 6.75 x 10°N/C E, + Ep = (3.0 + 6.75) x 10* = 9.75 x 10°N/C “EB sasedy Set) you doe Lang Ga! LE eed: babel EL 12x10? E,=9x10°x =6.75 x 104N/C (0.04) rategdy ped ps ene WLI! tnt! Slt cy Ey = 0.55 x 10°N/C o: By = Ey — Ey = (6.75 — 0.55) x 104 = 6.20 x 10*N/C \v 4S Seal lem al ib 625 Gye tail tte Sle that Gly > tLe Juan! acy Laity Lf, E,=E,sin0+Esin@ ,=E,cos@ = E) cos0 10M @ = 30° AUIS) E, = Ep OY I aiy E,=2E,sin30=24 5, =E Ey =9x 10° x Uxus = 1.08 x 104N/C — On. E,=0 tosh Ey Uae UI +E, = E,= 1.08 x 10°N/C GIN byl lA Stel elidel SUG iy 4S OYE! otal A! cout (Y= N) ll Se ae Gilly WLI doll Slo dy 4S nba SU 4S! Shell (4-1) Electric Field of a Dipole Ualua| of oof gy gb omits Liaise lice og ot Ohl 33 OS + PAT SL eytBy dias Ble (gladly le tot 5 Vy Lye dined LAU play GF ball 63 ye sar de apna Je Oy chill gb aye Je Pace 44S) lel = (104) JS Fenebliilly 4 4S \A crdaill (53 59% J gb Uo be daa are Sle! (1-6-1) Field at any point on the prolonged axis of the dipole BAS AY L lepige Blagg Sead oye JS owt Clad 13.(1-£) JR tes GAs Gael yar day oy yy ala Je gis gil p dati we E, Jlnd! rol teed (\- VY) dol Rae +E 1 q q oo . ° ae { - oa) PE Gee eet ao thymine att tyay Pind go tn SL ou fbr BLAU LL Syie BLAI CS 9 re Spabl Kez Wy tt 1 . aa (V-eA) S rg (1-44) Pek pay (clectric dipole moment) Sail! 5 (4 4S! pL P Gry Gt ery Ondal (53 yy Je P ly cbt BLU § phil of drt os xg Kut JJ WLI eal Creda 53 aoe alll ayaa fo le dead ate Jbl (1-1) Field at any point on the perpendicular bisector of the axis of the dipole ‘4 tS Jel Gales (Nt) JRE 6 Q Madi re tN oe IS ge itll bell in 1 q Sp pS LU a 4ney (r+ 27/4) ) SU sepa youll fo dll 5 OU gtdles Guldl GE 5B, fleoy Bsin & gales lye JSS OB OLS WUE 6 FMI Lae] (ab nh dl 5 Ga5Q das) sre Sled! Bt that WL o Sy Eg =2Esing : 12 “Sind = apm of gf 1 29 12 =. . in 4ney (P+ Pid) © (+ Pray am Ea 1 ql co On ane (+ Fay 1OF aig Pid SLAY SEL BLAU Hal 85 BLL Cals Ob OQ yP coches tie cy gS Shel BLE OF (VN) (IVA) coll gs eacly Cp BLM Se Ge Loney Cael 6) Gy 650) pall ee bazb Lets Gals ba yp WIS Me Baye GL OSS Lene Why lal 3 Gives corecen() Bbkally 4S) Yr (Halll Dbl dass gf ee Tell ("= £- 1) Field at any point (general case) opal 93 Gate ger Blan Leg R dal Of DL ode G33 13] Bre w8 Layla aa 9h5 Cada gb iar Cary rie fold Ltt every GUP aS jal flog Slntl ue dle Ys (1-0) JRA BAS onball AEM J Gey Pos @ gylnigr Usliznl Jo Alm] nes» dt oka Wale Lib P cos 0 4S) ye GLE, Ube! Sduty P sin @ pat de Gaal gales (1-1A) & ll sll DLR ee Gy gS Slat (1-0) JS P(ATY) Walaa) Lib Psin 8 45M oe itd! Ey Stn! 34s ob falls g,- 1 Psin ay ar Fo oF, gt GS) Heyl oly oy oy, of ys, 5 BLS 1Of (1-0) JRL TVs cSt Je Ps az 5 Jet ERT Eph t+ Eig T,=T,cos@-igsind ....... (\-Ye) 1 de Spadl Sar (LYM (LYN) Chabal Ey Eye Gaull, 2 P = ER= Tregit 200801, + sin 87) at) 209K (LaV0) Dall 3 (VAY) Talal Fig ge aryelley ER= Faas HP os07, PF > 1 > oe “ERo Gs OP RF see (TY) P.i,=Pcose : ER J tall) Gall Uf Ep = (E?+E})!? = Z (sin? @ + 4cos?@)¥2 ett (1+3costey!2 2... (S-YA) a P ieee ner £0 WL SE, AA eo blyA ByL5Eq lel 3b every Fo _ Psin@ _ 1 vee OANA) CH Laie CNLVN Dy (VVA) Coctatall Sf a5 (VTA) Uatall OF easly guy LY gyn fX gyal de R thal A blally SI yy Crbadl 5U gy 45) Shedd Of yo (V-VA) Wala fe tage dlamdte Shiny Bayle Tied oe all Sled Of ee UI? ee Gk Boyde Rout [ee ahd gb UL dg pl By peer ails, Shall OF gas ay 1 er Qk Spey ENS OSE Y pladenl (AVA) Doll SI Spesll Sars AM tly Epagll GAY cde RSL I Ghd F fesesl py CON ott Wh gil ob A of OU ge WS db danb Uper dey GU hill 63 6 argh Tel Oly ge fhe lene le Upheld dey 6 Ah GL lint SH TjLI oil Gard Que yWS dle 2 dns dell WL ola «4 659 pal A;LAI ot yoU (spontaneous polarization) subi lhe 5 ab ESE ual b Chee Epdgll Mian AIS TARYN laren LS DL Gf cadaill gd ge itd! lal (121) JSS Ey pled) hat ya P dae re E Sle of (1-1) JRA ope Geta aS I= q ADL to oe Bg OP ety dad gl ta Syl Goll yo Paha! yor Gl eo oe! as (at orn one 4 tE= Kop + K— a= ve (Fs) = vr 05d led Ae Dye By 6 AV yx Je Une, Aluol eS SJE Ey de 1 de Spabl Ser (et) JRA gay cy Raxteg-4 i & Rextto+t yy (Nery 1 a , n={o- Lypee} ye _={o+trs} 5 ER VMN 9 (19) alalall spay E,=K.q x 7 fora {orpeeey® eoks un . - . (ary) {opr } “ford eee OF lead Ali Gp By 9 By OSM Ob a Uiylee Le Sprio Of 83 Ly OB q Roetl ga tg He ce I 13] aif SB Se GA pers heal SSde a P lh SAY Soy Maly Oates yeep Had! ee [Ger CZ bIl oll! of gf (ary) ogllall 1 : 1 : 1 fort Pax 2" be ty+ yp? cay eo El] eV! 411 Le (binomial expansion) pd old Sy Sie plitenley LC) et Gols 3/2 3 ey aie (1+ b)37=1+( z+ ae pet Of gh... Pa? Jape! as tow apbbally dy gS! vt nn fied a] cu ota (it ze)" way TE. 1 Je PVs (LI) oelalll oye feat x 3 yl x 3 yl ek ae (aaa) eel zal Br @ ae [a | cL 05% lpn ty de I pabl Sas (VA) JRA gad yO OUP DV uy yx lai bly Pex+y> , cos@=yr and = sin =x/r K.P 1 E, = —$-(3cos Osin 6) Pe Ey= Fo Bcos2O) vee ere eeeee (\-1e) E-2,+2, E= VE}+E2= a + 3cos?@)¥2 eMgend (ALVA) Dall ay Yo tS Slat (Ve dLt OAS Tate d Lee SL slicnsin gS olart ators Semel (11,0) 9 (1,051) 9 01,1) 9 (0,0,0) YetSI>] GaSe ASL Sips ee Gy 4S! Sheed BL (hy Bap bed OE cmdy 13] ASU So ae Gy gS Lad Be (G) USE] GUE OSM We be OaSUl OLS SF tea Lee Madi Ep oe opel (1,0,0) js Ma! Le Gy 4S Sled 2 (fh 6a 5S yo « C(12, 12,12) ID by pally Sy ¥L-E,+E,+E,+E, Kf (C+ 80+ be+edya Te eS AAS Je zyx LEY syledl fe stay oe RT, de rad Bey OLe| Orla ae tA Dall Gj Gach 4 = E,=Kes (0) =0 SES Ga 95h Shell Bad lam Saad (Oo) Capldall LA (fy Copldell yay abel, i 45) " det) GES (0.1) Charge Density inoue Cliche pp clint fat Opratll pet OF Uy LN ad oe Ge baat oye Me LenS lode ot Od ypwtl pol eel 135 Oy ;TYN Gat y+ eA podane Leni gi Sedge lel fe dy 4S Sal SY LI! ySe a 1g SUN BUST ye Glyil BE Gad We Kees Volume charge density Ae2ud-1 SUSI (1-0-1) rgsleise rb b jans Qh ol Ml abaeIl bit gi dV ptt ele dyparll Sattl pate dg co Clim? gh Ream! BEN ol boyy Led Surface charge density j>kJ! BUS (¥-0.1) SLAY Sa Carel cde Le oat ig De AT ntl Ub jes Yv 45 Sled GPM aby W KIL Kae dq Se VV: os amy Bogs Igbo pi oll dkaIl, Loli ds hal fe teil Demet dg > Chm? gp then BUSH 5 Linear charge density 44 lal! GUS! (0.1) aber Lil lal! Jaga tlle Jo tout aj 5 yA jal Ub joys “GFT ne ee. (Ay a Bara GA LF LL Daal belt dl Ula fo dejyll Rati dq Cae Chm ga igh BUSH Se ASU Bot pats C595 OF galt Sled (4-1) Field due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge Ba JURE Lee Jo Ue 4S CLAN GSI Lad yo of Ge pleat oi plorl de jp ols oF GUI lel! LL, (point charges) 5 ead (V-VV) Dali Of (finite size) sayue EJ thee | a (44) Fn blally dy 4S! YA cKetl aghe Ej gll gall gf dad sf emtl JS Je JIS Ole Ct te led ce Cnt gil deel Sfdq Ea pate ge Agel GLU Cary B habe V pole Gynt ye BLE 543 lA! [ol Mis of Uf ols Gey Le ally 10S Yee JS anal SUS part agra 6 Gaal 09S falSl Lie fee pda Gb ely ALC) a Y Seek] aS HIS faxityjt+zk Tall enalyz yy 9x ASIAY syle! fo tol lyase ak yj gi e dls (114) z AE y saad del Bra Sl gence oy BD dgree pb SII Cornel Wy «JASE aL] gle Ket) BUSA CIs CL gb yp by Lady Oporetll matt IS 15fs CAT aS le das Haws ee Gy gS! Sled Of (IIb Y Boy Lot LIL! OF gh (114s (VPA) Otol oye adhe pad! Sard! Syhall pare sas BW cp Maadl ue B gy gS! Stell bu dF fe pth gary cg fo pUasl dj yay Large Koad at pada igh Ube ger Lays HL va 445 let Meath How Jats dl bi er JS Ugh taal ale jel Sf WLI nay delasis gS Sled (1£1) Uotall oad Si, +¥) JRE 5 LS dq she ead y sx youll iced do Utell Lis 5a dE,=dEsin®@ and dE, = dE cos @ AF AS Shell Sry LN yo Ue alps fe US Gels Seay ball iss sf GLA! Corn Sole Ee OLS ge + gills p dad! ‘Halal Lesh AUS 6 prey x spall AI J ole VI peak Gy gS OL E,= i dE sin@ aad YAEL Sele coe cap abil 6 atl gy SI Ulead Of AL, 81 E =| dE cos 8 e, LST gale Stat 02 90; tae Se (VV) JS ye Spal Sey a=rsec6 J=rtan@ +. dl =r sec @.d0 a a eo 2 ee 4mey a ane) 5 h 81 h oEy=—— | sin@d@= ——(cos@-cos 01) 4negr Anegt ee oo. (VLE) blally 4S re a 7 a 2 Ey=—— cos 0 dé = (sin 8, + sin @) ares |, ‘4negt pap tats! Jee andl dled O59 23 2 E=E,+E, or E= (B2 + BR)” rain (oe « ald) lorena, JEN Gas OB IgM geY Alball abs 33 idulls (V Ler) oblast! 14 sBysmero , By oo Q-et) daniy . golaall olZV J ASI cling ged dE 1S M os AS ey oy TAI BL Ge Se Gaels 9 #5 hel of (Vt ¥y Ualall oy (Adal, p dash ' 1 \, > oo =e X a,dq ab polis rege So teiye tt oe Git eS lal (VY) JSS alas Gina Hale yep Aas ue itll led joy pe 2! UBS at dep tail aily «(\-A) SSA GIS 6g ed days tty Spry " 05 lad AL So rd Les dasy TALL Nx Sle dil Jo dehy Bat ye itll y 4S dll (NA) JR OF BAU Sle B45 Of WS Jeg dg amet ULI oye pre je dehy yap dail! ue natal (ia = Lda ~ ney d SAMs dE cos 8 Weeds Z gyrudl olZl GLa] iS I dE delay cet lee diel 13) ral ye 8 YASUI dE sin 8 Lajas, Sryatt ZVI Zyypdl ALS Sled Bt Cead Way da al yo i = [ abcoso= on tee dq= 988 (tery 4nty 4ney OF JRAI oye ded Sy b cosO=— , r=(a?+ p22 r Abily & 4S! wy 7 ab p= a Gaey (a2 + be? O55 Lasse sf pall SI gee HI 5S fled Bad Of Dalall + eeainy Sus (1 - Get Dab! raya? SLA Sms Aba< Gil phe aes (VND) (1-104) OLR fey Aa Seb lll LF ALE Cudly 0 [Sy IL Bat JS Wiss tay Se Had ye ta gl ane Boy 5 Slee 3SIyqg se VI dowd oe BLAll aL b ina 5 i/l Hage (V2 1N) JSAM Cay [Spend allan! BLL OF Bal bpd 0555 DL oa By days Baty Sete JCI inks OF bail BUI JS OLE 65 OySy Law, ars Nt Rnginall (6 giana teal! Gls Aldo] eas Ub G Gill bye (1 My LSS fray CHS Called Uae Tai oof sue Sled fay UW odin Gy hayes My lad Lael andy: JRAy ASI Sill Lad lll fees aaldly iret ye gm B38 byles (VN) JSS fas ISA 9B yC yD bled) we fran cde UYU byhdl oie plaseal Say aif Cll byl Le ti by cout I3fy yk ote Ob - 44S) lal BLE CSIS IS all ye Sad lal Sut We Je Soya hall be Qe Je yl 0 SLU iy od gail - dled S98 ghd ISN stall OB CVA) JSS CS cabal Len Cals 135 tg all Lhe Ute alll ball 4S rn wy | t¢ee +tte+ + eo ge AAU og gill byes (1.1) JRE Wleintioe izpint- Hangs Kody Oat pains pepe 68 Seal Sabla, 24S YA 4 : Nees (\ -fevy 2b Spill Say Wary Doyles ote JF be dads te Shall Be aL iaey ght gl de gS Cyl yA Sled Glam (111) JS dba ode Le Lope N gyill byl ne, Satmbee haw oy ill! > AN oye bybdt ote Of (1-1 £) JSty Thaw Vy Hpac Lb Laby Raed 05S yeh aiiy ophd aad 598 GE che ge dS Ll aha gil dN =E.dS Mall ariq day Mall, (ghiesy 3,501 claw fe dled cof ue Sled EE Le 14a po 4ney 14 dN =—— — dS 4ney 1h Gapee MAL GLAS 5 SN cola alas SIN Syd byes ¢ pee q po? N=— as oF} "Ene 1 uN=—4 (V-t¥) & ra eat 5.95 GHE qlee 4 dS TLL) lads gH AN ssl gles one 2(1- 1) JSS 2095p Ja Rows adie obs Layee ooh pail) inal olAl met oye babar Ke of tie Sled! ance lias) (635 clootl Je de Sault 5,501 jh Gina Jo cits YG pill bylar ae of ridley Byes dali LasS yo be BH OLS crane HU yb ote g3hs les ghey (Gauss's Law) ysl & by (1 - SEY) Dall Gay (total normal flux) (gay0e Zl § JSS (S551) aL Gyn [5 (4-1) set oF gh Gyill bla sey lis 4 45 SE GY aba Gyo br Ghuslly kd jays Legaie I alin 04S; 45 (hypothetical surface) gl 731 claw Je Whang Jaall call oye desl gill aghast CIS 13] Lenye OSs Gus! Lay © eet) ogi gles CV AVY) JRA feos al] Saf ce ydll bybee cals 13] lial total LLG cael Chi ney trys My GIL LAL] Sp chen adh WhuyS, chal TIL Lye sell 055 UHALIS, S),S5,8,

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