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Bone fracture detection using Image Processing
Article · June 2020
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ISSN: 2455-2631 © June 2020 IJSDR | Volume 5, Issue 6
Bone fracture detection using Image Processing
1
Peruri Srinivasulu, 2Jollu Vamsi, 3Kattubadi Drutesh, 4Gandham Prudhvi
Electronics and Communication Department,
GITAM School of Technology – Bengaluru.
Abstract: The image processing technique is extremely helpful for several applications like biomedical, security, satellite
imaging, personal image, medicine, etc. The implementation of image processing such as image enhancement and feature
segmentation and feature excitation are used for fracture detection. This paper uses canny edge detection methodology for
segmentation. The canny method produces perfect information from the bone image. The main aim of this research is to
detect Bone fractures using image processing using MATLAB. The proposed system has the following steps, namely,
preprocessing, segmentation, and fracture detection.in feature excitation step, the paper uses to Hough Transform technique
for line detection inline-image. Feature extraction is the main task of the system. the results from various experiments show
that the proposed system is very accurate and efficient
Keywords: Image Processing, Biomedical Application, Fracture Identification, Hough Transform, Canny Edge Detection.
Introduction:
Bone fracture is a common problem in every developed countries and the number of fractures also increasing day by day very
rapidly. A bone fracture may occur due to simple accidents or different types of diseases. So, for that quick and accurate diagnosis
crucial to the success of any prescribed treatment. Depending upon the human experts alone for such a critical matter have cause
intolerance errors. Hence the thought of automatic identification procedure has perpetually been associate degree appealing one.
The main goal of the paper is to detect the bone fracture from X-ray images using MATLAB software.
The lower long bone is that the second largest bone of the body. It is made up of two bones, the tibia, and the fibula. The fibula
bone is smaller and thinner than the tibia. However, the tibia fracture is most commonly occurring due to it carries a significant
portion of the body weight. The normal bone demonstration is given in Fig(1).
Among the four modalities (X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound), X-ray diagnosis is commonly used for bone fracture detection due to
their low cost, high speed, and wide availability.
Although CT and magnetic resonance imaging pictures provide higher quality pictures for body organs than X-ray pictures, the
latter is faster cheaper, enjoy wider availability and are easier to use few limitations. Moreover, the level of quality of X-ray images
is enough for bone fracture detection.
The motivations of this system are:
1. Saving time for patients to lower the workload of doctors by screening out the easy case.
2. To cut back human errors as a result of doctors in hospitals manually examine an outsized variety of X-ray pictures for
fracture.
Fig1: the lower leg bone
Manual inspection is tedious and time consuming. A tired radiologist has been found to miss a fractured image among healthy ones.
A tired radiologist has been found to miss a fractured image among healthy ones.
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Fig2: Two mains parts of leg (fibula, tibia)
METHODOLOGY:
In this section, overall system design is described, image pre-processing, image segmentation and image segmentation and fracture
detection.fig3 shows the flow diagram of our developed algorithm. Preprocessing Image segmentation Fracture detection Final
result
System flow diagram
Input Image
Processing
Segmentation
Fracture Detection
Final Image
Input image:
The input image can be inputed using following commands
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Original image
I=imread(‘filename.filetype)
EX: imread(‘bone.jpg)
Processing:
This stage comprises of the methodology that upgrades the alternatives of AN info X-beam picture all together that the ensuing
image improves the exhibition of the accompanying phases of the anticipated framework. In this work, the fundamental strategies
for picture improvement are clamor evacuation, altering picture splendor and shading alteration. Clamor can be characterized as an
undesirable pixel that influences the nature of the picture. There are contrasting sorts of clamor like a toxin, Gaussian, Salt and
pepper, and so forth. Gaussian clamor is that the commonest styles of commotion which will be found in X-beam pictures. This
sort of clamor is, for the most part, brought about by the finder and electronic hardware of a scanner or camera. In this way, the
framework utilizes a Gaussian channel to decrease the clamor while safeguarding the edge and smooth of the picture. The Gaussian
smoothing channel might be a fantastic channel for expelling clamor draw from a customary circulation. A Gaussian channel is
parameterized by σ, and the connection among σ and the level of smoothing is extremely basic. An enormous σ suggests a more
extensive Gaussian channel and greater smoothing. In the wake of sifting, this framework is performed altering picture brilliance
and shading to recognize the ideal item or bone shape from the picture. At that point, the balanced picture is changed over into the
grayscale picture to accelerate preparing time and less calculation.
(i)sobel edge detection
Segmentation:
Picture division is the essential development to separate the image furthermore, remove data from them. It is a movement of
distributing picture into a social affair of related arrangements of pixels. The essential inspiration driving the division method is to
get more information in the region of energy for an image which assistants in clarification of the thing scene. There are three
essential strategies of picture the division which are region approach, limit approach also, edge approach. In this work, edge based-
based the division is used which is dynamically proper for bone picture. Edge acknowledgment is one of the most generally used
assignments in applications that require deciding articles' breaking points in a picture. It relies upon inspecting the changes in the
power in the image. This paper depicts the assessment of the results of different edge identifiers, for instance, Sobel, Prewitt, Robert
and Clever marker. As shown by the exploratory results, Canny the chairman is rather than other edge indicators. The edge cutoff
points of Sobel and Prewitt edge markers are assuredly not steady and don't exhibit the huge data since most of them lost the huge
structure. In Robert edge identifier, the pixel of the image is rambunctious and the edges are not smooth and thin. In this paper, the
Canny methodology is used to make an extraordinary point of view on the bone structure
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ISSN: 2455-2631 © June 2020 IJSDR | Volume 5, Issue 6
(ii) prewitt edge detection
Canny Edge Detection:
Clever edge operator is taken into account as superior edge detection operator among the obtainable operators supported the
experimental results. It detects faint edges additional with efficiency even in rip-roaring image and show road feature. During this
work, clever methodology is capable to mark all existing edges within the image and immune rip-roaring surroundings. Clever edge
noticeion could be a time period formula to detect a good vary of edges in pictures. 1. The first image is smoothened implementing
with a mathematician filter. The result's a picture with less blur. it's meant to get the $64000 edges of the image.
(iii) canny edge detection
Fracture detection:
The last phase of this framework is break location it is performed by the strategies. In the first place, the valuable highlights such
as straight lines can be extricated from the picture. And afterward, these highlights are utilized to distinguish crack or non-break
picture. In this work, the straight lines in the picture can be a great element to recognize break or non-crack. After improving and
division the info picture, the procedure is extricated the highlights in paired picture by utilizing Hough change. The Hough change
is an element extractionmethod it is worried about the distinguishing proof of straight lines, shapes, bends in a given picture. It
accepts a parallel picture as an input. In this work, it is utilized to distinguish the presence of a line in the picture. A line can be
spoken to as
𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where r (Distance) is the contrary line from source to the test line, (Angle) is between the contrary line and the even center point
and after that x,y are constants. A line in the picture space is mapped to a point in the parameter space. Hence, every pixel of the
image space is changed to a parameterized twist of the parameter space.Each the changed point in the parameter space is considered
as a plausibility for being line and gathered in the relating cell of a collector. At last, a cell with a close-by most prominent of scores
is picked, and its parameter sorts out are utilized to address a line partition in the image space. The objectives of the gatherer choose
the exactness with which lines can be perceived.
1) Line Detection:
To figure the bone point, the calculation finds the straight lines in the image to perceive the break line. Each edge point in the edge
guide is changed to each and every believable line. In this work, the minimal length of a line was set to 7 pixels, and the computation
was allowed to interface lines through holes of up to 7 pixels. In this work, only two or three huge lines are to be recognized. By
then, the computation plots the Hough lines in the image with green concealing and the beginnings and parts of the deals the lines
were set to yellow and red concealing separately. Edge images and Hough images
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Experimental results:
The experimentation has been done victimization 21digital X-ray pictures of lower long bone. When extracting the straight lines,
this method is performed the break purpose detection. During this experiment, the edge price (40) is employed to seek out the break
purpose. This reference price might have to be modified if break isn't in middle of the bone. This method uses 5° weight price or
Hough peak distance to seek out vertical lines at that lines are directed. If the load price quite 5°, this line cannot take as vertical
line. This method is allotted that the vertical line should have between 85° and 90°. If there's quite one major angle contribution
there'll be 2 peaks detected however only 1 peak if there is only one major angle contribution (i.e. peak = range of settled bones).
In figure 6(a) and (b), there are the 2 detected peak points within the graph because the fracture exist in the image. In figure 6(c),
the graph shows only 1 detected peak purpose as a result of their's no fracture within the image. During this graph, the dotted lines
of red color refers to as Hough peak threshold and therefore the blue color refers to as most Hough rework and the red mark cross
shows the detected peak. After that, the top purpose of the longest line segments is set. Then, the sting image is convoluted with the
road of detected angle from the Hough rework. Finally, system takes the variations between the convoluted pictures and finds
the place this crosses zero (within zero.25 of break line tolerance) ought to be wherever the break is. And then, a bounding conic
and draw round the break location within the gray-level image. Figure and are shown that fracture detection results, in figure there
exists no fracture within the image. The experimental results show that the projected system is incredibly correct and economical.
Conclusion:
This paper bestowed the image process technique to notice bone fracture. The fully automatic detection of fractures in Os longum
is a crucial however tough drawback. In step with the take a look at results, the system has been done to notice the bone fracture. A
conclusion is often created that the performance of the detection technique full of the standard of the image. The higher the image
quality, the higher the resulting system got. In future work, that specializes in alternative works like police work on smaller bone,
articulation talocruralis fractures, etc. could also be thought
Acknowledgement:
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ISSN: 2455-2631 © June 2020 IJSDR | Volume 5, Issue 6
We are very much thankful for the GITAM ELITE club and the faculties and seniors for their valuble guidance and suggesations
to improve the quality of manuscript.
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