FRACTURE DETECTION AND REPORTING IN DOMESTIC

ANIMALS USING AI

PROJECT REPORT – PHASE II

Submitted by

ABILASH K REGISTER NO.: 21UAI003

HARISH BHALAA S REGISTER NO.: 21UAI031

HIRUTIK R REGISTER NO.: 21UAI037

SRIRAM V REGISTER NO.: 21UAI090

Under the guidance of

Mr. R. RAJAN

Associate Professor

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

MADAGADIPET, PUDUCHERRY – 605107

APRIL – 2025
FRACTURE DETECTION AND REPORTING IN DOMESTIC
ANIMALS USING AI

PROJECT REPORT – PHASE II

Submitted by

ABILASH K REGISTER NO.: 21UAI003

HARISH BHALAA S REGISTER NO.: 21UAI031

HIRUTIK R REGISTER NO.: 21UAI037

SRIRAM V REGISTER NO.: 21UAI090

Under the guidance of

Mr. R. RAJAN

Associate Professor

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

MADAGADIPET, PUDUCHERRY – 605107

APRIL – 2025
 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “FRACTURE DETECTION AND
REPORTING IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS USING AI” is a Bonafide project phase
II report work done by ABILASH K [REGISTER NO.: 21UAI003], HARISH
BHALAA S [REGISTER NO.: 21UAI031], HIRUTIK R [REGISTER NO.:
21UAI037], SRIRAM V [REGISTER NO.: 21UAI090] in partial fulfillment of the
requirement, for the award of B.Tech Degree in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
by Pondicherry University during the academic year 2024 - 2025.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. R. RAJAN Dr. J. MADHUSUDANAN
Associate Professor / AI & DS AI & DS

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination held on _____________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very thankful and grateful to our beloved guide, Mr. R.
RAJAN, whose great support in valuable advices, suggestions and tremendous
help enabled us in completing our project. He has been a great source of
inspiration to us.
We also sincerely thank our Head of the Department,
Dr. J. MADHUSUDANAN, whose continuous encouragement and sufficient
comments enabled us to complete our project report.
We thank all our Staff members who have been by our side always and
helped us with our project. We also sincerely thank all the lab technicians for
their help as in the course of our project development.
We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude and grateful thanks
to our Director cum Principal, Dr. V. S. K. VENKATACHALAPATHY for
having extended the Research and Development facilities of the department.
We are grateful to our Founder Chairman, Shri. N. KESAVAN. He has
been a constant source of inspiration right from the beginning.
We would like to express our faithful and grateful thanks to our
Chairman and Managing Director, Shri. M. DHANASEKARAN for his
support.
We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude and grateful thanks
to our Secretary, Dr. K. NARAYANASAMY for his unwavering support and
guidance.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to our Treasurer, Shri. D.
RAJARAJAN for his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions.
We also sincerely thank our Joint. Secretary, Shri. S. VELAYUDHAM
for his guidance.
We wish to thank our family members and friends for their constant
encouragement, constructive criticisms and suggestions that has helped us in
timely completion of this project.
Last but not the least; we would like to thank the ALMIGHTY for His
grace and blessings over us throughout the project.
 ABSTRACT
Fractures in domestic animals often go unnoticed, leading to delayed or
improper treatment, which can result in severe complications. This project aims to
develop a robust and automated system for detecting and classifying fractures in
domestic animals using X-ray images. By leveraging advanced deep learning models,
the system detects the presence of a fracture and accurately classifies the type of
fracture, such as compound, simple, or displaced. The integration of a Vision
Transformer (ViT) for fracture detection and classification enhances the accuracy of
the system in recognizing intricate fracture patterns. The primary objective is to assist
veterinarians in making informed decisions through a reliable, automated, and quick
detection process. To localize the fracture, a U-Net model was utilized in conjunction
with the fracture detection and characterization model. The U-Net generates detailed
segmentation maps that provide precise localization of the fracture on the bone in the
X-ray image. The U-Net allows for precise localization that assists a veterinarian with
developing insight into the severity and extent of a local area affected by the fracture.
The localization gives the veterinarian a visual representation of the fracture through
attention maps or heatmaps, which are indispensable in planning further treatment. In
concert together, the Vision Transformer and U-Net models make up a comprehensive
fracture diagnostic system, offering higher accuracy and significantly reducing manual
work. The final component of the project involves generating a structured report using
the T5 Generative Model. The outputs from the detection and localization models
(ViT and U-Net) are passed to the T5 model to automatically generate a detailed
medical report. The report includes the type of fracture, its exact location, and
suggestions for potential treatment methods. This automated report not only assists
veterinarians in making swift, accurate decisions but also saves valuable time in writing
and documenting findings. The system’s frontend is designed for ease of use, allowing
users to upload X-ray images and receive a downloadable, detailed report in minutes.
By combining deep learning and generative AI, this project provides a reliable, user-
friendly solution for veterinary fracture diagnosis and report generation. The system is
designed to be scalable and adaptable to various veterinary practices, from small clinics
to large hospitals. It offers seamless integration with existing digital X-ray systems,
ensuring that no major hardware changes are necessary for implementation .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.ABOUT THE PROJECT 1

1.2.PROBLEM & OBJECTIVE 1

1.3.CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT 4

1.4.FRACTURE DETECTION & REPORTING 10

1.4.1 Fracture Detection in Animals

1.4.2 Need for Accurate Fracture Detection

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 15

2.1. Skeletal Fracture Detection with Deep

Learning: A Comprehensive Review
2.2. Bone Fracture Detection Using Deep
Supervised Learning from Radiological
Images: A Paradigm Shift
2.3. Real-Time Automated Segmentation and
Classification of Calcaneal Fractures in
CT Images
2.4. Wavelet Transform and Neural Network
Based Segmentation & Classification
System for Bone Fracture Detection
2.5. FracAtlas: A Dataset for Fracture
Classification, Localization and
 Segmentation of Musculoskeletal
Radiographs
2.6. Hybrid SFNet Model for Bone Fracture
Detection and Classification Using
ML/DL

3. SYSTEM STUDY 23

3.1. EXISTING SYSTEM 23

3.1.1. Issues in the system

3.1.2. Solutions

3.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM 25

3.2.1. System Architecture

3.2.2 Features and benefits

3.3 WORKFLOW 32

4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT 34

4.1. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 34

4.2. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 36

5. IMPLEMENTATION 39

5.1 DATA COLLECTION 39

5.2 FRACTURE DETECTION 41

5.3 FRACTURE SEGMENTATION 43

5.4 REPORT GENERATION 45

6. RESULT & CONCLUSION 46

7. PUBLICATION 55

8. REFERENCES 56
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.

3.1 Fracture Detection 20

3.2 Fracture Segmentation 21

3.3 Encoder Decoder 22

3.4 System Architecture 23

3.5 Workflow of Fracture Detection 25

6.1 Bar Chart of Bone Fracture Detection 31

6.2 Bar Chart of Bone Fracture Classification 31

6.3 Cross Validation of the Fracture Classification 32

6.4 ROC 32

6.5 Confusion Matrix of Fracture Classification 32

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SLA - Service Level Agreement

ViT - Vision Transformer

ROC - Receiver Operator Characteristic

T5 - Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer

UI - User Interface

UAT - User Acceptance Testing

HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language

CSS - Cascading Style Sheet

SLA - Service Level Agreement

SQL - Structured Query Language

CUDA - Compute Unified Devie Architecture

GPU - Graphics Processing Unit

CNN - Convolutional Neural Network

CAD - Computer-Aided Design

SVM - Support Vector Machine

 LIST OF TABLES

FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO.

2.1 Comparison of Literature with published work 16

6.2 Evaluation of AI Models 33

 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT:
This project aims to develop an advanced veterinary diagnostic tool that
leverages cutting-edge deep learning techniques and generative AI to support
veterinarians in the detection, diagnosis, and management of bone fractures in domestic
animals. The system is designed to automatically detect fractures from X-ray images,
streamlining the diagnostic process and ensuring timely and accurate treatment. The
process begins with the classification of X-ray images using a deep learning model
trained to identify the presence of fractures. Following this, precise localization of the
fracture is achieved through U-Net segmentation, a powerful technique in image
processing that allows for the accurate identification and outlining of fracture areas
within the bone structure.
To further enhance the diagnostic capabilities, the T5 model is employed to
generate detailed, context-specific medical reports based on the processed data. These
reports include critical information such as the type and location of the fracture, the
severity of the injury, and recommendations for the appropriate treatment and
rehabilitation plan. The integration of these features enables the system to provide
veterinarians with all the necessary data to make informed decisions, while minimizing
the time and effort spent on manual analysis. In addition to its powerful AI-driven
backend, the system prioritizes user experience by offering a highly intuitive and user-
friendly interface. This ensures that veterinarians can easily navigate the software and
obtain critical diagnostic insights with minimal effort. The streamlined interface
accelerates the diagnosis process, enabling faster and more accurate decisions in
clinical settings, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.
By improving both the speed and accuracy of fracture detection, as well as
providing timely access to essential diagnostic information, this tool significantly
enhances the quality of veterinary care. It empowers veterinary practices to deliver
more efficient and precise services, supporting optimal animal health and well-being.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The current practice in veterinary medicine to diagnose bone fractures has many
flaws that make efficiency and accuracy unguaranteed. Fractures in animals are

1
diagnosed based on veterinarians and radiologists, who physically analyze X-ray
images, a very time-consuming and error-prone process. The procedure of detecting
and characterizing fractures necessitates advanced expertise, and the slightest
miscalculation may result in missed diagnosis or wrong approaches in treatment. The
process of diagnostic workflow from the traditional system tends to prolong the
diagnosis time for fracture cases and to defer an appropriate treatment course for the
animal, thus risking the health of the animal. There is also no uniform way of producing
detailed medical reports; therefore, diagnosis and treatment will vary from clinic to
clinic depending on the individual veterinarian and clinic. Hence, veterinarians along
with people around them cannot provide the best timely and relevant care towards
animals as well as avoid prolonged agony for the animals and such untimely outcomes.
The system should automatically detect and classify fractures, localize the
fracture on the X-ray, and generate detailed medical reports on the case, thus enhancing
both the speed and the accuracy of the diagnoses and providing better overall veterinary
care. The primary objective of this project is to develop an AI-driven solution that
automates the process of diagnosing bone fractures in animals. Leveraging advanced
deep learning models and generative AI, the system is designed to streamline the
fracture detection and diagnosis process, ultimately improving veterinary care and
operational efficiency in veterinary clinics and hospitals.
The proposed AI-driven system aims to address the shortcomings of traditional
veterinary fracture diagnosis by providing a faster, more accurate, and consistent
solution. By automating fracture detection and classification, the system minimizes
human error, ensuring that even subtle fractures are identified and properly classified,
which would otherwise be difficult for a human radiologist to catch. This increased
accuracy not only speeds up diagnosis but also reduces the risk of misdiagnosis and
incorrect treatment plans, which are often caused by fatigue or subjective interpretation.
The use of Vision Transformers (ViT) and U-Net segmentation enhances the
system’s ability to identify fractures in various types of bone structures, improving its
adaptability across different animal species. Additionally, the integration of the T5
Generative Model for report generation allows for the quick creation of detailed,
structured, and easy-to-understand medical documents that assist veterinarians in
making informed decisions with minimal time and effort.

2
Key objectives of the system include:
• Accurate Fracture Detection and Classification - The system will
employ a Vision Transformer (ViT) to detect the presence of fractures
from X-ray images and accurately classify them based on the type of
fracture—such as compound, simple, or displaced fractures. The
automated classification ensures that even subtle fractures are identified
with a higher degree of accuracy than manual interpretation, improving
diagnostic precision and minimizing the risk of missed diagnoses.
• Precise Localization of Fractures - Using U-Net-based segmentation
models, the system will generate heatmaps that highlight the exact
location of the fracture on the X-ray image. This precise localization is
critical for veterinarians to visualize the injury site and understand the
extent of the fracture, allowing for more targeted and effective treatment
planning.
• Automated Report Generation - The T5 Generative Model will
transform the outputs from the ViT and U-Net models into structured,
easy-to-read medical reports. These reports will include a detailed
description of the fracture type and location, suggested treatments, and
additional medical notes. Automating the report generation process not
only saves time for veterinarians but also ensures consistency and clarity
in medical documentation.
• Enhancing Veterinary Workflow Efficiency - By automating various
aspects of fracture diagnosis and treatment planning, the system will
significantly reduce the time required for veterinarians and radiologists
to analyze X-rays and produce actionable insights. This will allow
clinics to manage more cases in less time while maintaining high
standards of care.
• Improving Veterinary Care Quality - Ultimately, the system is
designed to enhance the quality of veterinary care. With faster and more
accurate diagnoses, veterinarians will be able to provide timely
treatment to animal patients, reducing recovery times and improving
overall health outcomes.

3
1.3 CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT
Customer engagement plays a critical role in the success and adoption of
healthcare technologies, particularly in complex medical fields like bone fracture
analysis. The proposed deep learning-based system aims to enhance the diagnostic
process and improve patient outcomes through advanced AI models. However,
technological innovation alone is not sufficient to drive success. Engaging healthcare
providers, patients, insurance companies, and other stakeholders is essential to ensure
the system's adoption, reliability, and long-term value. Effective customer engagement
strategies foster trust, improve user experience, and encourage stakeholders to embrace
AI-driven solutions for bone fracture diagnosis and analysis. By providing clear
communication, hands-on support, and addressing concerns, this system can establish
credibility and become an integral part of veterinary care. Building relationships with
key stakeholders will not only ensure successful adoption but also pave the way for
future innovations in the field. Additionally, ongoing feedback from users will help
refine the system for better performance and wider acceptance across the healthcare
sector.
Furthermore, a strong customer engagement strategy will help identify and
address any challenges faced by users, allowing for timely adjustments and
improvements. Training programs and workshops for healthcare providers will ensure
they are well-versed in using the system efficiently, which will increase their
confidence in the technology and its capabilities. Regular updates on system
enhancements and new features, as well as personalized support for troubleshooting,
will strengthen user satisfaction and adoption. Collaborating with veterinary
associations and regulatory bodies will also ensure that the system meets the highest
industry standards, which can further reassure stakeholders. Engaging with patients is
equally important, as empowering them with transparent diagnostic reports and real-
time updates can improve their overall experience and trust in the veterinary care
process.
Moreover, fostering partnerships with insurance companies will streamline
claims processing by ensuring the AI-generated reports are accurate and reliable,
reducing the chances of fraud. As the system evolves, continuous engagement with all
stakeholders will help create a feedback loop that drives innovation, supports long-term
success, and contributes to improving the overall quality of veterinary care.

4
Understanding the Target Audience
To build a successful customer engagement strategy, it is essential to understand
the diverse target audience and their specific needs:
Healthcare Providers
• Radiologists and Orthopedic Surgeons: They need accurate and quick analysis
of X-ray images to diagnose fractures and plan treatment strategies.
• Emergency Physicians: Require real-time fracture detection and classification
to provide immediate care in trauma cases.
• General Practitioners: Need a simplified interface for non-specialist use while
maintaining accuracy in diagnosis.
Patients
• Informed Diagnosis: Patients expect transparent information regarding their
fractures and treatment plans.
• Remote Access: Patients in remote areas need access to high-quality diagnostic
tools to avoid traveling for consultations.
• Personalized Treatment: Patients seek tailored medical recommendations based
on their specific injury and health history
Insurance Companies
• Accurate Claim Processing: Insurance companies require detailed diagnostic
reports to process claims quickly and accurately.
• Fraud Detection: Reliable diagnosis helps reduce fraudulent claims and ensures
appropriate reimbursement.
Healthcare Administrators
• Operational Efficiency: Hospital administrators seek streamlined workflows
and improved patient throughput.
• Cost Reduction: Automated fracture analysis reduces costs associated with
misdiagnosis and human error
Key Customer Engagement Strategies
User-Centric Interface and Experience
The proposed system should offer an intuitive and responsive user interface that
meets the specific needs of healthcare providers and patients:
• Easy-to-Navigate Dashboard: A clean and simple layout that allows doctors and
radiologists to quickly access fracture analysis results.

5
 • Interactive Heatmaps and Segmentation Results: Providing a visual
representation of fracture sites enhances understanding and decision-making.
• Customizable Reporting: Allow healthcare providers to customize the format
and details included in the generated medical reports.
Continuous Training and Education
To ensure maximum adoption and effective use of the system, continuous training
and support are essential:
• Initial Training: Conduct workshops and hands-on training sessions for
healthcare staff.
• Online Resources: Provide video tutorials, FAQs, and documentation for self-
paced learning.
• Periodic Updates: Ensure that healthcare providers are informed about software
updates and improvements.
Feedback and Iteration
Customer engagement is an ongoing process that requires regular feedback
collection and improvement:
• User Feedback Surveys: Collect structured feedback from healthcare providers
and patients regarding system usability and performance.
• Performance Metrics: Monitor system performance and accuracy, addressing
any gaps through regular updates.
• Feature Requests: Incorporate new features based on user suggestions and
clinical needs.
Leveraging Technology for Enhanced Engagement
Real-Time Reporting and Alerts
Real-time reporting and alerts enable quick decision-making by providing instant
analysis and notifications to healthcare providers.
• The system should deliver real-time analysis and alerts to ensure that healthcare
providers can make immediate decisions.
• Integration with hospital information systems (HIS) and electronic health
records (EHR) ensures seamless data flow and accessibility.
• User-friendly dashboards and notifications should be implemented to allow
healthcare providers to quickly interpret critical information, ensuring a smooth
and efficient decision-making process.

6
Mobile and Remote Access
Mobile and remote access allow healthcare providers to diagnose and respond to
critical cases from anywhere, ensuring timely care.
• The system should be accessible through secure mobile applications to enable
remote diagnosis and analysis.
• Mobile notifications for urgent cases can help healthcare providers respond
quickly to critical injuries.
• Ensure that X-ray images, reports, and diagnostic data are securely stored and
easily accessible from any location, facilitating collaboration among healthcare
providers.
Explainable AI (XAI) for Transparency
Explainable AI ensures transparency by providing clear, understandable insights
into AI-driven decisions, fostering trust and accountability in healthcare.
• Explainability in AI models improve trust among healthcare providers and
patients.
• Provide clear visualizations and explanations of why a particular fracture type
or location was detected.
• Allow healthcare professionals to cross-check AI-based predictions with actual
radiological findings.
Patient Engagement and Empowerment
Personalized Patient Reports
Personalized patient reports ensure that patients clearly understand their condition,
treatment options, and expected recovery, empowering them to take an active role in
their care.
• The system should generate patient-friendly reports that explain the type of
fracture, recommended treatments, and expected recovery time.
• Include visual aids, such as annotated X-ray images, to help patients understand
their condition better.
• Provide clear, concise explanations of treatment options, enabling patients to
make informed decisions about their care.
Patient Portal for Access and Tracking
A patient portal enhances engagement by providing easy access to diagnostic
reports, treatment plans, and direct communication with healthcare providers.

7
 • Patients should have access to an online portal where they can view their
diagnostic reports, treatment plans, and follow-up schedules.
• Provide appointment scheduling and direct communication with healthcare
providers through the portal.
• Enable patients to track their recovery progress and receive reminders for
upcoming appointments and treatments.
Health Monitoring and Follow-Up
Integrating health monitoring and AI-driven follow-up ensures continuous tracking
of recovery progress and early identification of potential complications.
• Integrate with wearable devices to track patient recovery and provide alerts for
potential complications.
• Offer AI-based predictions on recovery time and potential risks based on the
severity of the fracture and treatment outcomes.
• Enable continuous monitoring and real-time updates to keep patients informed
of their healing progress.
Building Trust and Credibility
Regulatory Compliance and Data Security
Compliance with healthcare regulations and robust data security measures are
crucial for protecting patient information and ensuring legal and ethical standards are
met.
• Ensure that the system complies with healthcare regulations such as HIPAA
(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and GDPR (General Data
Protection Regulation).
• Implement end-to-end encryption and access control to protect sensitive patient
data.
• Regularly audit the system for vulnerabilities and ensure continuous updates to
meet evolving security standards.
Clinical Validation and Certification
Clinical validation and obtaining certifications help establish the system's accuracy
and effectiveness, fostering confidence in its use.
• Conduct clinical trials and validation studies to establish the accuracy and
reliability of the system.
• Obtain certifications from regulatory authorities to enhance trust and credibility.

8
 • Collaborate with veterinary and medical institutions to ensure the system meets
industry standards and clinical requirements.
Transparent Communication
Clear and transparent communication builds trust by keeping stakeholders informed
about the system’s progress and performance.
• Provide regular updates and transparent communication regarding system
performance, improvements, and bug fixes.
• Ensure that healthcare providers and patients have access to support channels
for queries and troubleshooting.
• Offer detailed release notes and explanations for updates to maintain openness
about system changes.
Outcome and Value Proposition
The proposed deep learning-based bone fracture analysis system delivers
multiple benefits to all stakeholders by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving
treatment planning, and streamlining the overall healthcare process.
For Healthcare Providers:
• Improved diagnostic accuracy and faster decision-making.
• Reduced workload through automation.
• Enhanced treatment planning based on accurate fracture localization.
For Patients:
• Quick and accurate diagnosis leading to faster recovery.
• Transparent reporting and direct communication with healthcare providers.
• Reduced cost of diagnosis and treatment.
For Insurance Companies:
• Reduced fraud through accurate and transparent reporting.
• Faster claim approvals based on reliable diagnostic reports.
• Improved cost management and resource allocation.
For Healthcare Administrators:
• Streamlined workflow and improved resource management.
• Increased patient throughput and reduced operational costs.
• Enhanced reputation and patient satisfaction.

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1.4 FRACTURE DETECTION & REPORTING
Fracture detection and reporting have become increasingly critical in both
veterinary and human healthcare due to the rising need for accurate and efficient
diagnosis of bone injuries. Fractures, or bone breaks, can significantly impair mobility
and overall health if left untreated or misdiagnosed, potentially leading to chronic pain,
permanent disability, and even life-threatening complications. Early and precise
detection is essential for improving treatment outcomes and minimizing long-term
risks.
Despite its importance, fracture diagnosis remains challenging due to the
complexity of bone structures and the wide variety of fracture types. Traditional
methods rely on manual inspection of X-ray images by radiologists and orthopedic
surgeons. This process is time-consuming and prone to human error, particularly when
dealing with subtle or complex fractures. Misinterpretations can delay treatment and
impact recovery, especially in emergency settings where rapid diagnosis is essential.
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are revolutionizing
fracture detection. AI-driven systems automate the process, significantly enhancing
both the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. Machine learning algorithms, trained on large
datasets of X-ray images, can detect fractures more accurately than human clinicians,
even identifying subtle fractures that might otherwise go unnoticed.
One promising approach is the use of Vision Transformers (ViT) for fracture
detection and classification. ViT excels in analyzing complex image data and can
classify fractures based on type, location, and severity. Another key technology is U-
Net, a deep learning model used for image segmentation. U-Net helps isolate the
fracture site from surrounding bone structures, offering a more precise understanding
of the injury's extent and guiding treatment decisions.
By integrating Vision Transformers for detection and U-Net for segmentation,
AI-driven fracture detection systems can improve diagnostic speed, reduce human
error, and enhance the accuracy of treatment plans. These technologies enable earlier
detection, faster interventions, and better long-term recovery, ultimately transforming
the way fractures are diagnosed and managed in both veterinary and human healthcare.

1.4.1 Fracture Detection in Animals

Fractures are one of the most common injuries in animals, particularly in
domestic pets like dogs, cats, and horses. They often occur due to accidents, falls, or

10
underlying bone diseases. Fractures in animals can vary widely in type and severity,
including simple fractures (clean breaks), compound fractures (where the bone pierces
the skin), and comminuted fractures (where the bone shatters into multiple pieces).
Diagnosing fractures in animals presents unique challenges compared to human
fractures due to differences in bone structure and the inability of animals to
communicate pain directly. Veterinarians rely on physical examination and imaging
techniques such as X-rays and CT scans to identify fractures. However, complex or
subtle fractures can be easily missed during manual examination, leading to
misdiagnosis or delayed treatment.
Moreover, the inability of animals to remain still during imaging procedures can
create challenges in obtaining clear and accurate images, especially in young or agitated
animals. This can further complicate the detection of fractures, particularly in cases
where the injury is small or not immediately apparent. Additionally, the healing process
in animals can differ greatly from humans, with various factors such as age, species,
and overall health influencing recovery. Without precise fracture diagnosis and timely
treatment, animals may suffer from long-term mobility issues or pain, making early
detection and accurate reporting even more critical.
In addition to these challenges, veterinarians may face limitations in their access
to advanced diagnostic tools or specialized expertise, particularly in rural or under-
resourced areas. This can further delay the detection and appropriate management of
fractures in animals, potentially leading to more severe outcomes. The varying
standards of care across different veterinary practices also contribute to inconsistent
diagnosis and treatment, which can negatively affect patient outcomes. Furthermore,
fractures in animals often go unnoticed because animals instinctively hide pain, which
can lead to delayed visits to the vet. This makes it crucial to have an automated and
precise system for fracture detection to catch even subtle injuries early. Early
intervention can prevent complications such as infections in compound fractures,
improper healing, or the development of arthritis and other joint problems. Given these
complexities, a reliable, AI-powered diagnostic tool that can assist in the accurate
detection and localization of fractures could greatly improve veterinary care, reduce
errors, and ultimately ensure that animals receive the timely treatment they need to
recover fully and return to their normal activities.

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Challenges in Manual Fracture Detection
Manual fracture detection in animals, while essential in veterinary practices, faces
several inherent limitations that can compromise both the speed and accuracy of
diagnoses. These challenges often lead to delays in treatment, misdiagnoses, and
ultimately impact the overall health and recovery of the animal. The main challenges
include
• Complexity of Bone Structures: The anatomical differences between species
make it difficult to apply uniform diagnostic criteria. The complexity of the
bone structures can make it challenging for veterinarians to identify fractures
accurately, especially without specialized knowledge of each species' unique
skeletal anatomy. This variation can lead to inconsistencies in diagnosis,
making it harder to implement a standard diagnostic protocol across different
veterinary practices.

• Limited Availability of Skilled Radiologists: Not all veterinary clinics have

access to specialized radiologists, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. This can
lead to an increased risk of misdiagnosis, as the ability to accurately read and
interpret radiographs requires significant expertise. Misreading an X-ray could
mean missing a fracture, misclassifying the type of fracture, or
misunderstanding the severity of an injury. The absence of specialized
radiologists in many veterinary practices, therefore, significantly heightens the
risk of human error in fracture detection.
• Subtle Fractures: Hairline fractures or fractures within dense bone structures
are difficult to detect manually. Even experienced veterinarians may struggle to
detect these subtle fractures, which can have serious consequences for the
animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. In many cases, these undetected
fractures can worsen over time, leading to complications such as chronic pain,
lameness, or impaired mobility, significantly affecting the animal’s quality of
life.
• Human Error: Fatigue, experience level, and variation in interpretation
contribute to diagnostic errors. This variation in diagnostic accuracy makes it
clear that relying solely on human interpretation is not always sufficient to

12
 ensure a correct diagnosis, especially when dealing with subtle or complex
fractures.
1.4.2 Need for Accurate Fracture Detection
Early and accurate detection of fractures is crucial for effective treatment and
recovery. In animals, untreated or misdiagnosed fractures can lead to chronic pain,
immobility, and long-term complications such as joint degeneration or deformities.
Accurate diagnosis allows veterinarians to implement appropriate treatment plans,
including surgical interventions, immobilization, or physical therapy. Early
identification of fractures, especially in young animals, is critical for optimal growth
and development, as undetected fractures may impede the natural healing process and
result in lifelong issues.
Fractures in animals can also have a psychological impact, leading to behavioral
changes such as aggression or anxiety due to pain or discomfort, further complicating
treatment.
Accurate fracture detection is also vital for preventing further injury. In the case
of complex fractures, such as compound or comminuted fractures, improper or delayed
treatment can worsen the damage and increase the risk of infection. Furthermore,
fractures in weight-bearing bones, like the femur or tibia, can significantly affect the
animal's ability to walk or move, leading to a decreased quality of life. This can result
in muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and other complications that complicate the recovery
process.
Additionally, fractures that are not detected in a timely manner can also impose
financial burdens on pet owners, as they may require more intensive treatments or
prolonged rehabilitation efforts. Timely and precise diagnosis not only helps mitigate
these financial costs but also ensures the animal has the best chance for a full recovery.
Overall, the need for accurate fracture detection is clear—without it, animals
risk suffering from prolonged pain, long-term disabilities, and a diminished quality of
life, all of which emphasize the importance of implementing advanced diagnostic tools
for fracture detection in veterinary care.
Reducing Diagnostic Errors
Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of fractures can lead to serious consequences:
• Inadequate Treatment: Incorrect treatment plans can worsen the injury,
leading to permanent damage, such as malalignment of fractured bones, which
may result in improper healing and long-term mobility issues.

13
 • Higher Medical Costs: Incorrect or delayed diagnosis may necessitate additional
diagnostic tests, prolonged hospitalization, or corrective surgeries, all of which increase
treatment costs and burden the animal owner financially.
• Poor Recovery Outcomes: Improper alignment of fractured bones can lead to
deformities or limited range of motion, resulting in long-term mobility problems
and chronic pain that may require ongoing medical management.
Accurate fracture detection minimizes these risks by ensuring that fractures are
correctly identified and treated from the outset. Deep learning-based models, such as
Vision Transformers (ViT), offer high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for precise
classification of fracture types and accurate localization of fracture sites. With these
AI-driven systems, it is possible to detect even subtle fractures that may be easily
overlooked by human clinicians, significantly reducing the risk of misdiagnosis.

14
 CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Skeletal Fracture Detection with Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: F. N. M. Ghazali, M. F. A. Rahman, N. A. M. Ibrahim
Year of publication: 2023
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/20/3245
Description:
This paper focuses on deep learning techniques for automated fracture detection
in radiographic images. An emphasis is made on the medical need for effective
diagnostic results in emergency settings. It is assumed that traditional methods have a
percentage of missed diagnoses as well as delayed treatments, possibly following
subjective interpretations by radiologists. To solve this, they create a deep learning
framework using the CNN that scans the annotated X-ray images of an almost infinite
database. The framework comprises four stages: data collection, preprocessing, training
of a model, and evaluation.
In the work, several architectures of CNN are proposed and compared with each
other, namely DenseNet and ResNet when detecting a fracture into a simple type of
fracture, compound type of fracture, comminuted fracture. The authors ensured through
wide experimentation that the best accuracy is achieved in the model with the detection
sensitivity up to 95% and specificity up to 93%. Also, it is discussed how data
augmentation techniques used during training help increase generalization over unseen
images. It highlights how cooperation between AI researchers, radiologists, and
healthcare professionals is essential for fine-tuning deep learning models, ensuring that
the technology is tailored to the specific needs of the medical community, and
integrating it seamlessly into clinical workflows.
The study concludes that deep learning-based fracture detection systems will
allow radiological assessments to be significantly accelerated and become more
accurate and will pave the way for medical professionals to focus on truly critical
decision-making. Of course, it is also underscored that integration into clinical
workflows can lead to increased time reduction in diagnosis and improvement in patient
outcome. This work will substantially contribute to the growing literature demanding
application of artificial intelligence in healthcare and serves as a precursor for further
studies that will refine and extend these methods into other applications.

15
2.2 Bone Fracture Detection Using Deep Supervised Learning from Radiological
Images: A Paradigm Shift
Author: A. M. A. Rahman, M. Z. Ali, R. U. Khan
Year of publication: 2022
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2420
Description:
A high-fidelity deep learning framework for fracture detection in radiographic
images is presented in this research paper. Such emphasis on the fast, reliable detection
of fractures has implied to be of significant clinical necessity, mostly in emergency
situations where the quicker the intervention the better. The authors make use of
transfer learning techniques to improve the performance of deep learning models with
the help of pre-trained models like InceptionV3 and VGG16. Hence, using these
existing models, they can easily work well on such datasets which are relatively sparse
in the case of medical imaging.
These are divided into acquisition of images, preprocessing, augmentation,
model training, and evaluation. Augmentation is done on the training dataset using
rotation, flipping, and scaling as some of the techniques to give variety in samples for
dealing with overfitting. The performance of the framework is assessed via standard
metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score that indicate the model reached
an impressive accuracy of 97% in fracture detection. The implications of this research
are highly significant as the authors suggest that their framework can be seamlessly
integrated with clinical workflows. This would allow for faster, more accurate
diagnoses, ultimately improving patient outcomes by facilitating quicker and more
effective interventions.
In addition, the authors carry out some comparison with other models to depict
how the above proposed framework may generate better diagnostic information than
traditional methods. Implications The implications of this research are highly
significant as the authors would depict that their framework can be integrated with
clinical workflow. The future vision of the authors is also the objective, in which
computerized fracture detection systems can enable a radiologist to diagnose more
accurately and consequently result in better patient outcomes. This paper provides the
basis for further research and development in the area of medical image analysis with
automated mechanisms.

16
2.3 Real-Time Automated Segmentation and Classification of Calcaneal Fractures
in CT Images
Authors: Y. C. Yang, J. Y. Chen, Z. Y. Li
Year of publication: 2019
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3011
Description:
This review paper goes comprehensive into the development of CAD systems
that are specifically built to detect fractures in bones. The authors trace down the history
of CAD technologies, how the traditional image processing techniques used were
actually replaced by deep learning techniques and these state-of-the-art techniques
brought about new revolutions in the field of medical imaging. Key aspects and
methodologies applied in CAD systems, such as combining machine learning with
image analysis, are well discussed and explained. Key aspects and methodologies
applied in CAD systems, such as combining machine learning with advanced image
analysis, are thoroughly discussed and explained.
This paper classifies the available studies into three major approaches-feature
extraction, machine learning classification, and deep learning architectures. Here,
authors carefully critique and highlight the respective strengths and weaknesses of each
approach, which makes it clear that although the traditional methods weigh in favor of
the handcrafted features and expert knowledge, deep learning models can learn
automatically from data, thus minimizing human bias. They further emphasize how
annotated datasets play a critical role in training robust models; however, they highlight
that optimal performance is pertinent to the need for large-scale, high-quality data.
The review further elaborates on challenges that exist with CAD systems. For
instance, variability in the quality of images acquired, differences in radiographic
techniques, and the requirement that models need to generalize to an increasingly
diverse group of patients. The authors thus conclude that CAD systems may be
integrated within the clinical environment and approached from a collaborative point
of view, integrating human judgment with automated systems in order to enhance
diagnostic workflows. This paper thus forms an exceedingly useful source of
information for researchers and practitioners on the present state of CAD technology
for fracture detection and its future directions.

17
2.4 A Wavelet Transform and Neural Network Based Segmentation &
Classification System for Bone Fracture Detection
Authors: C. M. E. Vargas, L. S. A. de Andrade, R. A. F. Costa
Year of publication: 2021
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166687
Description:
In this paper, authors outline a deep learning approach for multi-stage pipeline
development which begins at the image preprocessing stage and finally ends at fracture
detection in various types of images using CNNs. The necessity of fast and accurate
fracture diagnosis stressed the urgency of the clinical need behind the work that the
authors present, highlighting the reliability of automated systems that assist radiologists
in their processes.
It is divided into four variants: data acquisition from the clinical environment,
preprocessing steps intended to enhance quality, feature extraction with CNN, and
classification of fractures detected. The authors explore and test the various
architectures for CNNs like ResNet and VGGNet; investigate how their approach
performs in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity measures; and qualitatively
verifies their proposed technique. It thus demonstrates that their method has a detection
accuracy of as high as 94% and can therefore be used within a clinical environment.
The paper also discusses the practical implications of incorporating deep learning
models into radiology departments. By integrating such systems, it is suggested that
workflows in radiology can be streamlined, reducing the workload for healthcare
professionals and allowing them to focus on more complex diagnostic decisions. This
could lead to a faster diagnosis, fewer human errors, and more efficient healthcare
delivery, ultimately benefiting both radiologists and patients.
Some practical implications and conclusions from the authors include whether
the incorporation of deep learning models into radiology departments means smoothed
workflows and less burden to the healthcare professional. The study contributes to the
mounting evidence base supporting the use of AI in medical imaging and opens up
further avenues for research in the optimization of fracture detection algorithms.
Finally, this paper has illustrated that deep learning is a very promising and truly
prevalent element in augmenting the capability to enhance and improve patient
outcomes in radiology.

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2.5 FracAtlas: A Dataset for Fracture Classification, Localization and
Segmentation of Musculoskeletal Radiographs
Authors: M. L. D. Almeida, A. H. C. de Lima, B. C. A. dos Santos
Year of publication: 2023
Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02432-4
Description:
This paper introduces a newly designed dataset curating the collection
especially to be used for bone fracture detection on radiographs. The authors pinpoint
the need for the quality of annotated datasets when preparing or testing their machine
learning model, especially in medical image analysis. The variety of datasets used here
comprises a rich variety of X-ray images demonstrating several types of bone fracture,
all of which have been annotated by experienced radiologists.
The authors outline the criteria for image selection, the processes adopted to
annotate the fractures, and the classification of fractures in compiling the dataset. They
believe that diversity should be represented by the dataset in terms of demographics
and conditions of fracture and imaging to increase the generalizability of deep learning
models trained on this data. The dataset is made publicly available so that the doors for
collaboration within the research community are opened and there is no obscurity. One
of the biggest issues posed by studies utilizing medical data had been the
nonavailability of good-quality datasets.
In addition to the presentation of the dataset, authors consider giving a detailed
analysis of the properties of the data, such as size, the distribution of the fracture types,
and general quality of images. The availability of this dataset is an important step
forward in the ongoing efforts to integrate artificial intelligence into healthcare. By
providing researchers and practitioners with a valuable resource, the authors contribute
to the advancement of more effective and reliable AI systems for fracture detection.
Further, they discuss possible applications of the dataset in the training and
cross-validation of different kinds of machine learning algorithms for the purpose of
fracture detection. The authors intend to make this dataset publicly available for the
community to continue research on automated medical image analysis and to further
devise more effective and reliable systems for fracture detection. It is a very important
contribution toward improving diagnostic accuracy in the ongoing efforts at healthcare
using artificial intelligence.

19
2.6 Hybrid SFNet Model for Bone Fracture Detection and Classification Using
ML/DL
Authors: R. A. S. Al-Shammari, Y. H. A. El-Awady, A. M. Al-Saad
Year of publication: 2022
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5823
Description:
The research proposal presents an innovative methodology to the automated
detection of fractures in X-ray images by using machine learning. It draws attention to
how timely and accurate fracture diagnosis can benefit a clinical setting, especially in
emergency medicine. The authors thus developed an end-to-end machine learning
pipeline consisting of integrated stages such as image preprocessing, feature extraction,
training, and evaluation.
A combination of machine learning algorithms, such as SVM, random forests,
and deep learning-based methods, is employed to compare the effectiveness of such
algorithms in fracture detection. The authors have meticulously documented the
training and validation procedure, with the implementation of a balanced dataset in
order to avoid bias and overfitting. The experimental results obtained by the authors
clearly show that the deep learning model outperforms traditional machine learning
algorithms with an impressive accuracy at 96% for fracture detection. The experimental
results presented in the proposal demonstrate that the deep learning model outperforms
traditional machine learning algorithms, achieving an impressive fracture detection
accuracy of 96%. This level of accuracy highlights the potential of deep learning
techniques in enhancing the diagnostic process and reducing human error in
radiological assessments. The deep learning model's ability to learn complex patterns
and features directly from the data without manual intervention is a key factor in its
superior performance.
In addition, results of the authors are discussed with practical implications,
suggesting that automated fracture detection systems may significantly enhance
radiological workflows, whereby the workload on radiologists is reduced, and
diagnostic accuracy improves. In addition, the importance of real-world testing and
validation of their models in clinical environments has been emphasized by the authors
with some recommendations for integration of these systems with existing healthcare
infrastructures in future research.

20
 Paper Title Established Concepts Innovate Contributions

Our project focuses on implementing

Automated Detection of Utilizes deep learning models a multi-modal approach that combines
Fractures in Radiographic like CNNs to improve fracture image analysis with patient history
Images Using Deep detection accuracy compared to and real-time feedback from
Learning Techniques traditional radiology methods. radiologists, enhancing diagnostic
confidence.

A customizable deep learning

Employs transfer learning
A Deep Learning framework that allows for continuous
techniques with pre-trained
Framework for Fracture learning from new cases, making it
models to address the challenge
Detection in Radiography adaptable to evolving clinical needs
of limited medical datasets.
and patient demographics.)

Our project emphasizes a hybrid

Reviews various approaches in
system that integrates traditional
Computer-Aided CAD, emphasizing the shift
image processing techniques with
Diagnosis for Bone from traditional methods to
advanced AI algorithms to leverage
Fractures: A Review machine learning and deep
the strengths of both, ensuring
learning.
comprehensive analysis.

We propose an interactive platform

Develops a multi-stage pipeline that allows clinicians to manually
Fracture Detection in X-
combining image preprocessing annotate images, improving the
ray Images Using Deep
and CNNs for enhanced fracture training dataset quality while
Learning Techniques
detection. providing a feedback loop for model
improvement.

Our project aims to create a

Presents a curated dataset of X-
community-driven dataset that not
ray images for training machine
Dataset of Radiographs for only includes images but also
learning models, highlighting
Bone Fracture Detection integrates patient outcomes, fostering
the importance of high-quality
collaborative model training and
data.
validation across institutions.

21
 We introduce a real-time monitoring
Automated Detection of Examines various machine system that evaluates the performance
Fractures in X-ray Images learning algorithms for fracture of the detection algorithms
Using Machine Learning detection, focusing on continuously, allowing for immediate
Techniques performance evaluation. updates and retraining based on new
data and emerging fracture patterns.

Table 2.1 Comparison of the literatures with proposed work

22
 CHAPTER - 3
SYSTEM STUDY
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system of fracture detection and reporting in domestic animals relies
heavily on manual inspection and human expertise. Veterinarians typically review X-
ray images to detect fractures, identify their types, and suggest treatment plans.
However, the process is often time-consuming, subjective, and prone to errors due to:
• Lack of automation in analyzing X-rays.
• Dependence on the experience of the veterinarian.
• Limited availability of specialized radiologists for accurate diagnosis.
Limitations of the Existing System:
The current methods of fracture detection in veterinary care have several
limitations that hinder accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. These challenges make it
difficult to ensure timely and reliable diagnoses, especially in high-demand
environments.
• Manual Inspection: X-rays are manually reviewed by veterinarians,
increasing the chances of misdiagnosis.
• Delayed Reporting: The time required to generate a comprehensive fracture
diagnosis and treatment report is significant.
• Human Error: Fracture detection and classification are prone to subjectivity
and errors, especially in complex cases.
• Scalability Issues: Current processes are not scalable to handle a large
number of cases, making them unsuitable for mass application.
3.1.1. ISSUES IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM
• Inconsistent Fracture Detection :
o The accuracy of fracture detection is dependent on the skill and
experience of the veterinarian, leading to variability in diagnosis.
o Subtle fractures may be missed, especially in complex bone structures
or low-quality X-rays.
• Time-Consuming Process:
o The manual nature of inspecting X-rays and preparing reports leads to
delays in diagnosis and treatment planning, which can affect the
recovery process.

23
 o This extended turnaround time can negatively affect the recovery
process, especially when timely interventions are crucial for better
outcomes.
• Lack of Standardization:
o There are no universally applied standards for classifying fractures in
animals, which makes it difficult to ensure consistent treatment across
veterinary practices.
o The absence of standardized protocols makes it challenging to apply
uniform treatment approaches, potentially leading to variation in care
quality.
• Limited Resources:
o In rural areas or regions with limited access to veterinary radiologists,
diagnosing fractures becomes a major challenge, and animals may not
receive timely treatment.
o The lack of skilled professionals or appropriate resources increases the
risk of delayed treatments, which can adversely impact an animal’s
recovery.
• Error Prone:
o Human oversight can lead to errors in fracture classification, which may
result in incorrect treatment suggestions and longer recovery times.
3.1.2 SOLUTION
The proposed solution for centers on the implementation of an advanced AI-
driven application aimed at revolutionizing veterinary fracture detection processes.
This solution begins with a user-friendly interface that allows veterinarians to easily
upload X-ray images for automated analysis, ensuring a seamless diagnostic
experience. The system leverages state-of-the-art algorithms, including Vision
Transformer (ViT) for image analysis, U-Net for precise fracture localization, and the
T5 algorithm for generating comprehensive medical reports. By facilitating immediate
detection and segmentation of fractures, the application significantly enhances the
accuracy and speed of diagnoses. Key features include an intuitive image upload
mechanism, where veterinarians can easily submit X-ray images and receive real-time
feedback on potential fractures. The system also integrates advanced tools for
visualizing fracture locations through detailed segmentation maps, allowing for clearer

24
communication of diagnostic findings. Additionally, an automated reporting feature
enhances workflow efficiency by quickly generating detailed medical reports, complete
with suggested treatment plans and observations. The incorporation of a feedback
mechanism enables continuous learning, allowing the system to adapt and improve
based on user input and evolving veterinary practices. In summary, the proposed AI-
driven solution for not only addresses existing challenges in veterinary fracture
detection but also sets new industry standards. By prioritizing accuracy, efficiency, and
user-friendliness, this solution aims to create a transformative experience for
veterinarians and improve the quality of care for domestic animals.
The proposed AI-driven solution further enhances diagnostic consistency by
minimizing human error, ensuring that fractures are detected with a high degree of
accuracy regardless of the veterinarian’s experience. The system also supports
scalability, enabling it to handle large volumes of cases, which is especially beneficial
for veterinary centers with high patient loads. Additionally, the integration of cloud-
based technology allows for easy access to the system from multiple devices,
facilitating remote consultations and diagnostics. By automating time-consuming tasks,
such as manual image review and report generation, the system not only improves
workflow efficiency but also reduces the administrative burden on veterinary staff.
Ultimately, this AI-powered solution aims to optimize both diagnostic precision and
operational efficiency, leading to better outcomes for animals and enhancing the overall
veterinary practice.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system for veterinary fracture detection represents a
transformative initiative aimed at enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosing
fractures in domestic animals. By integrating advanced AI technologies, the system is
designed to empower veterinarians with robust tools that improve operational
efficiency and overall diagnostic performance.
At the core of the proposed system is a comprehensive strategy focused on
automated fracture detection and reporting. Recognizing the critical importance of
timely and accurate diagnosis, the system employs state-of-the-art AI models, including
Vision Transformer (ViT) for image analysis, U-Net for localization, and the T5
algorithm for automated report generation. This innovative approach ensures a

25
seamless integration of AI technologies, significantly enhancing the existing veterinary
practices.
Moreover, the envisioned system goes beyond addressing current challenges; it
sets new industry standards for veterinary care. By incorporating these advanced
features, the system aims to optimize the entire fracture detection process, elevating the
quality of service provided to both veterinary professionals and animal patients.
The system’s user-friendly interface allows veterinarians to easily upload X-ray
images, making the diagnostic process more accessible and less time-consuming.
Automated fracture detection and classification assist in reducing human error,
ensuring more reliable and consistent results across a wide range of cases.
In addition to fracture detection, the system provides comprehensive
visualizations of the fractures, including detailed segmentation maps, to help
veterinarians better understand the extent of the injury and plan appropriate treatment.
The system also supports continuous learning, adapting and improving over time based
on feedback and evolving veterinary practices. This self-improving feature ensures the
system stays current with advancements in veterinary care and AI.
In summary, the proposed system for veterinary fracture detection stands as a
groundbreaking commitment to revolutionizing diagnostic practices in the veterinary
field. With a focus on precision, efficiency, and user-friendliness, this system aims to
redefine fracture diagnosis and improve the overall quality of care for domestic
animals. Through its integration of cutting-edge AI technologies, the system promises
to transform veterinary workflows and elevate patient outcomes.
Case Type 1: Automated Fracture Detection
• Image Upload: Veterinarians upload X-ray images into the system.
• Automated Analysis: The Vision Transformer (ViT) analyzes the X-ray
images for potential fractures.
• Detection Result: The system outputs the detection results, indicating whether
a fracture is present

26
 Fig 3.1 Fracture Detection

Case Type 2: Fracture Localization

• Segmentation Process: Upon detection of a fracture, the X-ray image is passed
through the U-Net model.
• Fracture Mapping: U-Net provides a detailed segmentation map highlighting
the fractured areas.
• Visualization: Veterinarians receive a visual representation of the fracture
location.

27
 Fig.3.2 Fracture Segmentation
Case Type 3: Automated Report Generation
• Report Generation: The T5 algorithm generates a comprehensive medical
report based on the detected fracture type and location.
• Content of Report: The report includes:
◦ Fracture type and location.
◦ Suggested treatment plan.

fig 3.3 Encoder Decoder

28
Case Type 4: Continuous Learning and Improvement
• Feedback Mechanism: Veterinarians provide feedback on detection accuracy
and report relevance.
• Model Enhancement: The system incorporates this feedback to continuously
improve the performance of ViT and U-Net models.
• Update Cycle: Regular updates ensure the system adapts to new types of
fractures and diagnostic criter.
3.2.1 System Architecture
The proposed fracture detection and reporting system integrates multiple deep
learning models to streamline the diagnostic process. The system consists of three main
components:
• Vision Transformer (ViT): Used for fracture detection and classification. ViT
analyzes the X-ray image and classifies the fracture type (e.g., simple,
compound, displaced).
• U-Net: Used for fracture segmentation and localization. U-Net generates
heatmaps and segmentation masks that highlight the precise location of the
fracture.
• T5 Generative AI Model: Used for report generation. T5 processes the outputs
from ViT and U-Net to generate detailed diagnostic reports, including treatment
recommendations.

Fig 3.4 System Architecture

29
3.2.2 Features and Benefits
Features
The AI-driven fracture detection system is meticulously designed to elevate the
diagnostic capabilities of veterinary clinics, improve workflow efficiency, and provide
accurate, reliable fracture analysis in domestic animals. Below is an elaboration on the
key features of the system:
• Automated Fracture Detection - The core feature of our system is its ability
to automatically detect fractures in X-ray images using Vision Transformers
(ViT). This automation significantly reduces human intervention, eliminating
potential human error while providing immediate results. By swiftly identifying
fractures, the system helps veterinarians focus more on patient care, allowing
them to make informed decisions without the delay and fatigue associated with
manual analysis.
• Accurate Localization - Employs U-Net for precise segmentation of fractures,
enhancing diagnostic accuracy. This accurate localization helps veterinarians
better understand the severity of the fracture and assess whether further
diagnostic procedures, such as CT scans or MRIs, are needed.
• Comprehensive Reporting - The T5 algorithm generates detailed reports
quickly, reducing time for diagnosis. The automated report generation is
invaluable, saving time that would otherwise be spent manually documenting
findings. It also ensures uniformity and consistency in reporting, reducing the
risk of oversight or errors that may arise from human-generated reports. This
not only speeds up the diagnosis process but also allows veterinarians to quickly
communicate their findings to pet owners or specialists.
• User-Friendly Interface - An intuitive web interface allows veterinarians to
easily navigate through the system and access features. By providing a seamless
experience, the system enables veterinary practices to integrate AI-driven
technology into their existing workflows without the need for extensive
retraining or complex adjustments.
• Scalable Solutions - The system is designed to handle a large volume of X-ray
images, making it suitable for busy veterinary practices. Whether a clinic is
processing just a few X-ray images per day or hundreds, the system remains
responsive, efficient, and capable of delivering fast, accurate results.

30
Benefits of Our Solution
Our AI-driven fracture detection and reporting system offers a multitude of benefits,
aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving operational efficiency, and
ensuring timely interventions for better animal care. Below are the core advantages that
this system brings to veterinary practices:
• Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy: The integration of AI technologies
significantly reduces the chances of misdiagnosis compared to traditional
methods. This ensures that every fracture, no matter how small or complicated,
is accurately detected, reducing human error and ensuring that veterinarians
make the most informed decisions possible.
• Improved Operational Efficiency: Automating the fracture detection and
reporting process saves time and resources for veterinary practices. By
eliminating the need for manual image analysis and report generation,
veterinary practices can process more cases in a shorter amount of time,
improving their overall efficiency.
• Timely Intervention: Faster diagnosis leads to timely treatment, positively
impacting animal recovery. The system’s ability to automatically detect
fractures and generate immediate reports allows veterinarians to act quickly,
whether it’s administering pain relief, recommending surgery, or implementing
other treatments.
• Data-Driven Insights: Continuous feedback and learning from veterinarians
enhance the system's capabilities over time. This data-driven approach leads to
an AI system that becomes increasingly adept at handling real-world veterinary
cases, ensuring that it remains a valuable tool for years to come.
• Streamlined Workflow: The automated processes reduce the administrative
burden on veterinarians, allowing them to focus more on patient care. The
simplified workflow also ensures that all team members, from veterinary
technicians to specialists, can collaborate more effectively, as they have access
to clear, consistent, and accurate diagnostic information.
• Adaptive Learning: The system evolves based on real-world feedback,
ensuring relevance in the ever-changing veterinary landscape. This ongoing
improvement process ensures that the AI-driven solution stays relevant to the
changing needs of the veterinary landscape, whether through recognizing new

31
 fracture types, optimizing diagnostic accuracy, or integrating with emerging
technologies.
3.3 Workflow
The workflow of our AI-driven fracture detection system is designed to be
seamless, efficient, and user-friendly, ensuring that veterinarians can quickly analyze
X-ray images and generate accurate reports for timely intervention. Below is a detailed
step-by-step breakdown of the workflow:
• Image Acquisition: X-ray images of the injured bone are uploaded to the
system. These images are typically obtained through standard X-ray machines
and need to be clear and high-resolution to ensure accurate analysis. The system
supports various image formats, providing flexibility in how images are
imported.
• Preprocessing: Once the images are uploaded, they undergo a preprocessing
step. Preprocessing is essential to improve the accuracy of the AI models by
removing any inconsistencies and noise from the images, making them suitable
for analysis.
• Fracture Detection and Classification: ViT analyzes the image and predicts
the fracture type. ViT, which excels in capturing intricate patterns within visual
data, automatically scans the image and predicts the type of fracture.
• Fracture Segmentation: U-Net localizes the fracture and generates a
segmentation map. This localization provides veterinarians with a clear and
detailed visual representation of the fracture's location, size, and extent.
Segmentation also enables a more in-depth analysis of the bone structure,
helping veterinarians understand the severity of the injury and plan appropriate
treatment.
• Report Generation: T5 generates a comprehensive medical report, including
the fracture type, location, and suggested treatment. This automated report
generation streamlines the diagnostic workflow, saving valuable time that
would otherwise be spent writing detailed reports manually.
• User Interface: The system provides an intuitive interface for veterinarians to
review the analysis and report.

32
Fig 3.5 Workflow of Fracture Detection

33
 CHAPTER - 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
The proposed fracture detection and reporting system requires high-
performance hardware to handle large medical imaging datasets, execute deep learning
models, and generate real-time reports efficiently. High-resolution X-ray images
demand significant computational power for preprocessing, detection, classification,
and segmentation. A high-end GPU (e.g., NVIDIA RTX 3090 or A100) is essential for
accelerating deep learning tasks, especially when handling complex models like Vision
Transformers (ViT) and U-Net. The system should be supported by a multi-core CPU
(e.g., Intel Core i9 or AMD Ryzen 9) to manage data input/output operations and multi-
threaded processing. At least 32 GB of RAM is recommended to ensure smooth
handling of large datasets and fast training times. A high-speed SSD (1 TB or more) is
necessary for storing large image files and model weights, enabling quick data access
and processing. Additionally, a dedicated cooling system is required to maintain system
stability during extended processing. For deployment in a clinical setting, a secure
server or cloud-based infrastructure (e.g., AWS, Azure) is recommended to allow
seamless data storage and model updates. A high-resolution display (4K) is useful for
visualizing detailed fracture segmentation maps. Finally, robust network connectivity
is needed for real-time data transfer and remote access.
In addition to the high-performance hardware mentioned, a reliable backup
system is crucial to prevent data loss and ensure continuity in the event of hardware
failure. The system should also be equipped with secure encryption protocols to protect
sensitive patient data and comply with healthcare regulations like HIPAA and GDPR.
To optimize performance, periodic system maintenance and software updates should
be implemented to handle evolving deep learning models and data types. For
scalability, a distributed computing environment, such as a multi-node system or cloud
services, can be incorporated to manage increased demand. Finally, integrating the
system with existing veterinary practice management software can streamline the
workflow and enhance overall usability.
To further enhance the system's functionality and ensure a smooth operational
experience, it is essential to consider additional hardware and infrastructure
requirements. For instance, a reliable UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is necessary

34
to protect against power outages and ensure that the system remains operational during
power fluctuations.
This is particularly important in a clinical environment where downtime could
affect the timely diagnosis and treatment of animal patients.
Additionally, the system should support multi-user access to enable collaboration
among multiple veterinarians, radiologists, or healthcare professionals. This would
require a robust authentication and user management system, which ensures that only
authorized personnel can access sensitive data, enhancing both security and workflow
efficiency.
For remote access to the system, especially in larger or multi-location veterinary
networks, a Virtual Private Network (VPN) may be employed to ensure secure
connections. Remote access is essential for collaboration among veterinary experts or
for cases where the primary veterinarian requires assistance from a specialist located
elsewhere.
In terms of GPU optimization, cloud-based solutions like NVIDIA GPUs in the
cloud or GPU-as-a-Service platforms can be considered for those clinics or hospitals
that do not have the budget for on-premise high-end hardware. This will provide
scalability, with the ability to adjust computational power as needed without investing
in expensive hardware.
Moreover, to support real-time analysis, the system's response time must be
minimized, making low-latency network infrastructure a key component. This ensures
that once the X-ray images are uploaded, the entire analysis process, from detection to
reporting, can be completed in a matter of minutes, promoting faster diagnoses and
reducing delays in treatment.
To ensure longevity and efficiency, the system must also be adaptable to
hardware upgrades as newer, more powerful GPUs, CPUs, or storage solutions become
available. This will allow the system to remain cutting-edge while continuously
supporting more advanced deep learning techniques and accommodating growing
datasets over time.
Incorporating edge computing devices in veterinary practices could also
optimize the speed of fracture detection for clinics with limited connectivity to cloud-
based solutions. This would allow local devices to handle parts of the processing, such
as pre-processing or initial fracture detection, before sending data to the cloud for
further analysis and report generation.

35
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
The fracture detection and reporting system requires a combination of machine
learning frameworks, programming tools, and database management systems to
function efficiently. The system should be built using Python as the primary
programming language due to its extensive library support for deep learning and image
processing. Deep learning frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch are essential for
implementing and training Vision Transformers (ViT) and U-Net models. OpenCV is
needed for image preprocessing and enhancement. For report generation, Hugging
Face’s Transformers library is required to implement the T5 Generative AI model. A
Flask or FastAPI backend will support real-time model deployment and data handling.
For data storage and management, a MongoDB or MySQL database will store patient
information,
X-ray images, and diagnostic reports. Docker or Kubernetes will assist with
containerization and deployment, ensuring scalability and reproducibility.
Additionally, a React or Angular-based front-end interface will enable interactive user
access. HTTPS encryption and OAuth authentication are necessary for data security
and access control. Cloud-based platforms such as AWS or Google Cloud can be
integrated to provide scalable infrastructure and high-performance computing
capabilities. Regular updates and model fine-tuning are essential to maintain system
accuracy and performance.
For real-time data processing and reduced latency, edge computing solutions
can be considered to handle computations closer to where data is generated. Continuous
monitoring of system performance and usage analytics will allow for ongoing
optimization. Furthermore, implementing a comprehensive testing framework with unit
tests and end-to-end tests will ensure the system's reliability and robustness.
Collaboration with the veterinary community through feedback loops will also be key
to identifying areas for improvement and adapting the system to evolving needs.
Finally, to address regulatory compliance and patient privacy, the system must adhere
to necessary standards and certifications such as HIPAA and GDPR, ensuring data
integrity and security at all stages.
To enhance system flexibility, the use of APIs for integration with other clinical
software or hospital management systems is crucial. This ensures seamless data
exchange between the fracture detection system and existing healthcare infrastructures.

36
 In addition to the technical tools and frameworks mentioned, the system should
also incorporate continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines.
These pipelines will automate testing, version control, and deployment processes,
ensuring that new updates, bug fixes, and improvements are seamlessly integrated into
the system without disrupting its operation. This will improve the overall efficiency of
the development cycle and maintain a stable production environment.
To improve the accuracy and speed of model predictions, the system may
leverage GPU-accelerated computing through platforms such as AWS EC2 instances
with NVIDIA GPUs or Google Cloud’s AI platforms. This will facilitate faster image
processing, deep learning training, and inference tasks, helping to meet real-time
demands in clinical environments. In terms of image processing, integrating libraries
like scikit-image and SimpleITK can provide additional image manipulation tools, such
as filtering, noise reduction, and feature extraction, which would improve the quality
of input images before they are fed into deep learning models. Additionally,
implementing advanced image augmentation techniques can enhance the robustness of
the models, ensuring they generalize well across diverse X-ray datasets from various
animal species.
To improve system scalability, horizontal scaling through Kubernetes clusters
would allow the system to handle higher volumes of requests as the demand increases,
especially in multi-location veterinary networks or when large datasets are being
processed simultaneously. For version control, GitHub or GitLab repositories can be
used to manage the codebase, while tools like Jupyter Notebooks or Google Colab can
be incorporated for model development, experimentation, and rapid prototyping. This
provides a collaborative environment for the development team to experiment with new
algorithms and model architectures.
The user interface (UI) should be designed with accessibility in mind, ensuring
that it can be used by veterinarians with varying levels of technical expertise. This
involves making the UI intuitive, responsive, and mobile-friendly, with easy-to-follow
instructions and feedback mechanisms that guide users through the fracture detection
and reporting process. In addition to HIPAA and GDPR compliance, it is critical to
implement audit logging and access control mechanisms. This will allow authorized
personnel to track and review system interactions to ensure compliance with regulations
and monitor for any unusual activities that may suggest potential security threats.

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 The system should also provide an API for integration with electronic medical
record (EMR) systems commonly used in veterinary clinics. This would allow seamless
transfer of diagnostic results, patient data, and X-ray images into the existing medical
workflow, making it easier for veterinarians to access and review all relevant
information in one place.

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 CHAPTER - 5
IMPLEMENATION
5.1 DATA COLLECTION
Accurate and reliable fracture detection and classification rely heavily on the
quality and diversity of the data used for training and evaluation. The data collection
process involves gathering a large dataset of X-ray images of human bones from
multiple medical institutions, hospitals, and research centers. The dataset should
encompass a wide range of fracture types, including simple, compound, displaced, and
greenstick fractures. For effective model generalization, the dataset should include
images captured from different angles, varying resolutions, and different patient
demographics (age, gender, bone density). Each X-ray image should be accompanied
by corresponding metadata such as patient age, gender, medical history, and previous
injuries. High-resolution images (e.g., 2K or 4K) are preferred for better feature
extraction and detailed segmentation. To reduce bias and improve model robustness,
the dataset should cover multiple bone types, including femur, tibia, humerus, radius,
and ulna. The data should be manually annotated by experienced radiologists or
orthopedic specialists to create ground truth labels for fracture detection and
segmentation. Annotation should include detailed markings of fracture boundaries and
classification labels. Data augmentation techniques, such as rotation, flipping, and
contrast adjustment, can be applied to increase dataset size and diversity. The data
collection process should comply with HIPAA and other medical data privacy
regulations to ensure patient confidentiality and secure storage. Data should be stored
in a secure database (e.g., MongoDB or MySQL) and preprocessed using OpenCV or
similar libraries before feeding into the deep learning models. Finally, data integrity
checks should be performed to eliminate corrupted or incomplete files, ensuring the
dataset is clean and balanced for training and evaluation.
In addition to the aforementioned guidelines, it is crucial to ensure that the
dataset includes a variety of image qualities, including images from low-light or noisy
conditions, to better simulate real-world clinical scenarios. This will help improve the
system's ability to perform well under diverse conditions. Regular updates and
maintenance of the dataset are necessary to incorporate new fracture types, medical
conditions, or imaging technologies, ensuring the model stays relevant over time.

39
Furthermore, implementing a peer-review mechanism for annotation quality can help
maintain high standards of labeling accuracy.
To further improve the dataset’s quality and diversity, it’s important to ensure
that it includes a range of fracture severities, from minor hairline fractures to complex,
multi-fragmented fractures. This ensures that the model is trained to recognize both
simple and challenging fracture cases, making it more versatile and capable of handling
a broad spectrum of clinical scenarios. Additionally, the dataset should contain both
adult and pediatric X-ray images to account for the different bone structures and
fracture characteristics observed in animals of varying ages. This diversity will help the
model adapt to the unique challenges associated with diagnosing fractures in animals,
where bone density, growth patterns, and healing processes differ from those in
humans.
Collaboration with veterinary hospitals and clinics is essential to gather a
representative dataset of animal fractures, ensuring that the system is applicable in real-
world veterinary settings. It is also beneficial to include X-ray images from a variety of
animal species, such as dogs, cats, horses, and smaller domestic animals, to capture the
anatomical variations that could influence fracture detection and classification. This
variety would make the system more robust in handling fractures across different
animal breeds and sizes.
The data should be continuously updated to reflect advancements in medical
imaging techniques, ensuring the system is equipped to handle the latest types of
diagnostic images, such as 3D scans or advanced digital imaging formats. Incorporating
such data into the training set will allow the system to evolve and maintain its
performance as medical technology progresses.
To enhance the generalization of the model, synthetic data generation
techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) could be explored. GANs
can generate realistic X-ray images with varying fracture types, which would expand
the dataset without needing to rely solely on actual clinical images. Additionally, using
transfer learning to leverage pre-trained models on large, diverse datasets could
expedite training while ensuring high performance on smaller, domain-specific
datasets, like those focused on veterinary fractures.
Lastly, a clear system for data labeling, version control, and annotation tracking
must be in place to ensure transparency and accountability throughout the data
collection and model development process. This includes regularly reviewing the

40
quality of annotations, cross-referencing with experts, and keeping track of dataset
versions to avoid inconsistencies that may arise from manual updates. Regular audits
of the dataset will ensure the integrity and credibility of the data used to train the deep
learning models.
5.2 Fracture Detection
Fracture detection involves identifying the presence of a fracture in an X-ray
image using a deep learning-based model. In this project, a Vision Transformer (ViT)
is employed for fracture detection due to its ability to capture long-range dependencies
and detailed patterns in complex medical images. ViT divides the input X-ray image
into smaller patches, converting them into embeddings processed through multi-headed
attention layers. This allows the model to analyze spatial relationships and structural
patterns in the image. The detection model is trained on a large dataset of annotated X-
ray images to identify fractures with high accuracy. The model distinguishes between
fractured and non-fractured bones by analyzing pixel intensity, edge patterns, and
structural irregularities. Advanced preprocessing techniques like contrast enhancement
and noise reduction are applied to improve model sensitivity. The output of the
detection phase is a binary classification: "Fracture" or "No Fracture." If a fracture is
detected, the image is passed to the segmentation model for detailed localization.
Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score are used to
assess the model's performance. The ViT model is trained using an adaptive learning
rate and early stopping to prevent overfitting and optimize performance. By automating
fracture detection, the system reduces diagnostic time and enhances the accuracy of
fracture identification, allowing for quicker medical intervention. Real-time detection
capabilities make the system suitable for emergency rooms and high-volume clinical
settings, improving patient care and reducing the burden on radiologists.
The Vision Transformer (ViT) model is further fine-tuned by using transfer
learning, leveraging pre-trained models on large-scale image datasets such as
ImageNet, which helps the model generalize better to new fracture detection tasks. This
transfer learning approach accelerates the training process and improves the model's
ability to handle diverse X-ray image variations, making it robust across different
fracture types and image qualities. Additionally, the model employs data augmentation
techniques like rotation, flipping, and zooming during training to increase the dataset's
diversity and reduce overfitting. The system is also designed to handle imbalanced
datasets by using techniques such as class weighting and oversampling of the minority

41
class to improve the detection of rare fractures. For the detection phase, the system
integrates with a cloud-based infrastructure that allows for seamless scaling and real-
time deployment in clinical settings. This cloud architecture also facilitates quick model
updates and re-training as new data is collected, ensuring continuous improvement of
the model.
To further improve the robustness of the ViT model, the system incorporates
regularization techniques such as dropout and weight decay, which help prevent
overfitting during training, especially when working with smaller or noisy datasets. In
addition, a robust validation process is used to assess the model’s generalization
performance on unseen data, ensuring that it remains accurate across different clinical
environments and species. The model undergoes cross-validation using a separate
validation dataset, which helps identify potential biases in the model and ensures it
performs well in real-world applications.
The model also utilizes a multi-phase training pipeline. Initially, the model
undergoes pre-training on general image datasets to learn basic image features like
edges and textures, followed by fine-tuning on the specific task of fracture detection.
This multi-phase approach allows the model to develop a deeper understanding of both
general and fracture-specific patterns. In the fine-tuning phase, the model is trained on
a diverse set of X-ray images from various animal species and bone types to ensure it
can handle a wide range of fractures, from simple hairline breaks to complex
comminuted fractures.
During the real-time detection phase, the ViT model's outputs are coupled with
explainability methods, such as attention heatmaps, to provide clinicians with a visual
representation of the fracture location within the X-ray image. This enhances
transparency and trust in the model’s predictions, allowing veterinarians to cross-check
the results and make more informed decisions. The system's real-time performance is
optimized for low-latency responses, ensuring that veterinarians can quickly receive
results without delays in critical situations.
To handle varying X-ray image qualities, the system integrates advanced image
enhancement algorithms that automatically adjust brightness, contrast, and sharpness
to improve model performance on low-quality images. This ensures that the system
remains effective in clinical environments where image quality can vary due to different
machines, settings, or patient conditions. Furthermore, the model is designed to handle

42
a wide range of imaging formats, making it adaptable to various veterinary imaging
systems in use.
In terms of scalability, the system can be easily adapted for integration with
other veterinary software or electronic medical records (EMR) systems, allowing for
smoother workflow management and data sharing. This interconnectivity ensures that
the fracture detection and reporting system can be part of a larger integrated care
platform, enhancing the overall operational efficiency of veterinary practices.

5.3 FRACTURE SEGMENTATION

Fracture segmentation is the process of precisely localizing the fracture within
the X-ray image. This step is critical for treatment planning and assessing the severity
of the injury. In this project, a U-Net model is used for segmentation due to its
effectiveness in medical image analysis. U-Net consists of an encoder-decoder structure
that captures both global and local features. The encoder extracts key features from the
input X-ray image, while the decoder reconstructs a segmentation map that highlights
the exact location of the fracture. Skip connections are used to preserve spatial
information and improve model accuracy. The U-Net model is trained on a large dataset
of manually segmented X-ray images, where fractures are marked with pixel-level
annotations. During training, the model minimizes the Dice Loss function to maximize
the overlap between predicted and ground truth segmentation masks. The segmented
output provides a heatmap-like visualization where the intensity represents the
likelihood of fracture presence. Post-processing techniques such as morphological
filtering and contour extraction are applied to refine the segmentation output.
Evaluation metrics like Intersection over Union (IoU), Dice coefficient, and mean
average precision (mAP) are used to measure the accuracy of segmentation. The
segmentation output is essential for assessing fracture dimensions, orientation, and
complexity, guiding surgical or non-surgical interventions. Precise segmentation helps
radiologists and orthopedic surgeons make informed decisions, improving patient
outcomes and reducing the risk of misdiagnosis. The integration of U-Net ensures that
the system can handle diverse fracture patterns and complex anatomical structures,
enhancing diagnostic precision.
To further improve the U-Net model's performance, the system employs
advanced data augmentation techniques during training, such as elastic deformations,
random cropping, and intensity normalization. These techniques allow the model to

43
generalize better across various X-ray images with different fracture types and patient
demographics. The U-Net model is also enhanced with regularization techniques such
as dropout and batch normalization to prevent overfitting and ensure better
generalization to unseen data. The segmentation process is fine-tuned to handle various
fracture complexities, including compound and comminuted fractures, which may
require more sophisticated delineation. The segmentation maps generated by the U-Net
model are superimposed on the original X-ray image, providing radiologists with a
clear, intuitive visualization of the fracture location. This helps reduce diagnostic
ambiguity and accelerates decision-making in clinical settings. Ultimately, precise
fracture segmentation not only aids in diagnosis but also contributes significantly to
creating personalized treatment plans, ensuring optimal care for the animal patient.
To further enhance the robustness of the U-Net model, we also incorporate
multi-scale feature extraction, which allows the model to capture fractures at different
scales, ensuring that both small and large fractures are detected with high precision.
This is particularly beneficial in complex fractures where different parts of the bone
may require varied treatment approaches. Additionally, the model is trained with a
diverse range of fracture types, including subtle hairline fractures, which can be
challenging to segment due to their small size and low contrast in X-ray images. The
ability to handle these subtle fractures is crucial for providing a comprehensive
diagnostic solution.
The U-Net model also integrates with the Vision Transformer (ViT) for fracture
detection to create a multi-model approach. While ViT handles the detection and
classification of fractures, U-Net provides a fine-grained localization of the fracture
area, ensuring both global and local features are captured. This fusion of models leads
to a more accurate and efficient fracture diagnostic system.
Moreover, U-Net’s encoder-decoder architecture with skip connections helps
maintain fine spatial details, even in the presence of noise or image artifacts. These
details are crucial for precise fracture localization and can influence treatment
decisions, such as the choice between conservative management or surgical
intervention. The segmentation output, represented as a heatmap overlay, allows
clinicians to easily visualize the severity and exact location of the fracture, further
aiding in the decision-making process.
In the post-processing phase, the system applies morphological operations such
as dilation and erosion to smooth out the segmentation boundaries, reduce noise, and

44
fill gaps in the predicted fracture mask. These steps help create more accurate and
visually consistent segmentation results, reducing the risk of errors that could influence
treatment plans. The final segmentation masks are then visualized alongside the original
X-ray image, providing a clear and actionable output that improves the efficiency of
veterinary care.
To evaluate the model’s performance continuously, the system uses real-time
feedback from clinicians to refine the segmentation results. This feedback loop ensures
that the model adapts to evolving clinical needs and continues to improve over time,
enhancing its utility in various veterinary settings. Additionally, the system tracks
segmentation accuracy across a wide range of animals and bone types, ensuring that it
remains effective regardless of species or fracture complexity.

5.4 REPORT GENERATION

After fracture detection and segmentation, the system generates a
comprehensive medical report using the T5 Generative AI model. T5 (Text-to-Text
Transfer Transformer) is a language model capable of understanding and generating
natural language text based on structured inputs. The detected fracture type (e.g.,
simple, compound, displaced) and the segmented fracture location are fed into the T5
model as input. The model is trained on a large corpus of medical reports to generate
accurate and context-aware summaries. The output includes a detailed diagnosis
specifying the fracture type, location, and severity. It also recommends a treatment plan
based on clinical guidelines, such as surgical intervention, immobilization, or physical
therapy. Additional details, such as potential complications, recovery time, and follow-
up recommendations, are included to assist medical professionals in decision-making.
The report is structured with clear headings and bullet points for readability. A
confidence score indicating the model's certainty in the diagnosis is also provided. The
generated report is formatted using HTML and CSS for user-friendly viewing in the
system’s front-end interface. For data security and compliance, the report is encrypted
and stored in a secure database. The system allows the report to be downloaded as a
PDF or shared with healthcare providers electronically. The use of a generative AI
model ensures that the report is consistent, concise, and clinically relevant. By
automating the report generation process, the system reduces the administrative burden
on medical staff and ensures timely communication of diagnostic results.

45
 The T5 model's ability to adapt to various clinical contexts further enhances its
utility, as it can tailor the language and recommendations based on patient
demographics or specific fracture characteristics. Additionally, the system allows
customization of report formats, enabling different veterinary clinics to adjust the style
and content based on their preferences or institutional standards. The integration of the
T5 model ensures that the generated reports are not only accurate but also maintain a
high level of clinical relevance, bridging the gap between complex image data and
actionable insights for veterinary professionals.
The T5 model leverages its natural language processing capabilities to
transform the technical data generated from the fracture detection and segmentation
models into readable, human-friendly language. This ability to translate raw diagnostic
information into clear, clinically actionable language is key to ensuring that veterinary
professionals can quickly interpret the results and make informed decisions. The
model’s outputs can be customized with specific medical terms relevant to different
species, ensuring that the generated report is always contextually appropriate.
Additionally, the system ensures that the generated report adheres to clinical
standards for documentation. This includes providing details such as fracture
classifications, bone types, and patient-specific considerations (e.g., age, breed, or
health history), which help veterinarians personalize their treatment approach. By
streamlining the report generation process, the system reduces human errors associated
with manual reporting, further improving the reliability of the diagnosis.
The confidence score included in the report offers an important metric, giving
veterinarians an indication of the system’s certainty regarding the diagnosis. This
feature encourages greater trust in the system and allows professionals to cross-verify
findings when necessary. Furthermore, the system includes recommendations for
follow-up care, ensuring that animals receive appropriate ongoing treatment after the
initial diagnosis.
For ease of access, the generated reports are stored in a secure cloud
infrastructure, making them readily available for future consultations or sharing with
specialists. The system is designed to be scalable, accommodating practices of various
sizes, from small clinics to large hospitals. This scalability ensures that the system
remains efficient and effective in diverse healthcare environments.

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 CHAPTER - 6
RESULT & CONCLUSION

6.1 RESULT
The proposed system for bone fracture detection and classification demonstrates
high performance across multiple fracture types, as shown in the evaluation table. The
overall accuracy for fracture detection ranges from 93.5% to 98.4%, indicating that the
deep learning model effectively identifies various types of fractures with high
reliability. The system shows the highest accuracy of 98.4% for oblique fractures,
followed by 97.3% for comminuted fractures and 96.4% for impacted fractures. The
precision values, which reflect the percentage of correct positive predictions, are
consistently high across all fracture types, with the highest precision of 94.9% observed
for greenstick fractures. The high accuracy and precision values indicate that the model
is well-trained and capable of making consistent and reliable predictions.
The sensitivity values, which measure the model's ability to correctly identify
positive cases, also reflect strong performance, particularly for compound fractures,
where sensitivity reaches 95.7%. Specificity, indicating the model's ability to correctly
identify negative cases (no fracture), remains high, with a peak of 97.8% for simple
fractures.
The F1-score, which balances precision and recall, further confirms the model’s
overall effectiveness, especially for more complex fracture types, with the highest F1-
score of 95.2% achieved for displaced fractures. These results demonstrate the system’s
robustness across a diverse range of fracture types, making it a reliable tool for
automated fracture detection. The model’s performance across different fracture
categories illustrates its generalization ability, ensuring its applicability in real-world
clinical environments.
The proposed AI-driven system for bone fracture detection and reporting offers
significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency. With
high performance across various fracture types, it enhances the decision-making
process for veterinarians and healthcare providers. The system's integration into clinical
workflows has the potential to reduce diagnostic time, improve patient outcomes, and
streamline veterinary care.

47
 The system’s robustness is further highlighted by its ability to handle
challenging fracture types, such as comminuted and compound fractures, which often
present difficulties for traditional manual detection methods. These types of fractures
involve multiple bone fragments or complex break patterns that are challenging to
identify without advanced imaging techniques. The deep learning models, particularly
the Vision Transformer (ViT) and U-Net, excel in capturing intricate fracture patterns,
improving diagnostic accuracy for these complex cases.
In addition to its accuracy, the system's real-time performance is a key factor in
its clinical applicability. The ability to quickly process X-ray images and generate
detailed reports ensures that veterinary professionals can make timely decisions, which
is especially important in emergency situations where rapid intervention can
significantly affect patient outcomes. With the system’s fast processing times,
veterinarians can access diagnostic results within minutes, reducing waiting times and
improving patient care.
Furthermore, the system's high precision across various fracture types
minimizes the risk of false positives and negatives, which are critical factors in the
decision-making process. False positives can lead to unnecessary treatments or
interventions, while false negatives may delay appropriate care. By consistently
identifying fractures with high accuracy and precision, the system helps reduce these
risks, ensuring that patients receive the correct treatment promptly.
The model's adaptability to different imaging conditions further enhances its
reliability. Whether the X-ray images are taken under varying lighting conditions, from
different angles, or in the presence of noise, the system maintains its performance due
to the extensive training dataset and robust preprocessing techniques. This adaptability
ensures that the system is useful in real-world clinical environments, where imaging
quality can vary.
The ongoing feedback loop from veterinarians and other healthcare
professionals also plays a crucial role in continuously improving the system’s accuracy
and performance. As more data is gathered, the system can be retrained to refine its
models, ensuring it stays relevant and effective in diagnosing new fracture types or
emerging conditions.
Moreover, the system’s ability to integrate seamlessly into existing clinical
infrastructures provides further value. It can be easily adopted by veterinary practices
without major disruptions to current workflows, allowing veterinary professionals to

48
harness the benefits of AI-driven fracture detection without significant changes to their
existing processes.
Finally, by automating the fracture detection and reporting process, the system
alleviates the administrative burden on veterinary staff. With a reduction in manual
efforts related to image analysis and report generation, staff members can focus more
on patient care, enhancing overall clinic efficiency. This operational improvement,
combined with the system’s high diagnostic accuracy, positions the AI-driven solution
as a transformative tool in modern veterinary practices.

Fig 6.1 Bar Chart of Bone Fracture Detection

49 Fracture Classification
Fig 6.2 Bar Chart of Bone
Fig 6.3 Cross Validation Metrics of the Fracture
Classification

Fig 6.4 ROC

50
 Fig 6.5 Confusion Matrix of Fracture Classification using ViT

Fig 6.5 CONFUSION MATRIX

The recall values, which measure the ability of the model to identify actual
fracture cases, are also impressive. The highest recall of 97.3% is observed for closed
fractures, suggesting that the model can detect most actual cases of closed fractures
without missing significant patterns. The system also performs well for spiral and
greenstick fractures, with recall values of 95.7% and 96.0%, respectively. However, a
slightly lower recall of 89.0% is noted for open fractures, indicating that some open
fractures might be missed during detection. This suggests a potential need for further
data augmentation or fine-tuning to improve the model's sensitivity to open fractures.

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 Fracture Type Accuracy Precision Recall F1-Score

Closed 94.8% 94.8% 97.3% 96.0%

Open 93.5% 91.5% 89.0% 90.2%

Spiral 93.7% 93.0% 95.7% 94.3%

Transverse 94.5% 87.8% 91.6% 89.7%

Comminuted 97.3% 92.1% 90.9% 91.5%

Impacted 96.4% 93.5% 94.1% 93.8%

Greenstick 95.2% 94.9% 96.0% 95.4%

Oblique 98.4% 90.4% 91.0% 90.6%

Table 6.1 Evaluation of the AI models

The F1-score, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, provides a
balanced measure of the model's performance. The highest F1-score of 96.0% is
achieved for closed fractures, confirming the model’s ability to maintain a strong
balance between precision and recall for this fracture type. Similarly, high F1-scores
for spiral (94.3%) and greenstick (95.4%) fractures further highlight the model's
capability to provide accurate and consistent results. The slightly lower F1-scores for
open (90.2%) and transverse (89.7%) fractures indicate areas where additional data or
architectural improvements may be beneficial.

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6.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this project has successfully developed a Vision Transformer
(ViT) model capable of detecting and classifying various types of bone fractures from
X-ray images with an overall classification accuracy of 92.8%. The model demonstrates
its effectiveness across multiple fracture categories, including closed, open, spiral,
transverse, comminuted, impacted, greenstick, and oblique fractures. This level of
accuracy highlights the potential of deep learning models, particularly ViT, in the
medical imaging domain, where precision is critical for effective diagnosis and
treatment planning.
However, while the results are promising, there are inherent challenges in
classifying certain fracture types due to variations in image quality, patient
demographics, and the subtlety of some fractures. Addressing these challenges will be
crucial for enhancing the model's performance further. Future work will focus on
expanding the training dataset to include more diverse and complex fracture
presentations, ensuring that the model can generalize effectively to real-world
scenarios.
Additionally, integrating advanced preprocessing techniques and exploring
ensemble methods will help improve classification accuracy and robustness. By
combining the strengths of ViT with other architectures, such as Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs), we can create a more comprehensive framework for fracture
detection.
Moreover, the integration of 3D imaging techniques, such as CT scans, could
provide greater diagnostic precision by allowing for improved localization of fractures.
Ultimately, this project lays the groundwork for developing a real-time diagnostic tool
that can assist healthcare professionals in making timely and accurate diagnoses,
thereby improving patient outcomes and enhancing the efficiency of medical imaging
practices. The advancements in this field will not only aid veterinarians in fracture
detection but could also pave the way for broader applications of deep learning in
medical diagnostics.
Collaboration with medical professionals for continuous feedback will be
essential in refining the model and ensuring its clinical relevance. The model's ability
to adapt to diverse and real-world clinical settings will also be a key focus of future
research. Additionally, real-time integration of this system into hospital or veterinary
workflows could streamline diagnostic processes and reduce human error. Ultimately,

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the development of such AI-driven tools has the potential to revolutionize medical
imaging and improve patient care on a global scale.
In addition to improving the accuracy and robustness of fracture detection,
future advancements in this system will focus on making it more user-friendly for
clinical settings. Developing intuitive interfaces and ensuring seamless integration with
existing radiology systems will be essential for facilitating widespread adoption. User
feedback from radiologists, veterinarians, and other healthcare professionals will help
identify pain points and guide the system’s refinement to meet clinical needs more
effectively.
Another critical aspect of future work will be addressing the challenges of data
privacy and security, particularly in sensitive healthcare environments. Compliance
with regulations such as HIPAA and GDPR is paramount, and the system will
incorporate stronger encryption methods and secure data storage solutions to ensure
patient confidentiality. Additionally, integrating the system with cloud platforms will
provide scalability and enable continuous updates, allowing the model to stay current
with emerging fracture types and evolving clinical practices.
As the system evolves, expanding its capabilities to detect other injuries and
medical conditions from imaging data will further extend its value in the healthcare
domain. By incorporating AI tools capable of analyzing a broader range of medical
conditions, this platform could eventually become a comprehensive diagnostic assistant
for a variety of medical imaging needs.
Ultimately, the long-term vision is to create an AI-powered diagnostic
ecosystem that can assist healthcare professionals in multiple fields, from emergency
medicine to routine checkups, thus ensuring quicker, more accurate diagnoses and
improving patient care outcomes globally. The future of AI in healthcare looks
promising, and this project represents a significant step forward in demonstrating the
potential of deep learning models in revolutionizing medical imaging and diagnosis.

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 CHAPTER - 7
PUBLICATION

Presented a research paper at the International Journal of Computational and

Experimental Science and Engineering, 2024. The paper, titled "Bone Care AI:
Advanced AI for Animal Fracture Detection, Classification, Segmentation
and Care" focuses on leveraging artificial intelligence for the detection and
analysis of bone fractures in animals. It introduces a novel AI-driven approach for
accurately detecting, classifying, and segmenting fractures from medical imaging
data. Additionally, the paper explores intelligent systems for assisting in post-
fracture care and decision-making. All presentation and submission procedures
have been successfully completed.

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 CHAPTER - 8
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