Appendix

REMEDIATION – Opportunity Identification

Author Name Journal Article title Context Method Key Findings
Alvarez & Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Cambodia, theory--case There are different kinds of opportunities - discovery,
Barney, 2013 Theory and Practice Opportunities and South Africa, examples creation, and subsistence - and each requires different
Poverty Alleviation Bangladesh kinds of capital. Discovery and creation are most
important for poverty alleviation.

Bradley, Journal of Capital Is Not Enough: India quantitative-- Innovation mediates the relationship between capital
McMullen, Management Innovation in Developing survey (human, financial, social) and performance.
Artz, & Studies Economies
Simiyu, 2012
Brixiová, World Development Skills and Youth Swaziland quantitative-- Evidence from Swaziland suggests that young
Ncube, & Entrepreneurship in survey entrepreneurs face high search costs for business
Bicaba, 2015 Africa: Analysis with opportunities and that skills training can help reduce
Evidence from Swaziland these search costs, leading to an increase in
opportunity identification.

Christensen, Harvard Business Africa's new generation Nigeria theory Innovators in Africa can succeed as they target poorer
Ojomo, Van Review of innovators segments of society, internalize risk, and integrate
Bever, 2017 operations.
de Arruda & Journal of Business Successful Business Brazil qualitative-- Large organizations can create opportunities for
Levrini, 2015 Ethics Leaders' Focus on case study female entrepreneurs in poverty as they build
Gender and Poverty partnerships that empower women.
Alleviation: The Lojas
Renner Case of Job and
Income Generation for
Brazilian Women
De Mel, Journal of Business training and Sri Lanka quantitative-- Training and cash grants help women that are starting
McKenzie, & Development female enterprise start- field a business more than those that already have one.
Woodruff, Economics up, growth, and experiment This implies that training may be help entrepreneurs
2014 dynamics: Experimental identify valuable opportunities.
evidence from Sri Lanka
Estrin, Journal of Business Human capital in social 37 countries quantitative-- The possession of specific human capital is associated
Mickiewicz, & Venturing and commercial secondary with commercial entrepreneurship while the
Stephan, entrepreneurship data from possession of general human capital is associated with
2016 GEM social entrepreneurship. Thus, different kinds of
human capital can help entrepreneurs identify
different kinds of opportunities.

George, Strategic Social structure, Kenya quantitative-- Income, gender, and community resources should be
Kotha, Management reasonable gain, and survey considered jointly with social structure, as they can
Parikh, Journal entrepreneurship in facilitate or hinder opportunity identification and
Alnuaimi, & Africa entrepreneurial entry.
Bahaj, 2016
Gras & Journal of Business Bric by bric: The role of India quantitative-- At the household level, some creativity and some
Nason, 2015 Venturing the family household in archival data routinization are good, but too much of either may be
sustaining a venture in detrimental.
impoverished Indian
slums
Haggblade, World Development The rural non-farm developing theory and Rural non-farm economic activity is important for
Hazell, & economy: Prospects for countries descriptive poverty alleviation. Specific policies can facilitate
Reardon, growth and poverty statistics growth in this sector by creating opportunities.
2010 reduction
Halme, Journal of Innovation for Inclusive BOP qualitative-- Intrapreneurial bricolage is a process by which large
Lindeman, & Management Business: Intrapreneurial case study companies develop inclusive innovations that then
Linna, 2012 Studies Bricolage in create opportunities for entrepreneurs. However,
Multinational intracompany dynamics can hinder the development
Corporations of these innovations.

Hart & MIT Sloan The great leap: Driving Bangladesh, theory--case Base-of-the-pyramid markets can provide an
Christensen, Management innovation from the India, China examples opportunity for large companies to expand and
2002 Review base of the pyramid contribute to poverty alleviation.
Kistruck, Academy of Mitigating Principal- Guatemala quantitative-- The identity of entrepreneurs influences their
Sutter, Lount, Management Agent Problems In Base- quasi- behavior. An ‘owner’ identity can help overcome
& Smith, Journal Of-The-Pyramid experimental agency concerns when microentrepreneurs work with
2013 Markets: An Identity field-study and as distributors for a larger organization.
 Spillover Perspective experiment
Marshall, Journal of Business Conceptualizing the Guatemala, qualitative-- International social entrepreneurs have a commitment
2011 Ethics International For-Profit Indonesia, case study to a social cause, a belief that markets are
Social Entrepreneur Argentina transformational, and local expertise.
Martin & Harvard Business Two Keys To Sustainable South Asia, theory and The best social enterprises engage new actors, new
Osberg, 2015 Review Social Enterprise Brazil, sub- anecdotes technology, or both to meet social missions.
Saharan
Africa
McDade & Entrepreneurship The 'new generation of Botswana, quantitative-- The new generation of African entrepreneurs is young,
Spring 2005 and Regional African entrepreneurs': Ethiopia, primary data educated, global, idealistic, transparent, and honest.
Development networking to change Ghana, from surveys
the climate for business Kenya, Mali,
and private sector- Senegal,
led development. South Africa,
Uganda,
Zambia,
Zimbabwe
McMullen Journal of Should we require every BOP theory The argument that every venture should pursue
&Warnick, Management new venture to be a blended value is logically fraught, and the potential
2016 Studies hybrid organization? costs could outweigh the benefits.
McMullen, Entrepreneurship: Delineating the Domain developing theory--case Development entrepreneurship occurs at the
2011 Theory and Practice of Development countries examples intersection between social, business, and institutional
Entrepreneurship: A entrepreneurship.
Market-Based Approach
to Facilitating Inclusive
Economic Growth
Olsen & California Bottom-of-the-Pyramid: The BOP and qualitative-- The internal dynamics of large organizations can
Boxenbaum, Management Organizational Barriers Denmark case study create barriers that stop them from engaging with
2009 Review to Implementation opportunities at the base-of-the-pyramid
Prahalad & Harvard Business Serving the World's BOP theory--case Working with populations at the base-of-the-pyramid
Hammond, Review Poor, Profitably examples presents opportunities for large organizations and the
2002 poor
Santos, 2012 Journal of Business A Positive Theory n/a theory Social entrepreneurs seek to address positive
Ethics of Social externalities and are more concerned with value
Entrepreneurship creation than value capture.
Seelos & Academy of Profitable Business Bangladesh qualitative-- Strategic alliances between large companies and
Mair, 2007 Management Models and Market case study organizations that have experience at the BOP can
Perspectives Creation in the Context create new opportunities as they combine and
of Deep Poverty: A leverage resources.
Strategic View
Sodhi & Tang, Productions and Supply‐Chain Research South Africa theory--model Integrating small entrepreneurs into supply chains can
2014 Operations Opportunities with the based create opportunities for poor entrepreneurs
Management Poor as Suppliers or
Distributors in
Developing Countries
Sud& Journal of Business Identity Rights: A India theory--case Technology can be used to create identity rights,
VanSandt, Ethics Structural Void in examples which open up opportunities for poor entrepreneurs.
2015 Inclusive Growth
Tasavori, Entrepreneurship The creation view of India qualitative-- MNCs need to partner with NGOs, though it's not a
Zaefarian & and Regional opportunities at the case study straight-forward process; they need to create
Ghauri, 2015 Development base of the pyramid opportunities rather than discover them.
VanSandt & Journal of Business Poverty Alleviation India theory--case To alleviate poverty will require the involvement of
Sud, 2012 Ethics through Partnerships: A examples businesses in partnerships that serve each partners'
road less travelled for self-interest.
business, governments,
and entrepreneurs
Webb, Journal of Business Research on n/a review Informal economic activity can be understood through
Bruton, Venturing entrepreneurship in the a framework constructed from institutional theory,
Tihanyi,& informal economy: motivational theory, and resource allocation theory.
Ireland, 2012 Framing a research
agenda
Webb, Entrepreneurship: The Entrepreneurship Bangladesh theory Nongovernment organizations and multinational
Kistruck, Theory and Practice Process in Base of the enterprises can work together to overcome
Ireland, & Pyramid Markets: The institutional voids and identify opportunities in base-
Ketchen, Case of Multinational of-the-pyramid markets.
2010 Enterprise:
 Nongovernment
Organization Alliances
Webb, Academy of You say illegal, I say n/a theory Entrepreneurs, institutions, and collective identity all
Tihanyi, Management legitimate: shape how opportunities are identified and exploited
Ireland,& Review entrepreneurship in the in the informal economy.
Sirmon, 2009 informal economy
Wry & York, Academy of An Identity-Based n/a theory Identity theory can help explain how social
2017 Management Approach to Social entrepreneurs mix competing logics as they create
Review Enterprise new enterprises.
Fletschner & World Development Gender Disparity in Paraguay quantitative-- Women possess less information than men regarding
Mesbah, Access to Information: survey markets and financial markets, thus making it harder
2011 Do Spouses Share What to identify opportunities.
They Know?

REMEDIATION – Opportunity Exploitation

Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Agier & Small Business Subjectivity in credit Brazil quantitative-- Microfinance loan officers introduce a subjective
Szafarz, 2013 Economics allocation to micro- secondary gender bias into loan decisions.
entrepreneurs: evidence data
from Brazil
Allison, Davis, Entrepreneurship: Crowdfunding in a 51 countries quantitative - The rhetoric used by entrepreneurs influences their
Short, & Theory and Practice Prosocial Microlending computer ability to attract funding from donors in developed
Webb, 2015 Environment: Examining aided text countries. Donors are more likely to provide funds to
the Role of Intrinsic analysis entrepreneurs that frame their venture as an effort to
Versus Extrinsic Cues help others.

Allison, Journal of Business The effect of 39 countries quantitative-- The rhetoric used by entrepreneurs can attract donors
McKenny, & Venturing entrepreneurial rhetoric secondary from developed countries. Donors are more attracted
Short, 2013 on microlending data when they feel a ‘warm glow.’
investment: An
examination of the
warm-glow effect
Aterido, World Development Access to Finance in Botswana, quantitative-- The gender gap in microfinance loans is attributable to
Beck, & Sub-Saharan Africa: Is Kenya, secondary characteristics such as education, employment, and
Iacovone, There a Gender Gap? Malawi, data from income rather than direct discrimination.
2013 Namibia, World Bank
Rwanda,
South Africa,
Tanzania,
Uganda,
Zambia
Awad, 1971 Economic The Supply of Risk developing theory Indigenous entrepreneurs do not have a difference in
Development and Bearers in the countries risk preference as compared to foreign entrepreneurs;
Cultural Change Underdeveloped there are differences in knowledge, access, and
Countries discrimination.

Boucher, Economic Direct Elicitation of Peru quantitative-- Direct elicitation methodology can help uncover
Guirkinger & Development and Credit Constraints: primary data constraints to credit.
Trivelli, 2009 Cultural Change Conceptual and Practical from surveys
Issues with an
Application to Peruvian
Agriculture.
Bruhn, 2013 Journal of A tale of two species: Mexico quantitative-- There are two types of informal business owners -
Development Revisiting the effect of secondary those that act more like wage workers and those that
Economics registration reform on data act like formal business owners. The wage workers are
informal business more likely to get jobs after regulation. The informal
owners in Mexico owners are more likely to register and grow their
ventures, in cases where registration was a major
constraint.
Bruton, et al., Entrepreneurship: New Financial n/a review The antecedents and consequences of new forms of
2015 Theory and Practice Alternatives in Seeding financing can be understood with a framework that
Entrepreneurship: includes the institutional context, organizational
Microfinance, factors, individual factors, and supply/demand.
Crowdfunding, and Peer-
to-Peer Innovations
Bystrom, World Development The Microfinance China, India theory Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) can serve to
2008 Collateralized Debt bridge microfinance and commercial finance,
Obligation: A Modern providing the resources necessary for entrepreneurs
Robin Hood to exploit opportunities.

Chakravarty Entrepreneurship: Selection of Borrowing Bangladesh quantitative - Microfinance joint liability groups may accept more
& Shahriar, Theory and Practice Partners in Joint lab risky entrepreneurs into their groups by requiring side
2015 Liability-Based experiment payments, allowing riskier entrepreneurs to exploit
Microcredit: Evidence opportunities.
from Framed Field
Experiments in
Bangladesh
Cull, Journal of Economic Microfinance Meets the Multiple quantitative - Commercial microfinance is important for scale, but
Demirgüç- Perspectives Market countries descriptive will not provide financing for the most marginalized.
Kunt & data Socially oriented microfinance is important for
Morduch, allowing the poorest entrepreneurs to gain access to
2009 finance.
Desa, 2012 Entrepreneurship: Resource Mobilization in 45 countries mixed Social enterprises use bricolage to mobilize resources
Theory and Practice International Social Entr methods in the face of unsupportive institutional environments.
epreneurship
Field, Pande, American Economic Does the Classic India field The requirement by microfinance providers that
Papp, & Review Microfinance Model experiment borrowers begin immediate repayment tends to
Rigol, 2013 Discourage dampen the extent to which entrepreneurs exploit
Entrepreneurship risky opportunities.
Among the Poor:
Experimental Evidence
from India
Fischer, 2013 Econometrica Contract Structure, Risk‐ India field Within joint liability groups, because risk is shared
Sharing, and Investment experiment among peers, there is a tendency for members to free
Choice ride and be overly risky. However, peer monitoring
overcompensates, and reduces risk. Equity-based
investments may provide a better balance and
facilitate opportunity exploitation.
Galak, Small Journal of Microfinance Decision Multiple quantitative-- Lenders give to those most like themselves.
& Stephen, Marketing Research Making: A Field Study of countries secondary
2011 Prosocial Lending data
Grimes, 2010 Entrepreneurship: Strategic Sensemaking n/a qualitative-- Performance measurement is critical to sensemaking
Theory and Practice Within Funding case study and funders play a large role in sensemaking and
Relationships identity formation for social entrepreneurs.

Honig, 1998 Entrepreneurship Who gets the goodies? Jamaica quantitative-- Loan officers rely on informal signals as they make
and Regional An examination of primary data decisions regarding funding.
Development microenterprise credit in from surveys
Jamaica
Karlan & Journal of List randomization for Cameroon quantitative - Microfinance clients over report the extent to which
Zinman, 2012 Development sensitive behavior: An list they use their loans to exploit opportunities.
Economics application for randomization
measuring use of loan
proceeds
Khavul, 2010 Academy of Microfinance: Creating Grameen, review Microfinance provides the financing necessary for the
Management Opportunities for the India, poor to exploit opportunities.
Perspectives Poor Mexico
Khayesi, Entrepreneurship: Kinship in Entrepreneur Uganda quantitative-- While networks can allow entrepreneurs to raise the
George, & Theory and Practice Networks: Performance survey resources necessary for opportunity exploitation,
Antonakis, Effects of Resource maintaining the network also implies significant costs.
2015 Assembly in Africa
Kimmit and International Small Entrepreneurship and 19 countries qualitative-- No single instrumental freedom is necessary for
Munoz, 2017 Business Journal financial inclusion fuzzy set financial inclusion; it does not necessarily depend on
through the lens of qualitative the provision of microfinance. Political freedom is an
instrumental freedoms comparative important peripheral condition for inclusion.
analysis
Kistruck, Journal of Social intermediation in Zimbabwe, qualitative Social intermediation decisions will be made by
Beamish, Management Base of the Pyramid Swaziland, considering (1) attenuating opportunism, which
Qureshi, Studies Markets Brazil, creates an internalizing social force; (2) non-monetary
Sutter, 2013 Bolivia, objectives, which creates an externalizing social force;
Honduras, and (3) the extent to which transaction capabilities as
Kenya, El tractable
Salvador,
Guatemala,
 Rwanda,
Nicaragua,
India
Kistruck, Academy of Cooperation vs. Sri Lanka quantitative-- Competitive goal structures are generally more
Lount, Smith, Management Competition: alternative experimental effective, though cooperative goal structures are
Bergman, Journal goal structures for design motivating when two groups do not know each other
Moss, 2016 motivation groups in a as they stand to gain from new relationships.
resource scarce
environment
Klinger & World Development Can Entrepreneurial El Salvador, quantitative-- Entrepreneurial training increases business expansion
Schündeln, Activity be Taught? Guatemala, survey-quasi- and mentoring increases opportunity exploitation
2011 Quasi-Experimental and experimental through entrepreneurial entry.
Evidence from Central Nicaragua approach
America
Kobeissi, Journal of Gender factors and 44 countries quantitative Women's entrepreneurship is predicted by education,
2010 International female entrepreneurshi fertility rate, earnings equality, and female economic
Entrepreneurship p: International evidenc activities.
e and policy
implications.
Martinez, Journal of Business Economic informality 48 countries quantitative-- Informality positively moderate the relationship
Cummings, & Venturing and the venture funding secondary between remittances and venture funding; when the
Vaaler, 2015 impact of migrant data economy is very informal, remittances are likely to be
remittances to used for opportunity exploitation.
developing countries
Morduch, World Development The microfinance schism Bangladesh, theory Not all microfinance programs are self-sustaining;
2000 Indonesia there may be a need for subsidized programs in order
to target the very poor and provide them with access
to finance for opportunity exploitation.
Moss, Entrepreneurship: The Effect of Virtuous Multiple quantitative-- Poor entrepreneurs that display competitive
Neubaum, & Theory and Practice and Entrepreneurial countries secondary aggressiveness are more likely to be funded by donors
Meyskens, Orientations on data from wealthy countries than those that display
2014 Microfinance Lending empathy.
and Repayment: A
Signaling Theory
Perspective
Neubert, Entrepreneurship: The Role of Spiritual 39 countries quantitative-- Spiritual capital, rooted in individuals’ religious beliefs,
Bradley, Theory and Practice Capital in Innovation and survey can help entrepreneurs more effectively exploit
Ardianti, & Performance: Evidence opportunities.
Simiyu, 2015 from Developing
Economies
Newman, International Small Microfinance and n/a introduction The goal of the special issue is to enhance scholarly
Schwarz, Business Journal entrepreneurship: an to special understanding of how microfinance fosters
Ahlstrom, introduction issue entrepreneurial
2017 activity.
Nguimkeu, Journal of A structural econometric Cameroon quantitative-- Access to finance and skills drive entrepreneurs’
2014 Development analysis of the informal econometric decisions to exploit entrepreneurial or subsistence
Economics sector heterogeneity analysis opportunities
Nkongolo- Journal of Engaging diasporas n/a theory Diaspora entrepreneurs return to their home
Bakenda & International as international entrepre countries to start businesses because of psychology,
Chrysostome Entrepreneurship neurs in developing environment, and their strategic and organizing
2013 countries: In search of capacity.
determinants
Owualah, Small Business Banks and Consultants in Nigeria quantitative-- Banks are helpful in promoting job creation while
1999 Economics Nigeria's Job Creation primary data consultants are less helpful.
Program from surveys
Pathak & Journal of Small Informal Institutions and 27 countries quantitative-- Collectivism and trust lead to more social
Muralidharan Business Their Comparative GEM data entrepreneurship; collectivism leads to less
, 2016 Management Influences on Social and commercial entrepreneurship and trust is more
Commercial Entreprene important for social than commercial
urship: The Role of In- entrepreneurship.
Group Collectivism and
Interpersonal Trust.
Pearlman, Journal of Too Vulnerable for Peru quantitative-- One reason the most vulnerable do not get
2012 Development Microfinance? Risk and secondary microcredit is that they do not want it as they perceive
Studies Vulnerability as data it as too risky.
Determinants of
Microfinance Selection
in Lima.
Pretes, 2002 World Development Microequity and Kenya, qualitative-- Start-up grants and equity may complement
microfinance Uganda, case study microfinance as a means of providing the financing
Tanzania necessary to exploit an opportunity.
Siqueira, Entrepreneurship: Informal Brazil quantitative-- Industry conditions influence risk levels, which in turn
Webb, & Theory and Practice entrepreneurship and survey influences how entrepreneurs exploit opportunities,
Bruton, 2016 industry conditions particularly in terms of their choice of formality versus
informality.

Sunoris & Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and 61 countries quantitative-- Economic freedom promotes formal entrepreneurship
Sajny 2017 and Regional economic freedom: secondary and inhibits informal entrepreneurship; the return
Development cross-country evidence data from economic freedom is greatest in countries with a
from formal and relatively higher prevalence of formal and informal
informal sectors entrepreneurship.

Tsai, 2004 World Development Imperfect Substitutes: China, India qualitative-- While the state seeks to limit informal finance, and
The Local Political case study legal substitutes exist (i.e. microfinance), these
Economy of Informal arrangements do not always meet the needs of the
Finance and rural poor. Instead, the poor turn to informal sources
Microfinance in Rural of financing to exploit opportunities.
China and India
Tukamushab Journal of Development of a Uganda theory The theory of planned behavior can help explain why
a, Orobia & International conceptual model to social entrepreneurs act.
George, 2011 Entrepreneurship understand international
social
entrepreneurship and its
application in the
Ugandan context.

REMEDIATION – Entrepreneurial Growth

Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Acs, Small Business The social value of U.S., theory Productive entrepreneurship can be commercial or
Boardman & Economics productive Bangladesh social; both kinds generate economic and social value.
McNeely, entrepreneurship
2013
Ahlin & Jiang, Journal of Can micro-credit bring n/a theory and For microcredit to improve the economy, small firms
2003 Development development modeling must 'graduate' to full-scale firms. This can happen
Economics through 'winners' that do much better than average or
'savers' with more moderate performance coupled
with savings. The only way the economy will improve
is if people graduate through savings.
Akula, 2008 Harvard Business Business basics at the India theory--case Ventures that seek to grow should access commercial
Review base of the pyramid examples money by being profit-oriented, be customer-centric,
standardize, and aim for a large scale.
Amin & World Development Are Large Informal Firms Angola, quantitative-- Small informal firms have greater labor productivity
Islam, 2015 More Productive than Botswana,B secondary than larger formal firms, though these firms tend to
the Small Informal urkina Faso, data remain small.
Firms? Evidence from Cameroon,
Firm Level Surveys in Cape Verde,
Africa Mali,
Rwanda
Banerjee & Journal of Political Occupational choice and n/a theory Over the long run, inequality can lead to prosperity.
Newman, Economy the process of
1993 development
Beaman, Journal of Minding small change: Kenya quantitative-- Experiments show that entrepreneurs change
Magruder, & Development Limited attention among field behavior when their attention is focused on an existing
Robinson, Economics small firms in Kenya experiment problem and that such changes can lead to increased
2012 performance.

Berge, Management Human and Financial Tanzania quantitative-- Male entrepreneurs benefit from the combination of
Bjorvatn, & Studies Capital for field training and access to capital. Female entrepreneurs
Tungodden, Microenterprise experiment do not benefit to the same extent.
2015 Development: Evidence and lab
from a Field and Lab experiment
Experiment
Berrou & Journal of Testing Lin's Social Burkina Faso quantitative Intermediate status social ties are more valuable than
Combarnous, Development Capital Theory in high status social ties because the resources that the
2011 Studies an Informal African intermediate ties provide are more relevant and
Urban Economy helpful than high status resources.
Branzei & Journal of Another day, another Bangladesh quantitative-- Terrorism increases the resilience of entrepreneurs;
Abdelnour, International dollar: Enterprise primary data the penalty for informality is lower in the context of
2010 Business Studies resilience under from surveys terrorism.
terrorism in developing
countries
Bruton, Journal of Microlending in Guatemala, qualitative-- Entrepreneurs with a future orientation, decision-
Khavul, & International emerging economies: Dominican case study making discretion, and an active approach to
Chavez, 2011 Business Studies Building a new line of Republic relationship management grow more. Economic
inquiry from the ground shocks (rather than personal shocks), borrowing in
up groups, and lender power lead to higher loan
repayment.
Burki & World Development Measuring production Pakistan quantitative-- Ventures that are run by more educated
Terrell, 1998 efficiency of small firms survey entrepreneurs, are newer, have lower labor turnover,
in Pakistan and engage in more subcontracting are more efficient.
Carney, 2007 Family Business Minority Family Business developing theory Different combinations of bonding and bridging social
Review in Emerging Markets: countries capital can lead to different combinations and types of
Organization Forms and family business forms such as family business groups
Competitive Advantage. and trade networks.

Chliova and Academy of Scaling impact: BOP theory Replication through templates in BOP markets
Ringov, 2017 Management Template development requires institutional substitutes, business model
Perspectives and replication at the innovation, and infrastructure building.
base of the pyramid
Chliova, Journal of Business Is microcredit a blessing n/a quantitative-- Microfinance is primarily beneficial for the poor, and is
Brinckmann, Venturing for the poor? A meta- meta-analysis particularly valuable in weak environments where
& analysis examining entrepreneurs have few other options to access
Rosenbusch, development outcomes resources that would allow them to grow.
2015 and contextual
considerations
Cobb, Wry, Academy of Funding financial 92 countries quantitative-- The ability of microfinance organizations to access the
Zhao 2016 Management inclusion: Institutional secondary funds they need for growth is related to the
Journal logics and the contextual data from MIX institutional logics that guide donor behavior.
contingency of funding and CGAP
for microfinance
organizations
Cull, The Economic Financial Performance 49 quantitative-- There are tradeoffs within lending types (group vs
Demirgüç- Journal and Outreach: A Global developing secondary individual loans). Individual loans tend to be larger,
Kunt & Analysis of Leading countries data from MIX but there are tradeoffs in terms of 'breadth' versus
Morduch, Microbanks 'depth' of the microfinance organization’s reach.
2007
de Jong, Tu & Entrepreneurship: Which Entrepreneurs Vietnam quantitative-- More educated entrepreneurs pay bribes and it has an
van Ees, 2012 Theory and Practice Bribe and What Do They survey inverted u-shape relationship with performance.
Get From It? Exploratory
Evidence
De Mel, Journal of Measuring Sri Lanka quantitative-- Firm profitability is best measured through direct
McKenzie, & Development microenterprise profits: survey, questions related to profits.
Woodruff, Economics Must we ask how the experiment
2009 sausage is made
D'haese, De Entrepreneurship Business incomes in Nicaragua quantitative-- Gender is related to income among rural, non-farm
Ruijter De and Regional rural Nicaragua: the role survey businesses and smaller households in more dynamic
Wildt & Development of household resources, locations do better. Experience has an inverted u
Ruben 2008 location, experience and relationship with performance. The relevant predictors
trust of performance depend on the sector.

Eijkel, Small Business Group lending and the Eritrea quantitative - There is strategic behavior among group leaders in
Hermes, & Economics role of the group leader archival data microfinance groups. The person with the largest
Lensink, 2011 second period payoff is most likely to expend effort on
monitoring and are most likely to be the leader.
Elston, Chen Small Business The role China quantitative-- Chinese entrepreneurs rely on personal savings for
& Weidinger, Economics of informal capital on survey start-up and ongoing income for growth.
2016 new venture formation
and growth in China
Fajnzylber, Journal of Releasing Constraints to Mexico quantitative-- Improving the business climate (access to credit, trade
Maloney & Development Growth or Pushing on a secondary associations, formality, etc.) does matter for
Montes- Studies String? Policies and data microenterprises.
Rojas, 2009 Performance of Mexican
Micro-Firms.
Galema, Journal of Do Powerful CEOs Africa, East quantitative-- The governance of microfinance institutions has an
Lensink, & Management Determine Microfinance Asia and the secondary influence on their performance and growth. CEOs of
Mersland, Studies Performance Pacific, data non-governmental microfinance organizations are
2012 Eastern more powerful, make riskier decisions, and are lower-
Europe and performing.
Central Asia,
Latin
America,
Middle East
& North
Africa, and
South Asia
Jones Strategic Consumer behavior Malawi quantitative-- Ventures that offer socially valuable products with
Christensen, Management change at the base of field discounted pricing lead to the highest usage among
Siemsen, & Journal the pyramid: Bridging experiment buyers within the base-of-the-pyramid.
Balasubrama the gap between for‐
nian, 2015 profit and social
responsibility strategies
Kairiza, Small Business Gender differences in Zimbabwe quantitative-- When you control for other characteristics (firm age,
Kiprono & Economics financial inclusion survey education, business location) there is only weak
Magadzire, amongst entrepreneurs i evidence that women are excluded from financial
2017 n Zimbabwe markets.

Kevane & World Development Microenterprise lending Guatemala quantitative-- Female entrepreneurs have ventures that grow more
Wydick，200 to female survey slowly because they often focus on other duties such
1 entrepreneurs: as child-rearing. Thus, there may be tradeoffs between
Sacrificing economic short-term economic growth and longer-term poverty
growth for poverty alleviation.
alleviation
Kimhi, 2010 Small Business Entrepreneurship and Ethiopia quantitative-- Entrepreneurship reduces both inequality and poverty.
Economics income inequality in survey
southern Ethiopia
Kistruck.& Entrepreneurship: The Interplay of Form, Kenya, qualitative-- For-profit forms are more likely to be taken seriously
Beamish, Theory and Practice Structure, and Zimbabwe, case study in the context of poverty.
2010 Embeddedness in Social Kingdom of
Intrapreneurship Swaziland,
El Salvador,
 Honduras,
Bolivia,
Brazil
La Porta & Journal of Economic Informality and n/a review The informal economy is large and is dominated by
Shleifer, 2014 Perspectives Development small firms with little potential for growth.
Lekhanya & Journal of Selected Key External South Africa quantitative-- Funding is the biggest challenge for rural enterprises
Mason, 2014 Enterprising Culture Factors Influencing the survey and funding from banks is especially important for
Success of Rural Small successful enterprises.
and Medium Enterprises
in South Africa.
London, 2009 Harvard Business Making Better India, Latin theory--case Good investments at the base-of-the-pyramid should
Review Investments at the Base America examples increase economic freedom, improve capabilities, and
of the Pyramid consider relationships among buyers, sellers, and the
community.
London, Strategic Connecting poverty to India quantitative-- The strength of the formal market complements
Esper,Grogan Entrepreneurship purchase in informal survey informal factors in decision making among BOP
-Kaylor, & Journal markets consumers.
Kistruck,
2014
Maak & Journal of Business Social Entrepreneurs as Paraguay qualitative-- Leadership and social orientation influence how firms
Stoetter, Ethics Responsible Leaders: case study grow.
2012 ‘Fundación Paraguaya'
and the Case of Martin
Burt
Mambula, Journal of Small Perceptions of SME Nigeria theory-- Small firms in Nigeria are hindered by a lack of finance,
2002 Business Growth Constraints in interviews government bureaucracy, and a lack of access to
Management Nigeria materials.
Miles, Journal of Business The Constant Gardener South Africa theory Requiring pharmaceutical companies to provide low-
Munilla & Ethics Revisited: The Effect of cost medications to the third world is social blackmail
Covin, 2002 Social Blackmail on the and will reduce innovation in the future.
Mark
Morris & Pitt, Journal of Small Informal Sector Activity South Africa quantitative-- A small proportion of informal firms are highly
1995 Business as Entrepreneurship: survey innovative.
Management Insights from a South
 African Township.
Newman, International Small How Does Microfinance developing theory Psychological and social capital are mechanisms by
Schwarz & Business Journal Enhance Entrepreneurial countries which microfinance leads to entrepreneurial activity
Borgia, 2014 Outcomes in Emerging
Economies? The
Mediating Mechanisms
of Psychological and
Social Capital.
Nichter & World Development Small Firm Growth in developed review Most firms in developing countries do not grow. Firm
Goldmark, Developing Countries and growth is influenced by individual, firm, network, and
2009 developing environment-level factors.
countries
Puente & Small Business Determinants of the Venezuela quantitative-- Belonging to the BoP, gender, education, and years of
Gonazlez, Economics growth aspiration: a secondary study are related to motivations for growth.
2017 quantitative study of data
Venezuelan
entrepreneurs
Randøy, Entrepreneurship: The Impact of 73 quantitative - Microfinance organizations run by founder-CEOs
Strøm, & Theory and Practice Entrepreneur-CEOs in developing archival data perform better and grow more.
Mersland, Microfinance countries
2013 Institutions: A Global
Survey
Serumaga- Journal of Small Poverty Alleviation: South Africa quantitative-- Education, loans, and working capital are important
Zake, Kotze, Business & Intervention, and survey for success or failure of small businesses.
Arnab, Entrepreneurship Designing and
Sihawu, Developing a Survey
Depha, Gaba Instrument for
& Bangani, Investigating the Effect
2005 of Entrepreneurial Skills
on the Performance of
a Small Business in
South Africa
Shahriar & International Small Lender-entrepreneur 69 countries quantitative-- Long-term relationships with borrowers increase the
Garg, 2017 Business Journal relationships and credit secondary credit risk after a certain level. However, if MFIs
risk: A global analysis of data discontinue lending relationships with their mature
 microfinance institutions borrowers to reduce default costs, entrepreneurs who
take individual loans from small local lenders would
suffer.
Singh, Journal of Small A Gender-Based Indonesia quantitative-- Women's businesses are concentrated in less dynamic
Reynolds & Business Performance Analysis of survey sectors, have lower profits, and grow slower. They are
Muhammad, Management Micro more likely to have female employees.
2001 and Small Enterprises in
Java, Indonesia.
Smith, Journal of Business The impact of moral n/a theory Greater moral intensity among founders leads to more
Kistruck, & Ethics intensity and desire for growth in social entrepreneurship firms.
Cannatelli, control on scaling
2016 decisions in social
entrepreneurship
Sutter, Strategic Adaptations to Nicaragua quantitative-- Social interaction can drive effective adaptation to
Kistruck, & Entrepreneurship Knowledge Templates in survey best practices and increase growth. When recipients
Morris, 2014 Journal Base‐of‐the‐Pyramid engage with experts, their adaptations are 'principled'
Markets: The Role of and therefore more effective.
Social Interaction
Valdivia, Journal of Business training plus for Peru quantitative-- General training and technical assistance are both
2015 Development female experimental valuable for helping firms grow, though the quality
Economics entrepreneurship? Short design and and duration of training are important.
and medium-term estimation
experimental evidence methods
from Peru
Valliere & Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship and 44 countries quantitative-- High growth entrepreneurship is the most important
Peterson and Regional economic growth: secondary for economic growth.
2009 Development Evidence from emerging data from
and developed countries GEM
VanSandt, Journal of Business Enabling the Original n/a theory Technology, effectuation, and legitimacy enable social
Sud & Ethics Intent: Catalysts for entrepreneurship.
Marmé, Social Entrepreneurship
2009
Vial & World Development Returns to Micro- Indonesia quantitative-- The poorest benefit the most from micro-
Hanoteau, Entrepreneurship in an secondary entrepreneurship in terms of income, asset
2015 Emerging Economy: A data accumulation, consumption and savings.
 Quantile Study of
Entrepreneurial
Indonesian Households’
Welfare
Williams, Entrepreneurship: Informal 127 quantitative-- New ventures that are unregistered at start-up have
Martinez- Theory and Practice entrepreneurship in countries secondary higher subsequent annual sales, employment, and
Perez & developing economies: data productivity growth rates compared with ventures
Kedir, 2017 the impacts of starting that were registered at start-up
up unregistered on firm
performance
Yang, 2017 Small Business The governance 14 countries quantitative-- Innovative SMEs perform worse when they are in an
Economics environment and in Latin secondary environment with an inadequate institutional system
innovative SMEs America and data from as they get targeted for bribes.
the World Bank
Caribbean
Grimm, World Development Constrained Gazelles: Ivory Coast, quantitative-- In developing countries there are high-potential firms
Knorringa, & High Potentials in West Mali, Benin, survey within the informal economy that are constrained
Lay, 2012 Africa’s Informal Senegal, from growing by a lack of resources. Other firms have
Economy Niger, Togo, little potential for growth.
Burkina Faso

REFORM – Opportunity Identification

IDENTIFICATION
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Calton, Journal of Business Building Partnerships to India, theory--case There is a need for partnerships that allow companies
Werhane, Ethics Create Social and Mexico examples and BOP entrepreneurs to create wealth together. A
Hartman,& Economic Value at the change in mindsets is needed so that such
Bevan, 2013 Base of the Global partnerships can occur.
Development Pyramid
Chell, Journal of Business Social Entrepreneurship n/a theory-- Opportunities for social entrepreneurship should also
Spence, Ethics and Business Ethics: editorial be evaluated through an ethical lens.
Perrini, & Does Social Equal
Harris, 2016 Ethical?
Chiu, 2017 Journal of Business Factors influencing 34 countries quantitative-- The extent to which microfinance institutions engage
Ethics microfinance secondary with formal institutions depends on the engagement
engagements by formal data location (domestic or foreign) and the engagement
financial institutions model (connected or unconnected to core business).

Dacin, Dacin, Organization Social Entrepreneurship: n/a review Social entrepreneurship is best understood as mission-
& Tracey, Science A Critique and Future directed; institutions, social movements, networks,
2011 Directions culture, identity, and cognition are all powerful paths
forwards for the study of social entrepreneurship.

Dacin, Dacin, Academy of Social Entrepreneurship: n/a review Social entrepreneurship should be defined around
Matear 2010 Management Why We Don't Need a mission and outcomes.
Perspectives New Theory and How
We Move Forward From
Here
Dafuleya, Journal of Enterprising in the Face Zimbabwe qualitative-- Burial societies represent an indigenous form of
2012 Enterprising Culture of Death: Social and Ethiopia case study entrepreneurship; their structure provides
Entrepreneurship in opportunities but also limits the returns.
African Burial Societies
De Clercq & Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship as an n/a theory Field position and cultural/symbolic capital influence
Honig, 2011 and Regional integrating mechanism the ability and desire of entrepreneurs to enter a field,
Development for disadvantaged as well as their ability to challenge it.
persons
George, Academy of Bringing Africa In: Algeria, review Three topics regarding Africa are especially promising
Corbishley, Management Promising directions for Morocco, for future research: managing institutional voids,
Khayesi, Journal management research Ghana, building capabilities, and enabling opportunities.
Haas, Tihanyi, Nigeria,
2016 Cameroon,
Chad,
Ethiopia,
Kenya,
Angola,
South Africa
George, Academy of Understanding and n/a review Addressing grand challenges requires articulating the
Howard- Management tackling societal grand challenge and acting a multiple levels in order to
Grenville, Journal challenges through create desirable outcomes. In this light, grand
Joshi & management research challenges can be viewed as opportunities.
Tihanyi, 2016
George, Journal of Innovation for Inclusive India, Latin review Inclusive growth is a broad topic and has to do with
McGahan, & Management Growth: Towards a America, innovating and dealing with constraints at multiple
Prabhu, 2012 Studies Theoretical Framework Uganda levels.
and a Research Agenda
Ghani, Kerr,& Journal of Political reservations India quantitative - Political reservations for women promote women's
O'Connell, Development and women's archival data entrepreneurship because it facilitates infrastructure
2014 Economics entrepreneurship in spending that is beneficial to women and also because
India it inspires other women.

Hall, Matos, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Brazil qualitative-- When policies don’t take into account local
Sheehan, & Management Innovation at the Base case study perspectives, they may have unintended
Silvestre, Studies of the Pyramid: A Recipe consequences, such as the creation of opportunities
2012 for Inclusive Growth or that are socially harmful.
Social Exclusion
Haugh & Journal of Business Linking Social India qualitative-- Involvement in social entrepreneurship can lead to
Talwar, 2016 Ethics Entrepreneurship and case study empowerment, which in turn leads to social change.
Social Change: the
mediating role of
empowerment
Khavul, Journal of Business When institutional Guatemala qualitative-- Institutional entrepreneurship is complicated and does
Chavez, & Venturing change outruns the case study not neatly fit into 'time boxes'. It continues to evolve
Bruton, 2013 change agent: The and the outcomes are often unintended and
contested terrain of unpredictable.
entrepreneurial
microfinance for those
in poverty
Mair & Marti, Journal of Business Entrepreneurship in and Bangladesh qualitative-- Institutional voids arise from competing institutions.
2009 Venturing around institutional case study Entrepreneurs can deal with these voids and create
voids: A case study from opportunities by engaging in bricolage.
Bangladesh
Mair, Journal of Business Organizing for Society: A n/a quantitative-- Social entrepreneurship can be organized around
Battilana & Ethics Typology of Social content and political, human, economic, and social capital.
Cardenas Entrepreneuring Models cluster
2012 analysis
Mair, Martí, Academy of Building Inclusive Bangladesh qualitative-- Redefining market architecture and legitimating new
& Ventresca, Management Markets in Rural case study actors is critical for building inclusive markets that
2012 Journal Bangladesh: How provide opportunities for marginalized entrepreneurs.
Intermediaries Work in
Institutional Voids
Mair, Wolf, & Academy of Scaffolding: A process of India qualitative-- Organizations seeking to change local communities
Seelos, 2016 Management transforming patterns of case study can engage in institutional scaffolding, a process that
Journal inequality in small-scale enables and organizes the transformation of behavior.
societies
Marris, 1968 Journal of The Social Barriers to Kenya theory Entrepreneurship is fundamentally about assembling
Development African resources to address an opportunity. However, in
Studies Entrepreneurship Africa, the opportunities and resources are bounded
to small spaces as you can't use formal relationships to
access either.
Olsen, 2017 Organization Rethinking collective Brazil, qualitative The formation of microfinance associations is a
Studies action: The co-evolution Mexico function of actors’ ability to access the state, which
of the state and results in distinct processes: co-evolution by isolation
institutional or co-optation.
entrepreneurs in
emerging economies
Rispal & International Small Business models Colombia qualitative-- Business models can bring social change when the
Servantie Business Journal impacting change in case study model has a social value proposition, the entrepreneur
2017 violent and poverty- has a passion for social change, and there is a
stricken community-based
neighbourhoods: A case network.
study in Colombia
Rivera- Academy of Social entrepreneurship 18 countries quantitative-- Poverty, ethnic group identity, and colonial history
Santos, Holt, Management in Sub-Saharan Africa survey influence self-perception and entrepreneurial activity.
Littlewood, & Perspectives Thus, these factors shape the kinds of opportunities
Kolk, 2015 that entrepreneurs identify.
Stephan, Journal of Organizations driving n/a review Organizations can drive social change at a surface level
Patterson, Management positive social change: A or deep level through a variety of enabling practices
Kelley, & review and an and mechanisms.
Mair, 2016 integrative framework of
change process
Sun & Im, Entrepreneurship: Cutting Microfinance 93 countries quantitative-- Multiple stakeholders, including employees and other
2015 Theory and Practice Interest Rates: An MIX data institutional actors influence the interest rates charged
Opportunity Co-Creation by microfinance organizations.
Perspective
Sutter, Webb, Journal of Business Transitioning Nicaragua qualitative-- Including informal farmers in formal networks requires
Kistruck, Venturing entrepreneurs from case study the creation of institutional scaffolding that is
Ketchen, informal to formal comprised of new mindsets, new networks, and new
Ireland, 2017 markets rules.

Tobias, Journal of Business Toward a theory of Rwanda Multi-method Economic and social change are intertwined.
Mair,& Venturing transformative Economic opportunities can lead to opportunities for
Barbosa- entrepreneuring: social change as a wide variety of entrepreneurs
Leiker, 2013 Poverty reduction and become engaged.
conflict resolution in
Rwanda’s
Waldron, Journal of How social n/a theory An important way that social entrepreneurs generate
Fisher, & Management entrepreneurs facilitate an impact is by encouraging other industry actors to
Pfarrer, 2016 Studies the adoption of new adopt new practices. The rhetoric used by social
industry practices entrepreneurs can influence practice adoption.
West, Entrepreneurship: Contrasting Mexico, qualitative-- Intangible resources such as EO and social networks
Bamford & Theory and Practice Entrepreneurial Costa Rica case study are most important in early stages for promoting
Marsden, Economic Development entrepreneurship.
2008 in Emerging Latin
American Economies
Williams, Academy of Building resilience or Haiti qualitative-- In the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake some
Shepherd, Management providing sustenance: case study ventures were sustaining and others were
2016 Journal Different paths of transforming. The sustaining ventures were disdainful
emergent ventures in of outsiders while the transforming ventures worked
the aftermath of the with outside resources.
Haiti earthquake
Khavul & Journal of Harnessing Innovation Guatemala, theory--case Sustainable innovation can create opportunities as it
Bruton, 2013 Management for Change: India, examples focuses on local networks, local business ecosystems,
 Studies Sustainability and Zambia, and local customers.
Poverty in Developing Tanzania
Countries
Stephan, Journal of Institutions and social 26 countries quantitative-- Institutional voids increase the motivation to engage
Uhlaner, & International entrepreneurship: The secondary in social entrepreneurship, while robust institutions
Stride, 2015 Business Studies role of institutional data from provide more resources for social entrepreneurship.
voids, institutional GEM Social entrepreneurship is more prevalent in the face
support, and of robust institutions, suggesting that resources are
institutional more important than motivation in opportunity
configurations identification by social entrepreneurs.

REFORM – Opportunity Exploitation

EXPLOITATION
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Agier, World Development Microfinance and Brazil quantitative-- Controlling for credit worthiness, women are given
Szafarz, 2013 Gender: Is There a Glass secondary smaller loans than men, though approval rates are the
Ceiling on Loan Size data same. This reduces the ability of women to exploit
opportunities.
Al-Dajani & International Small Impact of women’s Jordan qualitative-- Entrepreneurship by women is not necessarily
Marlow 2010 Business Journal home-based enterprise case study empowering. Gender roles are negotiated in an
on family dynamics: ongoing fashion and entrepreneurship is often
Evidence from Jordan enacted in ways that preserves patriarchy.
Estrin, Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship, social 47 countries quantitative-- Social entrepreneurship facilitates commercial
Mickiewicz, & Theory and Practice capital, and institutions: secondary entrepreneurship through the creation of national
Stephan, Social and commercial data from social capital.
2013 entrepreneurship across GEM
nations
Falkinger & Journal of Oligarchic land Latin theory Oligopoly of land ownership reduces labor incomes,
Grossmann, Development ownership, America, making opportunity exploitation by entrepreneurs less
2013 Economics entrepreneurship, and India, likely.
economic development Taiwan, and
South Korea
Hoogendoorn Journal of Small The Prevalence and 47 countries quantitative-- Stronger institutions and higher public spending are
2016 Business Determinants secondary associated with more social entrepreneurship
 Management of Social Entrepreneursh data from
ip at the Macro Level GEM
Mathias, Lux, Journal of Business Competing against the 59 countries quantitative-- Property rights and cooperation enable
Crook, Autry, Ethics unknown: the impact of survey entrepreneurial action while regulation constrains
Zaretzki, enabling and entrepreneurial action.
2015 constraining institutions
on the informal
economy
Paudel, 2012 Journal of In Search of Nepal qualitative-- The poor can help participate in forestry by being
Development Alternatives: Pro- case study allowed to control subsistence activities while private
Studies Poor Entrepreneurship i actors control commercialization.
n Community Forestry
Sutter, Webb, Journal of Business Entrepreneurs' Guatemala qualitative-- Resources provided through social networks can shape
Kistruck, & Venturing responses to semi- case study how entrepreneurs exploit opportunities.
Bailey, 2013 formal illegitimate
institutional
arrangements
Venkatesh, Academy of Networks, Technology, India quantitative-- Networks generally promote entrepreneurship with an
Shaw, Sykes, Management and Entrepreneurship: A quasi important exception. When women are linked to high
Wamba, Journal Quasi-experiment experiment status men (government officials) they are less likely
Macharia, among women in rural to launch businesses. This is likely because the officials
2017 India are more conservative. ICT moderates the relationship
between networks and ventures; it makes launching a
venture more likely, except in the case of networks
with high status men.
Zhao & Wry Academy of not all inequality is 115 quantitative-- Societal level institutional logics can influence the
2016 Management equal: deconstructing countries secondary outreach of microfinance organizations. Patriarchy can
Journal the societal logic of data from MIX constrain or facilitate microfinance outreach, thus
patriarchy to understand and CGAP influencing the ability of women to exploit
microfinance lending to opportunities.
women
Kantor, 2002 Entrepreneurship: Gender, Microenterprise South Asia theory The success of opportunity exploitation should be
Theory and Practice Success and Cultural evaluated in more than economic terms;
Context: The Case of empowerment is also an important outcomes.
South Asia
REFORM – Entrepreneurial Growth
GROWTH
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Ault & Spicer, Strategic The institutional context 106 quantitative-- State fragility harms the prospects of low-income
2014 Management of poverty: State fragility countries secondary business models, making growth more difficult.
Journal as a predictor of cross‐ data from MIX
national variation in
commercial
microfinance lending
Ault, 2016 Journal of An institutional 123 quantitative-- Commercialization may cause mission drift as social
International perspective on the social countries secondary enterprises serve wealthier clients. However, when
Business Studies outcome of data from MIX state fragility is low, commercialization can decrease
entrepreneurship: the costs of serving poorer clients.
Commercial
microfinance and
inclusive markets
Azmat & Journal of Business Responsible Bangladesh, theory The CSR lit has ignored small firms; small firms are
Samaratunge Ethics Entrepreneurship in India, driven to unethical behavior because of social,
2009 Developing Countries Pakistan economic conditions, and ignorance.
Bruton, Academy of Toward a Research India, review Researchers should continue to explore how informal
Ireland, & Management Agenda on the Informal Pakistan, firms make strategic decisions, manage their
Ketchen, Perspectives Economy U.K., Brazil, networks, and develop trust.
2012 Russia,
Tanzania,
China,
Philippines,
Mexico,
South
Africa, U.S.
Bruton, Journal of Business Entrepreneurship as a n/a review Entrepreneurial growth among the poor is a powerful
Ketchen, & Venturing solution to poverty means of poverty alleviation.
Ireland, 2013
Carter & Journal of Enterprise Culture: Zimbabwe qualitative-- Culture can influence entrepreneurial behavior in
Wilton, 2006 Enterprising Culture Necessary In Promoting interviews many ways. Jealousy, bad debt repayment, and a lack
Enterprise; Lessons of role models are problematic.
From Enterprise
Development In
Zimbabwe.
Chakrabarty Journal of Business Institutionalizing Ethics 58 countries quantitative-- Microfinance organizations that serve women and
& Bass, 2014 Ethics in Institutional Voids: secondary operate in contexts of poverty and discrimination are
Building Positive Ethical data from MIX more likely to have positive organizational ethics
Strength to Serve codes.
Women Microfinance
Borrowers in Negative
Contexts
Chakrabarty Journal of Business Comparing Virtue, 63 countries quantitative-- Different ethical orientations (virtue, deontology,
& Bass, 2015 Ethics Consequentialist, and secondary consequentialist) have different implications for risk-
Deontological Ethics- data from MIX taking as ventures grow.
Based Corporate Social
Responsibility:
Mitigating Microfinance
Risk in Institutional
Voids
Datta, & Entrepreneurship: Empowering Women India qualitative-- Cooperatives can lead to women's empowerment in 3
Gailey, 2012 Theory and Practice Through Social case study ways: by providing economic security, facilitating
Entrepreneurship entrepreneurial behavior, and increasing women's
contribution to the family.
De Castro, Strategic Shades Of Grey: How do Dominican qualitative-- Informal firms strategically navigate between
Khavul, & Entrepreneurship Informal Firms Navigate Republic interviews institutional contexts and engage in exchanges
Bruton, 2014 Journal Between Macro and between formal and informal firms, with implications
Meso Institutional for growth.
Environments?
Kent & Dacin, Journal of Business Bankers at the gate: Bangladesh theory When commercial metrics were used to legitimate the
2013 Venturing Microfinance and the field of microfinance, they became the central focus
high cost of borrowed for many organizations and influenced how these
logics ventures grew.
Khavul, Entrepreneurship: Informal family business Kenya and qualitative-- Family and community ties are particularly important
Bruton, & Theory and Practice in Africa Uganda case study for the growth of informal firms in Africa.
Wood, 2009
Kistruck, Journal of Business The double-edged sword Guatemala quantitative-- Formality can lead to increased access to resources,
Webb, Sutter, Venturing of legitimacy in base-of- survey but also can make the firm a target of criminal activity
& Bailey, the-pyramid markets in environments where gang activity is prevalent.
2015

Kistruck, Entrepreneurship: Microfranchising in Kenya, qualitative-- Many of the advantages of a franchising approach to
Webb, Sutter, Theory and Practice Base-of-the-Pyramid United case study growth in a developed context are less applicable to
& Ireland, Markets: Institutional States, micro-franchising in a developing country context.
2011 Challenges and India, Iran, Micro-franchises need to strategically act to overcome
Adaptations to the Guatemala institutional voids.
Franchise Model
Milanov, Journal of Business Making the most of Kenya quantitative-- Status matters within microfinance networks; men
Justo, & Venturing group relationships: The survey with the same networks outperform women.
Bradley, 2015 role of gender and However, this difference can be offset by other
boundary effects in characteristics such as women's experience or the
microcredit groups presence of a female loan officer.
Naudé, 2010 Small Business Entrepreneurship, Sub-Saharan introduction The fields of development economics and
Economics developing countries, Africa to special entrepreneurship have ignored each other. It is not
and issue obvious that entrepreneurship is a binding constraint
development economics to development, but it helps.
: new approaches and
insights.
Pless & Journal of Business In Pursuit of Dignity and India qualitative-- Gram Vikas employs a model designed to promote
Appel, 2012 Ethics Social Justice: Changing case study inclusion and change lives as the community
Lives Through 100 % collectively engages in water projects.
Inclusion-How Gram
Vikas Fosters
Sustainable Rural
Development
Smith, & Entrepreneurship Different types of social n/a theory Geography influences the scaling of social enterprise.
Stevens, and Regional entrepreneurship: The Social bricoleurs focus on local problems and are
2010 Development role of geography and deeply embedded locally. Social constructionists focus
embeddedness on the on finding and patching existing social problems. Social
measurement and engineers are likely to have the broadest geography as
 scaling of social value. well as the least embeddedness, allowing them to
scale.
Welter, Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Activity n/a theory Many of the big questions regarding informal
Smallbone & and Regional In The Informal economic activity (who does it, why do they do it, how
Pobol, 2015 Development Economy: A Missing will it develop over time) depend on the context of
Piece Of The where it occurs.
Entrepreneurship Jigsaw
Puzzle.
Zhao & Journal of Business An Institutional Logics 9 regions quantitative-- Institutional logics and the institutional context
Lounsbury, Venturing Approach to Social secondary influence the ability of microfinance organizations to
2016 Entrepreneurship: data from MIX access the funds they need for growth.
Market Logic, Religious and CGAP
Diversity, and Resource
Acquisition by
Microfinance
Organizations
Scott,Dolan, Entrepreneurship: Enterprise and South Africa Multi-method Pragmatist feminism holds that women can benefit
Johnstone- Theory and Practice Inequality: A Study of under capitalist systems and some forms of
Louis, Avon in South Africa entrepreneurship are empowering for women.
Sugden, &
Wu, 2013
Ahlin, Lin, & Journal of Where does 74 countries quantitative-- Stronger economies have stronger microfinance
Maio, 2011 Development microfinance flourish: secondary institutions in most cases. However, microfinance may
Economics Microfinance institution data from substitute for wage labor, so they don't do as well in
performance in World Bank terms of growth when jobs are abundant.
macroeconomic context

REVOLUTION – Opportunity Identification

IDENTIFICATION
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Calás, Academy of Extending The n/a theory Existing theory should be critiqued by exploring how
Smircich, Management Boundaries: Reframing gender is socially structured and maintained through
Bourne, 2009 Review "Entrepreneurship As ongoing relationships; scholars should ask how
Social Change" dominant paradigms of entrepreneurship reproduce
 the existing social order.
Colvin, Journal of Grounding South Africa ethnography Community based organizations seek to empower, but
Robins & Development 'Responsibilisation Talk': face difficulties in the context of HIV in South Africa.
Leavens, Studies Masculinities, Men feel stigmatized for many reasons - HIV takes
2010 Citizenship and HIV in away their primary male identity and breadwinners
Cape Town, South Africa and social supporters. They participate in a CBO but do
not volunteer because that is for women; they are
reluctant to receive handouts, and mostly, they just
want a job.
Dees, 2012 Journal of Business A Tale of Two Cultures: n/a theory Social entrepreneurship is a new approach that is
Ethics Charity, Problem often more desirable than charity as it solves problems
Solving, and the Future rather than benefitting the giver.
of Social
Entrepreneurship
Dolan & Journal of Remaking Africa’s Kenya qualitative While entrepreneurship is promoted as a way to push
Rajak, 2016 Development Informal Economies: inclusiveness and integration, it creates bright lines
Studies Youth, Entrepreneurship between the productive and unproductive and
and the Promise of involves culling the weak from the strong. In the end,
Inclusion at the Bottom much of the 'opportunity' is a mirage.
of the Pyramid.
Dorado, 2013 Organization Small Groups as Context Bolivia qualitative-- Small groups of people central in motivating and
Science for Institutional case study facilitating institutional entrepreneurship, leading to
Entrepreneurship: An new opportunities.
Exploration of the
Emergence of
Commercial
Microfinance in Bolivia
Kroeger & Academy of Developing a Conceptual n/a theory Social value creation can be measured through a
Weber, 2015 Management Framework for framework built on life satisfaction. This framework
Review Comparing Social Value allows for comparing social value creation across
Creation contexts and social problems.
Peredo & Academy of Toward a Theory of n/a theory Exisiting models of entrepreneurship don't really apply
Chrisman, Management Community-Based in poor or indigenous areas. More appropraite models
2006 Review Enterprise recognize the corporate nature of entrepreneurship in
such contexts.
Rindova, Academy of Entrepreneuring as n/a theory with Entrepreneuring involves bringing about new
Barry, & Management Emancipation examples economic, social, institutional, and cultural
Ketchen, Review environments.
2009
Zahra & Journal of Understanding the social n/a theory Entrepreneurship creates social value as
Wright, 2016 Management role of entrepreneurship entrepreneurs connect with a broader set of social
Studies actors and as they seek opportunities to improve
social welfare.

REVOLUTION – Opportunity Exploitation

EXPLOITATION
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Antinori & World Community forest Mexico qualitative-- Community firms generate a number of institutional
Bray, 2005 Development enterprises as case study arrangements which can facilitate opportunity
entrepreneurial Firms: exploitation.
Economic and
institutional perspectives
from Mexico
Banerjee & Human Relations Microfinance and the Bangladesh qualitative - While microfinance can provide capital necessary to
Jackson, 2016 business of poverty ethnography exploit opportunities, it can also damage social capital,
reduction: critical thus harming poor communities.
perspectives from rural
Bangladesh
Luke & Chu, International Small Social enterprise Vietnam qualitative-- Social enterprise differs from social entrepreneurship;
2013 Business Journal versus social entrepreneu case study while social enterprise focuses on social business,
rship: An examination of social entrepreneurship focuses on innovation.
the ‘why’ and ‘how’ in
pursuing social change.
Miller, Academy of Venturing For Others n/a theory Compassion helps drive individuals to start social
Grimes, Management With Heart And Head: ventures.
McMullen, Review How Compassion
Vogus, 2012 Encourages Social
Radhakrishna World "Low Profile" or India qualitative The discourse adopted by international microfinance
n, 2015 Development Entrepreneurial? Gender, offices, as well as on-the-ground staff may not meet
Class, and Cultural the needs of the actual clients, thus impeding the
Adaptation in the Global ability of microfinance to facilitate opportunity
Microfinance Industry exploitation.

REVOLUTION – Entrepreneurial Growth

GROWTH
Author Name Journal Article title Context* Method Key Findings
Andre & Journal of Business From Caring n/a theory Social entrepreneurs should deliberately instill ‘caring’
Pache, 2016 Ethics Entrepreneur to Caring into their ventures as they scale.
Enterprise: Addressing
the ethical challenges of
scaling up social
enterprise
Ansari, Journal of Impact at the ‘Bottom of developing theory The success of base-of-the-pyramid initiatives should
Munir, & Management the Pyramid’: The Role of countries be evaluated based on the extent to which they
Gregg, 2012 Studies Social Capital in enhance social capital with outside sources and
Capability Development preserve social capital within the community.
and Community
Empowerment
Battilana & Academy of Building sustainable Bolivia qualitative-- Hybrid ventures can manage their hybrid nature as
Dorado, 2010 Management hybrid organizations: The case study they grow if they create a common organizational
Journal case of commercial identity.
microfinance
organizations
Blowfield & Journal of Business Fairtrade Facts and Kenya qualitative-- The extent to which the involvement of business in
Dolan, 2010 Ethics Fancies: What Kenyan case study poverty is an effective means of poverty alleviation is
Fairtrade Tea Tells us still not well understood.
About Business' Role as
Development Agent
Dey & Journal of Business Rethinking the Space of n/a theory and Power, subjectivity, and practices of freedom should be
Steyaert, Ethics Ethics in Social examples incorporated into a better understanding of ethics in
2016 Entrepreneurship: social entrepreneurship.
Power, Subjectivity, and
 Practices of Freedom
Levy, 2008 Academy of Political Contestation In India, China theory The distribution of value among global production
Management Global Production networks involves not only economics, but also politics
Review Networks and power.
Shakya & Journal of The Politics of Subversion Nepal and qualitative - Women resist microfinance norms and rules in covert
Rankin, 2008 Development in Development Practice: Vietnam interviews and overt ways, such as lying and using loans for
Studies An Exploration forbidden things. They also get mad that microfinance
of Microfinance in Nepal technologies are not empowering, but often
and Vietnam demeaning. While they value the loans, they do not
necessarily want to be entrepreneurs. This is a critique
of microfinance as a neoliberal discourse.
Singer, 2006 Journal of Business Business Strategy and developing theory Businesses and entrepreneurs need a new mindset to
Ethics Poverty Alleviation countries alleviate poverty
Sud, Mukesh; Journal of Business Of Fair Markets and n/a theory Distributive justice and 'fairness' is a major concern
VanSandt, Ethics Distributive Justice that needs to be addressed. Fair markets require input
Craig, 2011 from civil society, institutions, and businesses and they
require enabling from globalization and technology.
Sud, Journal of Business Social Entrepreneurship: n/a theory Social entrepreneurship is next to impossible because
VanSandt & Ethics The Role of Institutions of a lack of legitimacy, isomorphism, moral, political
Baugous, and structural reasons. The only way to really be
2009 effective with social entrepreneurship is through
institutional change.

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