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    Unit 02

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    Nusrath Huzeifa

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    MECHANICAL MODIFICATION; Shallow Compaction Techniques ~ Deep compaction techniques - Blasting ~ Vibrocompaction - Dynamic tamping and compaction piles. : LEARNING OBvecTIVES \ To be able to understand the concepts related to, Shallow and Deep Compaction Techniques Blasting Vibrocompaction 9999 Dynamic tamping and compaction piles INTRODUCTION ‘Mechanical ground modification refers to soll densification by extemal forces. In mott proctical applications mechanical modification is synonymous with compaction. Compaction refers to densification of an unsaturated sell by @ reduction in the volume of voids filled with cir, while the volume of solids and woter content remain essential the same. This unit covers the concept of deep compaction techniques, blasting and vibrocompaction. It also includes the procedure of dynamic tamping and compaction piles. Principle of soil densification, Properties of compacted soll, ‘Compaction Control tests and their specifications ore also explaine: 2 (GE srEcTRUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS)” 12 sre QUES UNTUAYOERABAD GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHN (PARTA) stort questions WITH SOLUTIONS 3 1. What are the aims considered for the compaction of soll?” Answer : Aims of Compacting Soil ‘The main aim of compacting soil are, (Shear strength should be increased. Gi) Compressbilty ofthe soil should be reduced. (iil) Permeability ofthe soil should be reduced. (iv) Liquefaction potential over the soil should be reduced. (*) Shrinkage and swelling properties ofthe soil should be controlled and (i) Itshould have an adequate prolonged durability (vil) To enhance engineering properties. Q2. What are the steps (or) strategies adopted for optimizing densification process. Answer : : Steps for Optimizing Densification Process The various steps developed for optimizing the soil densification process are as follows, 1, For human construction fills, we must specify the placement location such as water content, density, depth of layers ete. Moe Papers ag 2." After the placement condition located, selecting appropriate equipments —> roller, tamping, vibro compaction. _, Method of compactor ~» patterns of tamping, number of phases etc. 3._Atllast adequate control procedures are set up for the type and number of tests, statistical evaluation ete. Q3. Define water content. Answer : Water Content : Water content is defined as the ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids in a specified mass of soil. It is generally expressed in terms of percentage. It is also known as moisture content. Mathematically, itis expressed as, %, 100 [%] W = G™ 100 76] ‘The natural water content of fine-grained soils possess high percentage of moisture when compared to coarse ~ grained. soil Q4. Write a short note on compactive effort. Answer : q The amount of energy applied to the soil in the process of compaction is called compactive effort. When the amount of ‘compaction increases, the maximum dry density increases and the optimum water content decreases. Ifthe optimum water content is less, then the influence of increased compaction is significant and if the optimum water content is more then the influence of increased compaction is not important and the volume of air voids become constant. ‘The compactive effort is imparted to the soil with the help of mechanical techniques. Q5. What do you mean by degree of compaction? Answer : Degree of Compaction Degree of compaction is the amount of soil solids packed in a unit volume ofthe soil. The degree of compaction is cal in terms of dry unit weight. When the water is poured inthe soil during compaction it acts as a softening agent. Due to which, soil particles forms in a densely packed position. After compaction, the dry unit weight increases due to increase in water GRR WARMING: xeroxmeteconring ot isosk is CRIMMAL ac. Anyone fund uty is UABLE to fae LEGAL pracndigs. 3955 Case! . ee. 1 moisture content (w= 0), then the moist unit weight is equal tothe dry unit weight. oT Yao My : case? : ‘The scightof soil solids increases as the higher moisture content and the same compactive effort is utilized for compaction. Atw =m, Y=h . The dry unit weight at this moisture content is given by equation. Yar 19) = Yaw) * A Yo Q6. Write a note on OMC and MDD Answer = omc , The water content correlated to maximum dry density is known as Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), This is also called as optimum water content, 5 MDD» > When the soil is compacted at varied moisture contents, a high density is obtained. dry density. Q7. Bring out the usefulness of compaction test in the laboratory in soil engineering practice. This density is known as maximum, Answer : A (Soil compaction is the process through which the particles of soil are rearranged artificially and closely packed with the help of mechanical techniques. Soil compaction decreases the porosity and increases the dry density of the soil (i) The compaction test is done, (@) To determine the relationship between moisture content and dry density of a soil (b) To evaluate the suitability of a soil (i) The main objective ofthese test is to achieve a guide ind basis of comparison during Bld compaction, {Gv) ‘The compaction tests used in the laboratory are as follows, (a). Standard proctor test ~ (6) Modified proctor test (©) Harvard miniature compaction test (@) Abbot compaction test (©) _Jodhpur-mini compactor test. Q8. What is meant by relative density? Answer : Relative Density It is defined as the ratio of the difference of maximum void ratio and natural void ratio of the soil to the difference of ‘maximum void ratio and the minimum void ratio of the soil GROUND IMPROVEMENT Tec! (@) “Tis given by the formula, max i8 maximum Void ratio of soil in the loose condition ” is minimum void rato of soln the dense condition es void rao (b) Relative density isthe most crucial index propery of a cliesioness sil (©) Engineering property of a cohesionless soil depend on its relative density. (4) _ Incomparison with void ratio, relative density provide better information about oe. set are different types of compaction? Explain them. Moda Papert ‘Types of Compaction “The compaction can b@ divided into two types. They are, (i) Shatlow surface compaction Gi) Deep surface compaction denseness of soil ‘Shallow Surface Compaction Shallow surface compaction is achieved either by static pressure (of) dynamic pressure which is caused by impact ( vibration 4 Therollers used for stafie pressure and the impact on the surface can be caused by various equipments are as follow < Static Rollers Tmpact (or) Vibratory Equipments 1 Smooth steel rollersand pneumatic tired rollers | _ Tamper, rammers and plate compactors 2. Sheep foot rollers Vibrating rollers : [3. Grid rollers Impact rollers. 10. Write about impact of using vibratory rollers for shallow compaction. Answer: May-16 (R13), a3 Impact of using vibratory rollers for shallow compaction are as follows, ‘The introduction of vibrational loads disturbs the particle arrangement so that the frictional resistance between th is overcome. Vibration rollers cause continuous ground vibration with the source energy equal to the dynamic weight and rol vibration amplitude. (iii) The energy at the location of vibration probe varies @ with change of soil density. Q11, What is compaction control? Answer : In field, Contpaction control has an essential feature of checking the water content with respect to optimum moisture cot and the field dry density with reference tothe laboratory maximum dry density obtained from a standard compaction test. E layer is checked for compaction control after its compaction. Q12. Name some shallow surface compaction control tests . 0) Gi) Answer Few shallow surface compaction control tests are a Field tests like determination of direct density and water content Hilf rapid method 3, Nuclear meter method WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying of this book is @ CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL vrocestigs. J Pee : is ‘Shallow penetratién tests. FF F i (i) Proctor penetrometer test (ii) Perth sand penetrometer 5, Plate bearing tests 6._Impact tests. ‘a13. Name some deep compaction contro! tests . Answer Few deep compaction control tests are mei 1, Déep Penetration Test : : To determine, : (Relative density, over burden pressure and standard penetration resistance. (ii) Relative density, over burden pressure and cone penetration resistance. _Compressibility estimates from penetration tests (i) From the result of standard penetration test (SPT) and modulus of soil. (i) From the parameters of stress and strain from cone penetration resistance. 3, Pressure Meter Test (@ Menard pressuremeter (i) Self broing, pressuremeter 4, Flat Dilatometer Test 5. Shear-wave Velocity Test 14, What is the production rate and how it is calculated in compaction equipments? Answer ¢ Model Papers a1) Production Rate ‘The production rate is also known as'compaction capacity. Production rate is defined as the percentage ratio of product of ‘dum width (B), roller speed (S), thickness of layer (T) and efficiency (E) to the number of passes of the roller needed to achieve required compaction. Its the most (or) best suitable compaction equipments that has to be selected and used in different operating conditions. :. The production rate can be given as, -BEST ,, EST x 100 Where, P_ Production rate, in m'/hour B — Drum width, m E ~ Efficiency S~ Speed of roller, kan/hr T* ~ Thickness of layer, m N_ —Number of passes. Here efficiency factor = 0.75 to 0.85 for all adjacent passes. (CT SPECTRUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) ;OVEMENT TECHNIQU! as GROUND IMPR ‘GIS. Why blasting Is common In cohesionless sols? Anower (This method proves to be economical when compared 10 other vibrations produced doesnot affect the surrounding areas Does not require any special equipment for densification Relative density ofthe sol obtained after densification is around 70-80%. ~ ‘Labour and cost of implementation required forthe process is quite Io¥. setae By Implemenlip basing technique soil can be compacted to greater depths 4 Qi6. What is bottom feed and top feed method of stone column? Anewer : Bottom Feed Method “The bottom feed method involves feeding stone aggregates through a tremie Pipe brofit. When the soil is highly collapsible and unstable, this method is prefered, On the other dependent on depth, boundary coiditions, and groundwater conditions me mg, sian wetns eps i TOT BCE Wher] 20m atleast. ee-19 R16), ‘and pressurized air along the vi- hand, the stability of holes is ‘Top Feed Method In the top feed method the stone aggregates are fed into the hole from the top. Under its own weight and compresses jetting, the probe is inserted into the ground and penetrated tothe target depth. However, water jetting is also done, esPes when the oil is unstable. Ths also helps in increasing the diameter of the stone columns and drains the fine materials out o holes. Figure: Top Feed Method Q17. Write the relative effectiveness of vibro compaction for different types of soils. Answer : acest Vibro Compaction For different types of soil, (qa rtn: creams yt s a CAMMA st ree guys ABLE ae LEAL proce Mine spoils | / Dumped fill Vibro Replacement For different types of sols, “Type of Soll ‘Sand and garbage Vibro Replacement “> Not applicable | Dumped i sits and lays + Good Mine spoils and silty sands —+ Excellent 19. Tabulate the typical compaction requirements of soll as filling material, used in different aspects? ‘The following table give the typical compaction requirements of soil as filling materia, SLNe jem Range of water content | Modified maximum dry wr optimum content | density in percentage 1 [Roads (@ Depth: 010 0.5 m 20 +2 90-105, Gil) Depth > 0.5 m -20+2 90-95 2 | Railway Embankments 20+2 95, 3 | Foundation of structures -2t0+2 9s 4 | Large dams =1to+2 95 5° | Small earth dams 1t0+3 90-95 6 | Lining of canals ~2t0+2 90 7_| Back fill (Retaining wall, trenches) 20 +2 90 G28. Write briefly about compaction piles in sands. Answer : Compaction Piles In this method, granular soils are densified by ‘nthe form of grid patter. This results in forming Sead depends upon the demander of pile and radi Soil to less than 15 percent. | Sas C fm May-18 (R13), a1(4) installing compaction piles. These piles are constructed at various locations ‘uniform deposit of soil which is densier than the original soil. Densification of ius of influence. Ideal results are achieved by controlling the silt content in the SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ili GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES (JNTU-HYDERAg, ‘G21. List out the functions of compaction ile, — : 5 : Way 17 9, Functions of Compaction Pile “ 1 : ‘SBC, ‘The main function of compaction pile is to compact the loose granular soils, thus increasing their Q ‘making the sol 2. Compaction piles directly transfer their self weight to the soil through the concept of skin friction, ‘ompa Properly. * es ibility decreases 3. By driving the compaction piles adjacent to each other, soil properties such as porosity and compressibility w make the soil fit for construction. Q22. Write the applications of dynamic tamping? Answer : es For answer refer Unit-I, Q47, Topic: Dynamic Compaction Q23. Why stiff clay has low compressibility? Answer : For answer refer Unit I, Q26, Topic: Compressibility Q24. How do you estimate density index of sand? Answer : Dee-19 R16), For answer refer Unit-Il, Q8, (Gq anwnc: esr toi ec mMna es Ay ay ABE er ca pct ee Model Paper -1, 4 Soil compaction is the Process thr n ou telp of mechanical techniques, 'gh which the particles of soil are rearranged artificially and closely packed with the Soil compaction decreases the porosity and increases the dry densi soil ‘Affecting the Compaction of Soi, Tater : ‘The factors affecting the compaction of soil are ag follo () Admixture a ‘ (i) Amount of compaction (iii) Compaction method (iv) Typeofsoit (W) Water content. () Admixture ‘Admixtures such as lime, cement and bitumen are ‘i copert : en are added to soil for improving its com . Th achiew density ofthe soil depends upon the type and amount of admixtures meat ope. The achieved dy (| Amount of Compaction When the amount of compaction increases, the maximum dry density increases and the optimum water content decreases. If the optimum water content is less, then the influence of increased compaction is significant and ifthe optirnum water content is more then the influence of increased compaction is not important andthe volume of air voids becomes constant If the compactive effort increases then the maximum dry density does not increases regularly and becomes very small. At final stage, there will be no rise in the dry density when the compactive effort increases further i). Compaction Method The'achieved dry density rely not only on the amount of compaction but also on the compaction method. The ‘kneading action, dynamic or static action of soil varies the dry density for same amount of compactive effort. ") Type of Soil” The achieved dry density also rely on the type of soil. Figure indicates the maximum dry density and the optimum water content for different soils. Well-graded sand Low-plastcity silt Low-plastcity clay High-plastcty clay Figure: Compaction Curves for Various Soils SEUEQUEGINN SPECTRUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS, o ~ GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) ‘The compaction of Coarse ~ grained soll results in higher dry density. When amall quantity of fines are added in coaryg, grained soils the soil chieves much higher dry density. To fil the voids ofthe coarse-grained solls, more quantity of fng, ‘are added. Due to which, the maximum dry density decreases. ~ ‘Type of Soil Dry Density | Water Optimum Content 1. Wellgraded sand High i 7 Cohesive soils Low High 3. | Heavy clays Very low ery high Water Content 1 the water content inthe soils low, then it provides more resistance to compaction. The soil particles get lubricated when there is an increase in water content. The dry dgnsity of the soil increases due to increase in the water content, This water content increases till the optimum, water content is achieved, ¢ ‘The dey density ofthe soil decreases andthe total voids increases when there is more increase in water content. By removing the air from the sil voids, the higher dry density is attained upto the optimum water content. After reaching the optimum water content, it will be difficult to take out air and to further decrease the air voids. 26. Explain in detail about the properties of compacted soll. Answer 1 Soil Structure (Structure of coarse-grained sols is always single-grained irrespective of increase in water content value of water content or void ratio, coarse-grained soils always exhibit single grained structure, Gi) Structure of the compacted composite soil rely upon fines and relative proportions of particles over than fines ‘Coarse particles). However, after compaction, structure of compacted composite soil can be either of cohesive matrix type or of grained skeleton type. Gii)_In case of clays (ie, cohesive soils), ifthe soils are compacted at dry of optimum (i, if water content < optimum ‘water content), then the soils wll exhibit flocculated structure. On the other hand ifthe soils are compacted at wet of ‘optimum (.e. Water content > optimum water content, the soils will exhibit dispersed structure. As the compaction effort increases, particle orientation also inereases resulting in higher values of dry density for any € 2. Permesbitity Void size is a key factor on which permeability of sil wll depénd. By compaction, dry density of soil increases, particle orientation increases and voids decrease. Du to decrease in voids, permeability of sol also decreases. ‘When compaction of fine grained soils is carried out at water content less than optimum water content (dry 6f optimum, permeability of sol is more when compared to fine grained soils compacted at water content more than optimum wate content (wet of optimum). : : Ifthe size of individual pores is more, permeability also will be more, for a given ratio of voids 3. Swelling Soils compacted at water content less than optimum moisture content (dry of optimum) exhibit more swelling when ‘compared to soils compacted wet of optimum. This is due to greater deficiency of water and high random particle orientation of soils compacted dry of optimum 4. Pore Water Pressure Pore. water pressure for the soils which are compacted at water content less than optimum moisture content is always Jess than the same soils which are compacted at water content more than optimum moisture content. This is due to less ‘moisture content of soils compacted dry of optimum. 5. Compressibility Soils compacted at water content more than optimum moisture content (ie. wet of optimum) are more compressible when compared to Soils compacted at water content less than optimum water content (i.e. dry of optimum). This is due to the flocculated structure exhibited by the soils compacted dry ofthe optimum. Hence pressure required will be more in ordet to develop parallel particle orientation and thus offering higher resistance towards compression when compared 1 soils compaicted vet side of optimum. ie ‘ ‘ UMaine: eaten ot isto cAMAMAL st: joe find py IBLE to feo LEGAL prongs wD \e QO} fie a - Tn addition to this, soil compressibility also depend upon factors like ‘of saturation % Tompaston 1 degree of saturation inreases, soil compressibility alo increases. If compaction method adopted is of impactor kneading type, more dispersed structure will be formed (ic. more compressibility). On the other hand, if large stresses are resulted due fo compaction, there will bean increase inthe compressibility of sol due o greater particle orientation and structure reakdown, > voltae Shrinkage ponding lt whichar compacta water cote estan opti se sot wl ei esha when compared © sols which ae compacted water content more than optimum more content. This Decne the eheoia aet of optimum possess dispersed structure in which jentaton is parallel and hence results in efficient packing, leading to more shrinkage 2 article ori parall Relation Between Stress and Strain tcompaction of soils carried out at water content less than optimum water content (ie: dry of optimum), sleep sress- strain curve is obtained. Due to this, soils compacted dry of optimum exhibit greater values of modulus of elasticity. Hence the failure of above type of soils is brittle, Example are over-consolidated clays or dense sands. 1 ‘On the other hand, soils which are compacted at water content more than optimum, water content'will exhibit flatter stress- strain curve, Hence elasticity modulus will be less for the above type of soils and the type of failure is plastic ‘Shear Strength Hs Generally, for any given water content, as the effort of compaction increases, shear strength of soil also increases until the point of critical degree of saturation is obtained. If compactive effort is further increased, shear strength decreases. However shear strength of compacted soil will depend on several factors. They are (Type of soil ( Gil) Conditions of drainage Moulded water content of soit (@¥)_ Compaction method adopted In case of clays and silts (cohesive soils) strength of soils compacted at water content less than optimum water content is ‘more when compared to soils compacted at water content more than optimum water content, at lesser strains, However, at higher strains, strength will be approximately same for soils compacted either dry of optimum or wet of optimum. In case of earth dams, in order to resist greater settlements, cores of clay are generally compacted at water content more than ‘optimum water content: @27. How is compaction control achieved in the field? : Answer : ‘The results obtained through laboratory tests are with respect to the ideal conditions which doesn’t match;with field sinations. Thus, there is a need to ensure the soil properties in the field, in order to achieve required degree of compaction. field (Qi srectRUM ALL ‘Therefore, the compaction control is achieved by verifying the unit weight and the moisture content of the comparted soil To find the unit weight (or) dry density of compacted soil, the tests preferred shauld be quick and accurate. Thus, the ‘most common methods used are core-cutter method and sand replacement method. To find the moisture content of field compacted soil, proctor needle is used over the oven drying method. This is ‘because, though oven drying method gives accurate results, itrequires 24 hours while, using proctor needle the results ‘obtained are quick with accuracy. v t & There are also few non-destructive methods called nuclear methods are available to find dry density and moisture content. © These methods are very convenient to perform but are rarely preferred: ‘Thus, this is how a compaction control is achieved in the field. NE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS i SUNN ‘ GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAp 2a Fe cai GRIST Wd Toap COTRPACONT Dlaciise the canwe when deep compaction technique sg {for soll modification. Answer fi Dec. R10, ‘Shallow Compaction Deep Compaction 1. visa process, where compaction done at ground Ttis an inst process where an existing subsurface layers surface ic, at shallow depths, in layers. of soil are compacted. in Anorizontally rotating vibrator is used in deep ‘A vertically oscillating vibrator is used in shallow ‘compaction: Deep compaction is also done by using deep dynamic compaction, blasting, vibro-compaction, compaction ‘grouting methods. ‘This type of compaction has wide radial influence compaction. 3. | shatiow compaction is also done by rollers (or) tampers, applying impact loads, static load3, and vibrations (or) soil kneading. This type of compaction has less radial infivence distance compared to deep compaction: r 5. | thas relatively less uniform volume change distance. Tthas large uniform volume change compared to shallow ‘compaction. A Suitable for coarse grained soils. 6, | Mostly suitable for fine-grained soil. Deep Compaction Techniques ‘The various techniques applied on the densification of deep soil deposits are as follows, 1. \ Precompression : In this technique, the site is pre-loaded (or) precompressed by the application of surcharge load on the surface in an arn of boreholes, causing a ground to consolidate. This technique is adopted mostly for cohesive soils. 2... Explosion Explosivés are also denoted on the soil surface, when denser arrangement of particles are developed in an array of borehol It causes a loose soil structure to collapse. 3. Heavy Tamping In heavy tamping, large quantity of mass is dropped on the ground surface that causes compaction on the ground surf ‘and longterm consolidation is obtained on the soil (i., ground surface). Heavy tamping is also known as the dynamic consolidation, 4.) Vibration ‘Soil densification is obtained by vibration of piles on the ground surface. 5. Compaction Grouting ‘This type of grouting is applied to very stiff mortar, say 25 mm slump mortar. 4 The 25 mm slump/stiff mortar is injected to loose sand, where there is a possibilty to form a grout bulb, © The grout bulb makes the surrounding ground soil dense and displaces without any penetration into soil pores What is “moisture content”? What are the methods used for determining moisture content in soil samp Explain “oven-drying method” in detail. : Answer : Moisture Content Moisture content is defined asthe ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solids (soil). Itis generally represent as percentage. If “W7,’ represents the weight of water and “W,’ represents the weight of soil, then the moisture content ‘w’ expressed as follows, (G]qMML annua: xeoxerereconyn ois oo is cAIMINAL at. Anyone found git is LABLEt face LEGAL proceeds. il 29. sys 2 20 Where, 1” — Total weight of soil The moisture content in a soi 4 hein satiy of foundation and Carheri! Mffects its strength and silty. It is used forthe determination of consistency limit and The methods used for determinin 1g the thoisture content 7 (@) Oven-drying method fee eee (©) Pycnometer.method (©) Rapid moisture tester method. Oven-drying Method ‘The Proce of deeming the moisture content in a soil by oven-drying method is as follows, 1 oeonderceoncd waa satgh Al leaned. The wight ofthe container wt ids ake and ote down Letitbe W,". is then determined. Lat it om of moist soil is filled into the container. The weight of container with soil and lid 5. The fd of te comainer is removed again and the container is placed in an oven which is maintained ata temperature ranging ‘een 105 - 110°C. The container is taken out after a duration of 24 hours and is subjected to cooling process ina desiccator, The lid is placed again and the weight of container with dry soil is taken. Let this weight be ‘;' O} Now, . Weight of dry soil, W, = WY, — W, Weight of water, W, = W, — W, Weight of water Water content, W = «100 Weight of dry soil a=W) 1 nm) “1° w=%s.100 : We Q30, Explain the “Pycnometer method” of determining the moisture content in a soil sample. Answer : Pyenometer Method Pycnometer method is generally applied to coarse-grained soils. The specific. gravity of soils should be obtained before this method is carried out. The procedure of determining the moisture content is as follows, ‘An empty pycnometer is taken and its weight (with cap) is determined, Let this weight be “M7,” ‘The pyenometer is then filled with soi sample toa depth nearly equal to 1/3 to 1/4* of ts total depth. The weigh of pycnometer with soil is calculated, Let this weight be ‘W," “The remaining depth of the pycnometer is filled with water. The water should be poured gradually with stiring by means of glass rod. The exterior surface of pycnometer is dried using 2 cloth and it is weighed again. Let this weight be “W," the pyenometer are thrown out and itis cleaned thoroughly. It is then filled with water for its full depth 1 2 The contents in and weighed. Let *#,’ be the magnitude of this weight Now, W,= WW, +h, SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS | Fil : if GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) Where, ¥, ~Volume of solids = W, — Weight of solids . Weight of water, We=(%-W)- Moisture content, | Weight of water Weight of soil Q31. Define insitu density. Explain the “sand replacement method” for determination of insitu density of soll. Answer : Insitu Density The unit weight or density of soil in its undisturbed condition is known as “insitu density”. The insitu density of soil is determined for soils in borrow-pits. This is due to the reason that this soil is employed for filling the embankments and hence the amount of compaction to be done should be known, Sand Replacement Method ‘ The determination of insitu density by sand replacement method involves two main procedures, (i) Calibration of cylinder (ii) Actual measurement of insitu density WARNING: Xerox?Photcopying of this bok is «CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guity is LIABLE to face LEGAL procesdngs. ND UNIT-2 Mechanical Modification es rat OW 2s Calor at68 6 idee see nrmcest St calibration involves the determination of weight of sand and the bulk unit weight of sand tobe filled in ‘ytinder. The procedure of calibration is as follows, ‘The cylinder is initially filled 1 " ty filled with sand of ‘with sand filled in itis desermined snd noted set ‘i a level very near to its top. The weight of cylinder 2 a of the cylinder is opened and the sand is allowed to run out. When the sand stops falling from teri, Shutter is closed and the cylinders weighed. Let this weight be “W," 3 Fra er ee ie placed over the calibrating container vith it axis coinciding with the axis ofthe container. The bottom bottom should coincide with the top surface of the container & pe tenant borer of cylinder (above the cone) is opened and both the container and the conical portion of cylinder are the cylinder i eench, After the container and the conical portion is filled completely with sand, the shutter is closed ond the cy! s weighed (with remaining sand). Let this weight be “IF,” Z Now, weight of sand in conical portion, WW, —W, Weight of sand in conical portion and the calibrating container, 7, = Wk — W, ‘Weight of sand in calibrating container, We= WoW, 1, -) HW -2W,-,-w, Let ¥,,.~ Volume of calibrating container i ‘Then, unit weight of sand, W, =e Ye V. (W) Actual Measurement of Insitu Density The procedure of measuring the insitu density of soi at sight is given as follows: J, The site from where the sand is to be collected is cleaned and levelled thoroughly.’A hole of about 10 cm in diameter is then drilled for a length approximately equal to the length of the calibrating cytinder. The soil taken out from this hole is weighed. Let the weight of soil be “W” 2, Thecylinder is filled with sand to a length of about 3/4 th of its length and is placed on the hole concentrically. The shutter At the cylinder’s base is opened and the sand is allowed to fall into the hole. The shutter is closed after the hole is completely filled with sand, Let "W," be the weight of cylinder initially (with sand) and °W,” be the weight of cylinder after the hole is filled. Now, weight of sand in test hole and conical portion, W’, = Weight of sand in test hole, Mo = Mh = (WW) (MW) Mo vs Volume of hole, ¥ = >> % Insitu unit weight, en ry Q32. Discuss the core cutter method of determining the insitu density of soil. Answer Core Cutter Method ' “The core cutter method is recommended to calculate the insitu density of soft cohesive soils. It is unsuitable for sandy soils, stiff clays and soils containing gravel particles. (© SPECTRUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS© 58 ‘The core cutter isa cylindrical shape container having a length of 12.5 cm and a diameter of 10 cm. The core cuter sharpened to a height of about 1 cm at its bottom. The dolly is also cylindrical shaped and has a height of 2.5 cm. It fis on. top of the core cutter. The ramnier is made up of metal and has a diameter of 14.cm and it is used for ramming the soil, _ Procedure : ‘The procedure of determining the insitu density of this method is as follows: ‘The core cutter is weighed and its empty weight is noted as “W,”. ‘The dolly is fitted to its top and the assembly is pushed into the soil with the help of metal rammer. After the dolly and the soil surface get in level with each other, the ramming is stopped and the soil around the cutter ig taken out. ’ 4. The cutter with dolly is then removed from the soil and the extra soil over both the top and bottom of the cutter is trimmed, The weight of core cutter with soil is then calculated and noted as" W,” 2 Weight of soil, W/= i, - ‘Volume of soil = Internal volume of cuter -y : he Weight of soil ¥* Volume of soil Ww Insitu density, Q33. Explain proctors penetrometer test with neat sketch. Answer : Proctor Needle (or) Penetrometer Test The proctor needle méthod is mostly used in the field. It consists of inter changeable needle tip attached to a spring loaded plunger with graduated needle shank, The needle is fixed with a tip of known cross-sectional area so that maximum penetration resistance can be measured during the test. The force of penetration is calculated by load gauge attached to the handle. Thus, the calibration curve is plotted between the penetration resistance as ordinate and water content as abscissa. The proctor needle is forced into the compacted: layer and penetration resistance is recorded. Calivation Sea OSS LJ oie’ Sine Rin Handle Figure: Proctor Needle — Water Content Figure: Calibration Curve te Proctor needle is used to determine the unit weight and moisture content of a soil sammpfe om the field.” GLE WARING: xerxPhercopyg of his books « CRIMINAL et. Anyone ound pty s LABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. SD Uyyit-2! Mochenicel Modification P er and tamtecnee 18:1886 Including the analysie of G4 eta and Its limitations. UP 8" Procedure of plate load test as por anower * pute Lond Test ‘ Te plate ond tet i fel test to estimate the allowable bearing pressure of soil To conduct a plate load test, pit of size sap» 5 bp where ‘bp’ isthe size of the plate is excavated upto a depth of foundation (d). The plate is either circular or square, of mild steel of not less than 25 ‘mm in thickness and varying in size from 300 to 600 mm are employed for the test. The Taare hole ofthe size bp * bp is excavated inthe pt "s procedure Asuitable size ofthe plate is selected forthe test and the plate is placed in the central hole. The load is applied on the plate ty meahs of hydraulic jack. The reaction of jack is provided by a cross beam orate! truss at both the ends as shown in figure. A sesting load of about 7000 N/m? is frst applied and released after few minutes. The load festimated safe load and settlements are recorded by mo taken until the rate of settlement is less than 0.25 mm per h 1 of the dial guages. Observations on every load increment shall be our, ‘The test is conducted until failure or atleast until the sett bout in of th reading is taken as the settlement of plate for the applied load. sila Blah eardrum Test plate Figure (1): Plate Load Tost Analysis of Data ‘Test data of the plate load testis plotted as load intensity Vs settlement on the log-log plot as shown in figuie (2). The ultimate load for the plate g{?? is indicated by a dotted line between "q’ and settlement, The ultimate load is obtained by intersection- fangent method, CN sPecrAUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS))\llflllllll il is then applied in increment of one-fifth . GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAQ) Load (ein?) 4u(P) 4 . Limitation of Plate Load Test The following are the plate load test limitations, 1, Time Effect : Its essentially a short duration test of short duration. For cohesive sil it daes not give the ultimate setiement- 2." Size Effect Fora clay soils the ultimaté pressure fora large foundation is the same as that forthe test plate, hence the plate does not represent the actual conditions ifthe soil is isentropic and not homogenous. 3. Reaction Load ‘The load cannot exceed more than 250 kN on trusses, hence the plate of size larger than 0.6 m width is difficult 4. Water Table : ‘The plate load test should be performed at the water table level, if itis above the level of footingrit has to be lowered by pumping before performing tet. Since the level of water table affects the ultimate bearing capacity of sandy soils. 5. Interpretation of Failure Load . ‘An error of personal interpretation may be involved with other type of failure, Q35. Explain in detail about the standard penetration test (SPT). Answer : f Standard Penetration Test ‘Standard penetration testis an in-situ test widely used in India and many other countries. This test is applied for calculating the relative density and angle of shearing resistance of cohesionless soils. Procedure ‘Standard penetration test is carried in a borehole with the help of standard split-spoon sampler Sampler Head gr yneacn SPltSPOOR Drive Show pisbesnaly Sele Foe Sol Figure: Standard Split Spoon Sampler With the help of drilling tool, the borehole has been drilled to a suitable depth and then the split spoon sampler is taken down and ntsted at the base of the bore hole. Now, the sampler is driven into the soil by falling a drop hammer of 63.5 kg mass at a height of 750 mm at arate of 30 blows/minute. The number of hammer blows needed for driving 150 mm of the sampler is recorded. ‘The number of hammer blows are again recorded by driving 150 mm of the sampler and once again the number of blows are recorded by driving 150 mm of the samples. The blows recorded for the first time is ignored and the last two recorded blows are taken into consideration, giving the standard penetration number (¥). + 6: naeuPetocopyig of hs ook is a CRIMINAL at. yon found uli LABLEt face LEGAL proceedings. UD) TT nat 2 Mechanical Modification, The standard penetration test is stopped ifthe Correction ‘The two types of corrections, applied to the ’ Sa : © standard penetration test values (ie, N) areas follows, ‘number of blows for 150 mm drive goes beyond 50. ~ Corrected penetration number, 1 Nem 15+ 5 (N_—15) | Where, Ny ~ Recorded penetration number WNS 15, * Corrected penetration number, No=Np Overburden Pressure Correction 350 N= Nex "Gy +70 if Gy S 280 kN/m? Where, Nj, — Observed penetration number 1G, ~ Effective overburden pressure in kN/m? According to Bazaraa, 4Ng = . co Te 0.01, * So $75KPa 4Ng if 6) > 75 KPa I According to Peck, Hanson and Thomburn, 2000 serait ™ e N, ).77 tog, 036. Describe the procedure for conducting the static cone penetration test and state its use. Answer : Procedure for Conducting the Static Cone Penetration Test 1. In the cone penetrometer, the cone is attached with sounding rods and these rods are preserved by mantle tubes. 2. With the aid of hydraulic pumping unit and ram, the assembly of sounding rod and mantle tube is inserted into the soil. QM sPEcTRUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) NN NENT a0. GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAD} 3. In this test, the cone Is first forced into the soil, then the cone and the friction jacket assemble together pushed, and finaly the entire assembly upto particular depth is penetrated. 4. The resistance is noted down in initial stages which is limited upto the design capacity. 5. Frictional resistance of soil and the data of end bearing is recorded by noting down the reading for every 20 cm of penetration, 6. © The result obtained from this test are in relation with the bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundation and piles, 1 ‘The experience of pushing the cone and the anchorage system in gravels and very dense sands is very difficult, due ty Which the static cone penetration testis unsuitable in these sands. 8. The uty ofthe test is increased withthe correlation of static cone resistance and the °N” vals attained from standarg penetration test. ‘The consistency of soil is evaluated by using the static cone penetrometer. 2, Itisalso used to determine the level of compaction and the bearing capacity of shallow foundation and pavement subgrades, 3. It is used for fine grained soils, 4, __ Incase of soft soils, a cone of 60° inclination and an area of 1.5 cm? penetrometer is used. . 5.__ For extremely soft soils, an optional cone having an area of 3 cm? is used. 937. Explain in detail the test set up and procedure of “pressure meter test” including the analysis of data and its suitability. Answer : - Set up of Pressure Meter Test. : ‘The Menard instrument of pressure meter comprises of three independent chamber one above the other, with enlarge use: ‘membranes. Carried by steel discs at top and bottom chamber, and at Middle chamber a rigid hallow tube is placed. The tof ‘and bottom chamber acts as a guard cells and protect the middle chamber from end product developed due to finite length of th apparatus. This middle chamber along with the end cells are known as probe. Therefore pressure Meter involves three parts the are (1) probe (2) contro! unit and (3) tubing. The control unit and tubing is the guard cell acting aboVe and below the probe. In menard pressure test, probe is positioned below the ground by drilling a hole with a suitable drilling rig. The diamete of bore hole should satisfy the condition that it should be in the range of 1.03 D, Well graded sand, grave! soil is ‘muxtures, asphalt ‘Smooth wheel i roller either static Typical —» Used in running or vibrating application - surface, based coarse Least suitable > Uniform'sand 7 soil 2Equipment Most suitable > Coarse grained . soil is soils with some fineness a Typical —» Road and airfield ee application ‘sub grade Least suitable > Coarse, uniform soil and cohesionless soils (QA srPecTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS 32 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES (JNTU-HYDERABAD) Equipment : a Application —> Sub grade and sub base Grid roller Most suitable > Weathered rock, soil well graded coarse soils Least suitable —> Clays, silty clays soils Q39. Explain the suitability and applications of different equipments adopted in sheepsfoot rollers. Fine grained soil ‘Soir with > 20% fineness Typical Used in dams, Statics roller ypral > embankments and sub application grade hyers of highways and airfields Least suitable —> ‘Clean coarse soils grained soils Equipment-2 Most suitable —> Fine grained soil soil with > 20% fineness and sand gravel mixtures Vibrating rollers Typical —>' Sub grade ayers application Least suitable —> - __ Soils Equipment-3 Most suitable —> Coarsed grained soil soil with fineness in between 4 — 8% Vibrating plate — Typical —> "Small patches rollers applications Least stitable > Cohesive soils soils (Qu watns xoeemecsrig ta NAL hyn rd ty ABE LCA prc Most suitable —> Saturated soil ‘soil ‘with moist condition ‘Vibrating impact ‘Application —> subgrade works Least sutable > _Dry sos and ‘oils ‘cobesioniess sci Ga, What Is compaction control? Discuss any one of the approaches of in-situ compaction control pvower ¢ . Dec. 19 6), 040) For answer refer Unit-ll, Q11 and Q27, (if. Discuss in detail the factors.affecting shallow compaction. : aswer . Dec.-19 (R16), Q5(b) For answer refer Unit-I, Q25 : Q42, Describe the method of densification by Blasting? Explain its effectiveness. May-17, (R13), 5 OR Write about blasting technique for densification of granular soils. neers . Apeil-18 (R13), C14) Importance of Blasting The densification of soil can be carried out to a great depth @ Series of explosions can be taken at place at a short period of time Mreedure of Blasting In this method, explosives are kept at certain depth in the soil and then itis made to explode. Figure: Installation of Explosives PECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS jill NTN 34 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES (JNTU-HYDERABAD, in ind and 4} leciric exploser are covered in a water proof materia I Hee carer eer garetts var is beckilled with sand in order to gain the full force ofthe blast electrical circuit is then closed to fire the explosive, A series op such explosions are made condecutively, The settlements are measured by taking the levels or from serew plates fixed at ceri depth below the ground surface. Usually explosives are arranged in a horizontal grid. The spacing between the charges should jy more than 3 m and it depends on the depth of stratum size and overlapping of charges. When exploded, the upper layers are ley, densified than the inner layers. ‘ ‘Weight of the charge, W= 164 RC Where, R — Radius of influence (m) C~ Coefficient (0.025 for 60% explosives). Q43. Explain about the vibro compaction and vibro replacement at certain depth and its impact on the groung surface. Answer : Vibro Compaction ‘Vibro compaction is also called vibro flotation. In this the vibrating unit is inserted to a certain depth and then it is vibrate horizontally. ’ — These vibro compaction is successful in case of loose sand soil with the original standard penetration test value; about 5 to 10 at the surface. ‘The vibro compaction is not applicable to the clays. ‘The relative density upto 85% is achieved, 4 The machine that is adopted for vibrating the ground surface should have the following characteristics. (Output of motor P—Power = 35 — 120 K watts (35 — 120 K watts Supply of granule soil ‘materal Backfil sand Water spy 4 v , v Cobesionless ils spi Cohosh . C cr Figure (1): Vibro Compaction, GEIL WARNING: xeroxProrocopviog ‘of this book is @ CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings. 3 tee eee Vibro Replacement : t value in the range of about 20 to 60 kPa. e * * 2. Compaction and Depth of penetrition, D ~ Can be taken upto 35 m ‘otal depth per day, d= 200 ~ 500 m surface of soil The above three figures of (1) (a,b,c) show how the vibro coinpaction is done on the soil/round surface. ‘Vibro compaction is less hazardous in structural and personnel safety point of view. Vibro replacement method is used to improve the sil condition of cohesive soils. Efficiency is improved by stone columns. In the vibro replacement method, it reduces liquefaction potential ‘The materials are compacted by the penetration of vibrator and is withdrawn after reaching the required depth of resulting q cavity and is generally filled with ‘stones/gravels. The vibro replacement method is the most effective method adopted in cohesive soils with an undrained shear strength In the vibro replacement it has various stabilizing agents that are used as a compaction grouting. The steps involved in vibro replacement are, | 1, Boring the hole 3. Fully compacted zone and result is obtained. “The three ‘steps are as shown in figure (2) (a, b, c). Bearing stratum {0} Boring the Hole (QRH srPcTAUM ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) “Sill MLN) GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABAD Crane Backfill sand (0) Compaction Crane Backfill sand {c) Result Fully Compacted Figure (2: Vibro-Replacement « Q44, Describe the vibrofiotation technique of densifying granular soil. uy-14, (RO), OR : How can you densify cohesion less soil with the help of vibro compaction technique? Answer : ay 47 (R19. Vibrofiotation It is an organised technique for densifying insitu non-cohesive soils with simultaneous vibration and saturation. Th equipment consists of a vibroflot probe, accompanying power supply, water pump, crane and front-end loader. A vibroflot pro inchudes cylindrical penetrator of 2 m in length and 400 mm in diameter having eccentric weight in the cylinder which develo ‘horizontal centrifugal force of about 100 KN at 1800 rpm. A typical vibroflot is formed consisting of a lower part and an Upp part. The lower part is the horizontal vibrating unit which is connected to the upper part of the follow up pipe. The vibroflot pret is freely suspended from a crane. Gq Warnes: xerxmereconyng te bots IMNNAL at: Anyone Fund git is UABLE a face LEGAL procndngs. B o' Wateris pumped at a faster rate to create a momentary quick condition below the jet. This allows the vibrofiot 10 settle because ofits own weight and vibration, 7 —— (The pressure is reduced and the water is switched from bottom to top jets to permit water to return to the surface. This facilitates continuous feed of backfill by eliminating any arching of backfill material. CQ sPecraum ALL.IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SunOS ENED x GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES [JNTU-HYDERABA wey ain the surface. Tnitially, the vibr @K Ti Takes place and the vibroflot returns to, operates a the teen of cater devatoing he proceso highly compact fm The ea depth of the soil compacted j ‘hard core by raising the vibrator step by step and backfilling with sand. ‘G45. Explain the impact at ground surface method of densifying granular soll ' F {y-14, (ROO), 0340) | Model Papen, ‘The method adopted to densify the granular soil by impact is known as “Heavy Tamping”. This method is also known Dynamic compaction or Dynamic consolidation. erg inthis method, the soil is compacted by dropping the heavy weight of 400 kN freely on the ground surface from a hi Of 15 to 40 m. This produces impact on the ground. The technique utilized in this methods is the vibration and shock caused due to the impact of heavy weight. The soil g ‘dense due to displacement of grains. The tamping is repeated over the areas that are required to be stabilized. The impact energy causes liquefaction in the case of non-cohesive soils. This is followed by settlement as water dri The various types of soils have been successfully treated by this method. It can also be applied to density soils above and bel the water ble. The expressions for the range of effective depth in terms of impact energy is given by Dobson and Slocombe 1.26/Wh

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