Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FACULTY OF LETTERS
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION, INTERPRETATION AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS
PRACTICUM
TRANSLATION OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL TEXTS FROM ENGLISH INTO
ROMANIAN
However, these lapses can sometimes be symptomatic of mild cognitive impairment (MCI),
which itself can be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease.
Since it’s considered normal by many – including some doctors – people who have MCI don’t
always know it and miss out on taking preventative measures or getting treated, according to two
new studies published in parallel by researchers at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and
Sciences in Los Angeles.
In one studyTrusted Source, researchers looked at data from 40 million Medicare beneficiaries,
65 years and older, and compared the proportion diagnosed with MCI with the rate expected in
this age group. They reported that fewer than 8% of expected cases were actually diagnosed.
That means that of the 8 million individuals predicted to have MCI based on their demographic
profile – which includes age and gender – more than 7 million went undiagnosed.
This study is meant to raise awareness of the problem,” said Soeren Mattke, director of the Brain
Health Observatory at USC Dornsife’s Center for Economic and Social Research, which led the
investigations, in a statement.
“We want to say ‘Pay attention to early changes in cognition and tell your doctor about them.
Ask for an evaluation.’ We want to reach physicians to say, ‘There’s a measurable difference
between aging and pathologic cognitive decline and detecting the latter early might identify
those patients who would benefit from recently approved Alzheimer’s treatments,” he added.
Borson, who was not involved in the studies, said forgetfulness is the most familiar form of MCI.
Another is an executive form, which mainly affects efficiency in getting things done and
difficulty with tasks that used to be easier, such as paying bills. There’s also a behavioral form,
in which mild changes in personality may predominate. The various forms often coexist.
Other symptoms can include trouble remembering events and problems completing tasks.
The researchers said it’s important to understand MCI is a level of cognitive functioning and not
a specific disease state. Recent advances in the treatment of the most common cause of MCI —
Alzheimer’s disease — lends new urgency to improving detection of MCI, they said
Researchers said there are several reasons MCI might be so widely underdiagnosed in the United
States. A person may not be aware of or bring up their concern. In addition, a physician might
not notice subtle signs of difficulty. Or, a clinician might notice but not correctly enter the
diagnostic code in a patient’s medical record.
Researchers also said time may not be set aside during a clinical visit to discuss or assess brain
health unless the visit was planned to include it.
Mattke said risk-based MCI detection, which focuses attention on people at greater risk, would
help identify more cases because time and resources could be focused on those people. Digital
tests administered before a medical visit could also aid in detection efforts.
Early treatment is vital because the brain is limited in its ability to recover. Lost brain cells don’t
grow back and damage can’t be repaired, researchers noted.
“For MCI caused by Alzheimer’s disease, the earlier you treat the better your outcomes,” Mattke
said. “This means even though the disease may be slowly progressing, every day counts.”
Dr. David Merrill, a geriatric psychiatrist and the director of the Pacific Neuroscience Institute’s
Pacific Brain Health Center in California who was not involved in the study, told Medical News
Today he found it surprising that 99% of primary care doctors under-diagnose MCI.
Merrill said doctors underestimating what can be done makes patients vulnerable to putting off
addressing suboptimal health risk factors or making lifestyle changes and not seeking treatments
until it’s too late.
“Once dementia is diagnosed, many of the brain cells in critical areas for memory formation are
already dead,” Merrill said. “Treatment is best started as early as possible, before irreversible
loss of brain cells.
“On average, family members notice the first symptoms of cognitive change two years before the
first health professional consultation regarding the cognitive decline,” Bennett said. “This
statistic highlights the importance of regular cognitive screening for older adults and seeking
input from loved ones whenever possible.”
Bennett said people who believe they may have MCI should invite loved ones to share feedback
with care providers if they note any declines in cognitive functioning.
“Seek out annual cognitive screening from the age of 55 on (and) talk openly with your primary
care provider about any cognitive concerns and request regular cognitive assessments,” Bennett
said.
Dennis Fortier is the president of Embic Corporation, which has sold cognitive evaluation
technology for more than 20 years. He told Medical News Today his company has confronted
this problem constantly.
“MCI is very similar in outward appearance to subtle declines that occur naturally as we age,”
said Fortier, who was not involved in the studies. “The difficulty in distinguishing between the
two means that the ‘wait and see’ approach is often adopted and the opportunity to intervene
against emerging conditions is often lost. Historically, identifying underlying conditions that
might be impairing cognition was an invasive and/or expensive proposition but non-invasive
digital technologies offer pragmatic solutions.”
Fortier said “the other side of this coin” is older adults have become hyper-sensitive to the
prospect of cognitive conditions.
“They are increasingly entering the healthcare system and demanding evaluation when they
notice shorter working memory or slower processing speed, but are still cognitively normal for
their age,” Fortier said. “For this reason, it is equally important for the healthcare system to
identify ‘normal aging’ without overburdening healthcare resources.”
Merrill added that doctors are getting closer to finding ways of identifying reversible causes of
memory loss early on in the process.
“We find that many patients have chronic low-level inflammation, insulin resistance, nutritional
deficiencies, or elevated levels of various toxins,” he said. “Though the work is not done by any
means, our studies to date support the idea that improving overall health serves to preserve and
protect brain function with aging.”
Merrill said examples of significant modifiable risk factors for dementia include poor diet
quality, low physical exercise levels, hearing loss or uncorrected vision changes, exposure to
toxins or pollution, and high levels of chronic stress.
“Even without clinical tests or doctor visits, there’s so much we can start working on today to
improve the brain health of ourselves and our loved ones,” he said. “It’s never too early, or too
late, to start working on your brain health – every day is the right day to start.”
MAJORITATEA OAMENILOR NU SUNT CONȘTIENȚI CĂ SUFERĂ DE
DETERIORARE COGNITIVĂ UȘOARĂ
Simptome comune:
Tendința ușoară de a uita este în mare parte considerată de mulți oameni, precum și de medici, ca
fiind parte normală a procesului de îmbătrânire.
Cu toate acestea, experții spun că tendința ușoară de a uita poate fi și un simptom al deteriorării
cognitive ușoare. Acesta poate fi un semn timpuriu al bolii Alzheimer.
Ei afirmă că oamenii ar trebui să întrebe în mod specific medicii despre tendinșa excesivă de a
uita, astfel aceștia ar putea minimaliza problema.
Micile scăpări de memorie, cotidiene, cum ar fi să nu-ți mai amintești de ce ai intrat într-o
cameră sau să nu-ți poți găsi telefonul - poate părea pentru mulți un proces normal al
îmbătrânirii.
Însă, aceste întreruperi pot fi uneori simptome ale deteriorării cognitive ușoare (DCU), care la
rândul său poate fi un semn timpuriu al bolii Alzheimer.
Conform a două studii noi publicate în paralel de către cercetători de la Colegiul de Litere, Arte
și Științe USC Dornsife din Los Angeles, multe persoane consideră a fi normală tendința de a
uita, inclusiv de unii medici și astfel persoanele care suferă de DCU nu întotdeauna sunt
conștiente de acest lucru și nu iau măsuri preventive sau nu se tratează.
Într-un studiu, cercetătorii au analizat datele a 40 de milioane de beneficiari de îngrijire
medicală, începând cu vârsta de 65 de ani, și au comparat proporția celor diagnosticați cu DCU
cu rata așteptată în această grupă de vârstă. Ei au raportat că mai puțin de 8% dintre cazurile
așteptate au fost efectiv diagnosticate.
Asta înseamnă că din cei 8 milioane de indivizi presupuși să aibă DCU în baza profilului lor
demografic - care include vârsta și sexul - mai mult de 7 milioane nu au fost diagnosticați.
,,Acest studiu își propune să atragă atenția asupra problemei", a declarat într-un comunicat,
Soeren Mattke, directorul Observatorului de Sănătate a Creierului la Centrul de Cercetare
Economică și Socială al USC Dornsife, care a condus investigațiile.
,,Vrem să spunem ,,Fiți atenți la schimbările timpurii de memorie și discutați cu medicul despre
ele. Cereți o consultație.” Vrem să ajungem la medici să le spunem, ,,Există o diferență
considerabilă între îmbătrânire și declinul cognitiv patologic, iar depistarea timpurie a acestuia ar
putea identifica acei pacienți care ar beneficia de tratamentele recent aprobate pentru
Alzheimer'," a adăugat el.
Merrill a adăugat că medicii se apropie tot mai mult de găsirea modalităților de identificare a
cauzelor reversibile ale pierderii memoriei într-un stadiu incipient al procesului.
"Noi descoperim că mulți pacienți au inflamație cronică la un nivel scăzut, rezistență la insulină,
deficiențe nutriționale sau niveluri crescute ale diverselor toxine", a spus el. "Chiar dacă munca
nu este încheiată în niciun fel, studiile noastre până în prezent susțin ideea că îmbunătățirea
sănătății generale servește pentru a conserva și proteja funcția cerebrală în procesul de
îmbătrânire."
Merrill a spus că exemple de factori semnificativi modificabili de risc pentru demență includ
calitatea slabă a dietei, nivelurile scăzute de exerciții fizice, pierderea auzului sau schimbările
necorectate ale vederii, expunerea la toxine sau poluare și nivelurile ridicate de stres cronic.
"Chiar fără teste clinice sau vizite la medic, există atât de multe lucruri la care putem începe să
lucrăm astăzi pentru a îmbunătăți sănătatea creierului nostru și a celor dragi", a spus el. "Nu este
niciodată prea devreme sau prea târziu să începeți să vă preocupați de sănătatea creierului -
fiecare zi este momentul potrivit pentru a începe."
GLOSSARY
REPORT
The practicum of translation has been a valuable and enriching experience, providing me with
practical insights into the complexities and nuances of the translation process. I have chosen only
one article for this practicum and only one field – the medical field. My choice is reflected of my
curiosity to know more things about medicine. Thus, I knew that choosing this field I have to
work with medical terms and I will learn them and their meanings.
The most challenging part was not to understand but to translate the in the correct adaptation to
our culture. A lot of medical terms are translated already and it wasn’t always what I thought
they will be.
This experience helped me to apply the theoretical knowledge in the process of translation and to
make my vocabulary larger.
Translation difficulties:
Specialized Terminology: Because I don’t have a deep understanding of medical terminology
in both the source and target languages to ensure accurate translation it was a challenge for me to
work with this translation. The lack of equivalent terms in the target language were also
significant difficulty.
For example: names of organizations such as USC Dornsife’s Center for Economic and Social
Research, Pacific Neuroscience Institute’s Pacific Brain Health Center in California.
Cultural differencies: There are terms that don’t corelate with our culture and I couldn’t find an
equivalent so I had to borrow them.
Ex: Alzheimer (boala Alzheimer)
Translation techniques:
Translation techniques are a must in every Translation Processes, even in the specialised texts.
I do not encourage literal translation and I used a lot of translation techniques.
Omission:
1.“Medicare beneficiaries, 65 years and older” - beneficiarii de îngrijire medicală, de la 65 de
ani. (without translating and 65 de ani și peste)
2. said Soo Borson, a clinical professor of family medicine at Keck School of Medicine of USC
and co-lead of the BOLD Center on Early Detection of Dementia, in a statement.
- a afirmat Soo Borson, profesor clinic de medicină de familie la Școala de Medicină Keck a
USC și co-coordonator al Centrului BOLD pentru Detectarea Timpurie a Demenței.
I ommited to translate the “in a statement” as “într-un comunicat” to not make it sound as a
translation
Sentence fragmentation:
However, experts say mild forgetfulness can also be symptomatic of mild cognitive impairment,
which can be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease.
TR: Cu toate acestea, experții spun că tendința ușoară de a uita poate fi și un simptom al
deteriorării cognitive ușoare. Acesta poate fi un semn timpuriu al bolii Alzheimer
From two sentences I made only one to make it easier for the reader to understand the meaning.
Borrowing:
The word feedback in the following sentence:
MCI should invite loved ones to share feedback with care providers if they note any declines in
cognitive functioning