GR7 Use: to talk about an imaginary situation or give advice in the present or future. Notes: ‘+ When the ifclause comes before the main clause, the ‘two clauses are separated with a comma, Ifthe weather improves, fights will ran as normal. + We can use unless instead of if... at in the iFclause of Type 1 conditionals. The verb after umes is always in the affirmative. Unless you go to bed now, you'll be tired in the moming. May - Might - Could - Will probably - Will definitely , , We use may - might ~ could to express possiilty. Notice the difference in meaning. ‘Wheres Peter?” “He may/could stil be ct work.” W's possible/perhaps he is at work) “He might stil be ot work” (There is a slight possi still at work, but | doubt it) Note: We can also express possibilty with the adverbs probably and definitely. Vil probably go solling tomorrow. (It's likely/There's a very good chance.) Well definitely goon olay this surnmer (W's certain.) AYAn- The We use a/an: * with nouns when referring to something in general Emily has gota dog * with singular countable nouns vihen we want to say wihat sbisthis. Greg sateacher. ita panda, lity he is We use the: * with nouns when taking about something specific or something that has already been mentioned. That's the man told you about. * with nouns that are unique (the sy, the moon), * with the names of rivers (the Thames), groups of islands (the Maldives), mountain ranges (the Rocky Mountains), deserts (the Sahara), oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Bridgewoter), countries when they include the words. State, Kingdom, Republic (the Ut), n geographical terms such as the North Pole/Actic/Amazon, the south of England, the Northifast/South West. + with the names of musical instruments (the piano) + with family names (the Brovins) and nationalities ending in-sh, -ch oF -ese (the Polis). © with titles (the King, the Prime Ministe), but not with tiles including a proper name (Queen Elizabeth) We do not use the * with uncountable and plural nouns vihen talking about something in general. Huskies pulsledges over the snow. with proper names. Alan isc acto: + with languages, unless they are followed by the word language. speak Spanish. BUT The Spanish language. + with the names of countries which don’t inciude the word State, Kingdom or Republic England, France, BUT the United Stats, the Czech Republic + with the names of streets (Wison Street), parks (Hye Por), cities (Rome), mountains (Mount Olympus), individual islands (ireland, lakes (Loke Windernere) and continents (Asi). Relative Pronouns/Adverbs Relative Pronouns We use + whofthat for people. Genghis Khan was the man whosthat started the Mongol Empire which/that for animals or thinas. The Mona lisa isthe painting which that | like the most. whose to show possession. Tutonthamun was a ruler of Egypt whose tomb had o lo: of easure inside Note: We don’t use a relative pronoun with another Pronoun (|, you, he, him, etc). | met someone who is a fornous artist (NOT: Knee someaneswiio heis.afamous aris.) Relative Adverbs We use: ‘© when to refer to time. 1254 was the year when Marco Pole was born, where to refer to place. Thisis the museum where Emma works why to give reason. This art gallery is very interesting, that why so many people visit. MODULE 5 Present Perfect For ubject + have/has + past participle WouWerthey havel've _|VYouWe/They have not , haven't artived arrived, | HefShelithas/'s arrived. |He/Shelt has motihasn’t, arrived | DE EOS Yes, V/you/we/they have. hee Ne houtneh ny have | ‘ Yes, heshelit has Mashefsertanivea? —|{Novhesa/t haan, Use ‘We use the present perfect: + for actions which started in the past and continue up te the present. He has worked as a doctor fore yrs. (= He started working as a doctor five years ago and he sill ‘works as a doctor.) + to talk about a past action which has a visible result in the present. She has ost «lot of weight (= We can see she locks thinner) * for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. The action is more important than the time i happened. He has bought « new cat. (When? We dont know; t's not important.) © for recently completed actions. Linda has just cleaned he ‘oom. (The action is complete. The room is now clean.) * for personal experiences/changes which have happened. Ihave never tried bungee jumpingTime expressions used with the present perfec: us, already) “yet, for since, ever, never, so far, this weekimonthy year, eke. Have been (to)/Have gone (to) * We use have been (to) to say that someone went somewhere, but has come back. Tom has been to Italy. (He ‘went to Italy, but he's no longer there.) * We use have gone (to) to say that someone went somewhere and is stil there, ‘Meg has gone to London. (She's still there.) Just - Yet- Already — Since - For - Ever - Never We vejustorived. (@ few minutes ago) Meg hasnt calle yet/Has Mea called yet? (We expect her ‘call soon.) Shes already watered the plans. (its done. She doesn’t have) ‘to water the plants any more.) They've lived in Spain since 2005, (starting point) He's been in Malte for a week. (duration) Have you ever been to Paris? (at any point) (have never tried scuba diving. (haven't tried scuba diving.) + foran action that started in the past and lasted for some time. It may still be continuing, of have finished, but it has left a visible result in the present. Shes tired because she has been cleaning the house all morning. ‘Time expressions used with the present perfect continuous: “since, for, how long (to place emphiass on duration). -ing/-ed adjectives + ing adjectives describe what somebody or something is ike Ive had a very tiring day. (What was the day like? Tiring.) Lucy is very interesting. (What's Lucy like? Interesting.) + -ed adjectives describe how someone feels Cathy s very tired! (How does Cathy feel? Tired.) Past Perfect Form: subject + had + past participle Ba Pea WouNve/They had not/ VYou/He/She/it had + fae. hadn't finished WerrourThey had finished, "e/7et! had nothadn’t Present Perfect vs Past Simple Mita Had | finished .. Banas Yes, | had /No, | hadn't the past and is stil finished in the past continuing in the present |She was in New York for two ‘hehas lived nar for ten years years. (She lived in New York (Ghe went to Ceiro ten years|for two years. She doesn't |egoand shesti les there) __|live there any more.) Present Perfect Continuous Form: subject + have/has + been + verb -ing Ca NEGATIVE VYouWe/They have/'ve WYouNWe/They have not/ been playing haven't been playing He/She/t has/’s been He/She/it has not! hasn’t playing been playing, PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE Had you finished ..?- | Yes, you had/No, you hadn't. ‘an action which happened at| an action which happened at a Had he/she/it finished | Yes, helshe/t had / ‘an unstated time in the past| stated time in the past we? No, hedsherit hadn't. 'He has hurt his leg. (When?|They went to Australia last Had welyourthey ‘Yes, welyou'they had./ |We don’t know) summer (When? Last summer) finished ...7 No, we/yourthey hadn't. ‘an action which started in [an action which started and us We use the past perfect for ‘+ an action that happened before anather past action or before a stated time in the past. They had had dinner bythe time arrived. They had planted al the trees by 6 o'clock. + an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past. She couldn't gt into the house because she had fost her key. + the past perfect isthe past equivalent of the present prefect. She was ted because she had walked along way. She is tired because she has walked a long wey. Time expressions used with the past perfect: before, fer, until, by the time, already, yet, just, for since Dees See Have vyoutwerthey been |{ Yes, Uyoulwe/they have. playing? No, Wou'welthey haven't. Has hedshe/t been { Ys, eset has playing? No, he/sherit hasn't. Use We use the present perfect continuous + to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. Meg has been trying to fix my computer for two haus. Conditionals (type 3) eee Tae eS (hypothesis) (result) Third would have + conditions! iil cots |_ past paicoe Fue had left he house earlier we | wouldn't have missed our fight. GR8