Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations Second Edition Joseph D. Novak vsLearning, Creating, and Using Knowledge ‘This fully revised and updated edition of Learning, Creating, and Using Know- ledge recognizes that the future of economic well being in today’s knowledge and information society rests upon the effectiveness of schools and corporations to empower their people to be more effective learners and knowledge creators Novak’s pioneering theory of education presented in the first edition remains viable and useful. This new edition updates his theory for meaningful learning and autonomous knowledge building along with tools to make it operational— that is, concept maps, created with the use of CmapTools and the Vee diagram. The theory is easy to put into practice, since it includes resources to facilitate the process, especially concept maps, now optimized by CmapTools software. Cmap'Tools software is highly intuitive and easy to use. People who have until now been reluctant to use the new technologies in their professional lives will find this book particularly helpful. Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge is essential reading for educators at all levels and corporate managers who seek to enhance worker productivity. Changes in the Second Edition + Uses concept maps extensively to illustrate key ideas from learning theory, theory of knowledge, and instructional theory + Includes new examples of how the theory applies in school and corporate settings + Gives more emphasis to the importance of applying educational ideas in corporations + Discusses ideas on metacognition and other strategies for enhancing learning + Looks at learner misconceptions, including suggestions for remediating misconceptions Joseph D. Novak, Professor Emeritus, Cornell University, Education and Biology, is Senior Research Scientist, Florida Institute for Human & Machine Cognition,Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations Second Edition Joseph D. Novak i Routledge Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDONFirst published 1998 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. This edition published 2010 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK. by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, ‘an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 1998 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. © 2010 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ‘Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Novak, Joseph Donald Learning, creating, and using knowledge : concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations / Joseph D. Novak peem: Includes bibliographical references. I Learning, Psychology of. 2. Cognitive maps (Psychology) 3. Instructional systems—Design. 4. Constructivism (Education) I.Title. LB1060.N677 2010 370.15'23—de22 2009044207 ISBN 0-203-86200-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBNI0: 0-4|5-99184-6 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-99185—4 (pbk) ISBNI0: 0-203-86200-7 (ebk) ISBNI3: 978-0-415-99184-1 (hbk) ISBNI3:978-0-41 5-99 185-8 (pbk) ISBNI3: 978-0-203-86200-I (ebk)For Joan In Memory Of David P. Ausubel 1928-2008Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments An Overview of the Book nu The Need for a Theory of Education & Meaningful Learning for Empowerment . The Construction of New Meanings a Ausubel’s Assimilation Learning Theory a The Nature of Knowledge and How Humans Create Knowledge x The Effective Teacher/Manager cs The Context for Education/Management © Evaluation and Rewards Ss Improving Education in Schools and Corporations xi 90 131 182 217 245Contents Appendix I Appendix II References Name index Subject index 279 281 283 303 308