Chng 1.

Tng quan v mng my tnh

I. Cc khi nim c bn v mng my tnh Mng my tnh hai hoc nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi nhau trao i thng tin v dng chung cc d liu hay ti nguyn. Mng my tnh hnh thnh t nhu cu chia s v dng chung cc thng tin gia cc my tnh vi nhau. u im ca mng my tnh: Gim cc chi ph khi dng chung cc ti nguyn mng bao gm cc thit b ngoi vi v d liu Chun ho cc ng dng Thu thp d liu 1 cch kp thi Tng thi gian lm vic Nhc im: D b mt mt hay tht lc thng tin khi truyn hoc khi thit lp ch bo mt khng tt. II. Lch s pht trin ca mng my tnh ni chung Vo gia nhng nm 50 khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo hot ng thc t vi nhng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt cng knh v tn nhiu nng lng. Hi vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua cc tm ba m ngi vit chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng vi mt dng lnh m mi mt ct ca n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m ngi vit chng trnh phi c l vo k t mnh la chn. Cc tm ba c a vo mt "thit b" gi l thit b c ba m qua cc thng tin c a vo my tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c a ra my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra (I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau mt thi gian cc th h my mi c a vo hot ng trong mt my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi nhiu thit b vo ra (I/O) m qua n c th thc hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n chng trnh khc. Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng dng trn my tnh cc phng php nng cao kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm cng c u t nghin cu rt nhiu. Vo gia

nhng nm 60 mt s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh cng nhng thit b truy cp t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng php thm nhp t xa c thc hin bng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt v tr cch xa trung tm tnh ton, thit b u cui ny c lin kt vi trung tm bng vic s dng ng dy in thoi v vi hai thit b x l tn hiu (thng gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu c truyn thay v trc tip th thng qua dy in thoi.

Hnh 1.1. M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin Nhng dng u tin ca thit b u cui bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x l tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua nhng vng khc nhau v l nhng dng u tin ca h thng mng. Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin khai mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nhng thit b u cui c bit cho php ngi s dng nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng l h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM. H thng bao gm cc mn hnh, cc h thng iu khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin kt vi cc trung tm tnh ton. H thng 3270 c gii thiu vo nm 1971 v c s dng dng m rng kh nng tnh ton ca trung tm my tnh ti cc vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn thng ca my tnh trung tm v s lng cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc thit b u cui, IBM v cc cng ty my tnh khc sn xut mt s cc thit b sau:

Thit b kim sot truyn thng: c nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu t cc knh truyn thng, gom chng li 2

thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc byte ti my tnh trung tm x l, thit b ny cng thc hin cng vic ngc li chuyn tn hiu tr li ca my tnh trung tm ti cc trm xa. Thit b trn cho php gim bt c thi gian x l trn my tnh trung tm v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng. Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: cho php cng mt lc kim sot nhiu thit b u cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy l c th phc v cho tt c cc thit b u cui ang c gn vi thit b kim sot trn. iu ny c bit c ngha khi thit b kim sot nm cch xa my tnh v ch cn s dng mt ng in thoi l c th phc v cho nhiu thit b u cui.

Hnh 1.2. M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270 Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s dng nhng phng php lin kt qua ng cp nm trong mt khu vc c ra i. Vi nhng u im t nng cao tc truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh li vi nhau. thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu my tnh cc nh sn xut bt u xy dng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng ng truyn tc cao c thit lp Bc M v Chu u v t cng xut hin cc nh cung cp cc dnh v truyn thng vi nhng ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng dy in thoi. Vi nhng chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c th s dng c cc ng truyn ny lin 3

kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh thnh cc mng mt cch rng khp. y cc nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng ng truyn d liu lin kt gia cc thnh ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu cho nhng ngi xy dng mng. Ngi xy dng mng lc ny s khng cn xy dng li ng truyn ca mnh m ch cn s dng mt phn cc nng lc truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp. Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch to cho lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b u cui c th truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh th tin chi ph cho cc thit b v phn mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh nng s dng chung mi trng truyn thng v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh nhanh chng c u t. Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh mng ca mnh l "Attached Resource Computer Network" (hay gi tt l Arcnet) ra th trng. Mng Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng dy cp mng, qua tr thnh l h iu hnh mng cc b u tin. T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi cc my tnh c nhn c s dng mt cnh rng ri. Khi s lng my vi tnh trong mt vn phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt ni chng tr nn v cng cn thit v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s dng. Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh vc nh khoa hc, qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to ln nh: S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b, chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c 4

th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u. Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my mc v lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi phc nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s dng nhng trm khc thay th. Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng tin c th c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nhng thay i v cht nh: p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i. Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu. Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn. Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th gii. Vi nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca x hi nn vn k thut trong mng l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin hc. V d nh lm th no truy xut thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v ti u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn mng qu nhiu i khi c th lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt cch ng tic. Hin nay vic lm sao c c mt h thng mng chy tht tt, tht an ton vi li ch kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php v cng ngh, mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c nhiu cch la chn. Nh vy a ra mt gii php hon Giai on chnh, ph hp th phi tri qua mt qu trnh chn lc da 3 trn nhng u im ca tng yu t, tng chi tit rt nh. My Giai on Giai on tnh 1 My 2 gii quyt mt vn phi da trn trung yu cu nhng My t tnh da trn cng ngh gii quyt. Nhng cng ngh ra v tm tnh trung cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng x B tin ngh tt trung nht tm l cng ngh ph hp nht. l tm
TE TE
Thit b u

Thit b tp trung

Thit b tp trung TE

5
TE

Giai on 4

B tin x l Nt -Qun l truyn tin mn - Qun l mng - nh thc ng dy, g thu thp, thng k chn ng Thit b tp trung TE

My tnh trung tm

Mng truyn tin

Hnh 1.3. S tin ho ca cc h thng mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh Vi kiu mng mainframe v nhiu trm u cui, my mainframe ng vai tr l im x l trung ng, cn cc trm u cui cung cp cc yu cu v nhn li thng tin 6

qua x l, kiu b tr ny c gi l mi trng mng tp trung (centrialized network environment). Mi trng mng phn tn phn b cn bng trch nhim cng vic gia mt my phc v (server) trung ng v nhng my trm cho nn mng ny mnh m hn mng tp trung. Mi trng ny phn nh khuynh hng trnh xa cc mainframe v minicomputer v chuyn dch theo hng dng cc my tnh c nhn trng mt mng my tnh. C hai m hnh mng phn tn: m hnh peer-to-peer (mng nganh hng) v m hnh client-server (khch hng/ngi phc v) +M hnh Client-Server: khng ging mi trng mainframe x l tp trung client-server phn tn cc ti nguyn v dch v trn ton mng. Netware v intraNetware l v d v mng Client-server, bi c cc Server chuyn trhc chy nhng phn mm Server c bit v cung cp cc dch v cho cc my khch. Cc my khch l nhng trm lm vic hay my trm, ni ngi dng chy cc ng dng x l d liu. Cc Server l nhng kho cha thng tin v cung cp cc dch v cho cc my trm. My khch v my trm c ni kt thng qua nhiu thit b v cp ni. Server lun l my tnh phc tp v mnh m hn, chy nhng phn mm cng phc tp v mnh m hn cc my khch. Mt tnh cht na l Server c tng cng kh nng lu tr d liu mt cch mnh m. Cc Server c th lu tr cc chng trnh ng dng, d liu, h iu hnh mng, cc th mc, tp tin, v nhng tin ch qun l dnh cho mng. Do bi c nhng phn cng mnh hn v phn mm c chuyn bit ho, nn mng Client-Server thng thng c ph tn thc hin cao hn mng peer-to-peer. Nhng mi ni kt gia cc nt mng i hi phi c nhng thit b ni kt ngoi vi (router, hub, bridge) v cc ni cng nhiu hn.

Hnh 1.4. M hnh mng Client-Server

+Trong mt m hnh mng peer-to-peer, mi nt mng u c vai tr ngang nhau. Trong m hnh hy th khng c my ch trung ng chuyn cung cp cc dch v x l cho mi nt mng hay my khch. Mi nt mng c th thc hin chc nng nh mt my khch m cng c th nh mt Server trong mng, c ngha l vic lin lc trc tip gia cc my khch ca mng din ra m khng cn c mt Server chuyn trch no c. Mi nt mng u c thit b lu tr ca ring n v u c th truy cp n cc nt mng khc.

Hnh 1.5. M hnh mng peer-to-peer

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Nu kt hp 2 m hnh mng trn ta c mt m hnh mng pha trn hay mng khng ng nht l kh nng tch hp Netware. l khi m Novell tch hp my tnh c nhn va nh mt Server va nh mt my trm vo trong NetWare v Microsoft tch hp kh nng chy mt mng peer-to-peer bn trong h iu hnh a nhim nh OS/2 th s phn bit gia cc mng peer-to-peer v Client-Server tr nn m nht i. IV. Cc dch v mng my tnh 1. File v Print File server hay l my phc v tp tin. N cung cp kh nng truy nhp n cc ti nguyn mng nhng m bo ch nhng ngi s dng c kim sot mi c truy cp vo nhng ti nguyn ny. Cc File server lm gim i nhng ch tht c chai trong lu thng d liu bng cch cho php cc tc v x l c thc hin trn mi nt mng trong m hnh ClientServer v loi tr i s d tha bng cch cho php nhng my tnh ring l thc hin nhng chc nng ging nhau m khng cn t nhng ti nguyn ring l trn mi nt. Print Server mt my phc v in n cho php nhiu ngi s dng mng chia s dng chungcc my in v my v ri rc khp ni trn mng nh th ngi dng ny c ni kt trc tip vi cc thit b in n vy. 2. Cc dch v truyn thng Cc dch v truyn thng bao gm Communication Server v Fax Server l c s dng ph bin nht. Communication Server l mt my phc v truyn thng thc ra l mt nhm cc kiu Server khac nhau c th x l cc hot ng truyn thng dng b v khng ng b bao gm cc Access Server (my phc v truy cp dm dial-in v dial-out server), cc Bulletin Board Server (my phc v bng tin in t) v cc Electronic Mail Server (my phc v th in t). My phc v truyn thng cung cp mt im truy cp trung ng cho mi ni kt t xa vi mng, qun l cc mi ni kt gia cc nt mng v cc a im xa mun truy cp vo mng. Cc Fax Server hay my phc v Fax qun l cc bc fax i xa v n nhng ngi dng mng bng cch lu tr v gi 9

chuyn tip cc bc fax thng qua h thng in thoi hoc thng qua bn thn mng. 3. Cc dch v Internet WWW y l dch v ph bin nht hin nay trn Internet, dch v ny a ra cch truy xut cc ti liu ca cc my phc v d dng qua cc giao tip ho. Cc ti liu ny lin kt vi nhau to nn kho ti liu khng l. s dng dch v ny cn c mt chng trnh h tr gi l WEB Browser. Thng qua Internet cc Browser truy nhp thng tin ca cc Web Server. Email y l dch v c s dng nhiu nht trn Internet, dch v ny cho php cc c nhn trao i th vi nhau qua Internet. s dng dch v ny ngi s dng cn m mt hp th ti cc my Internet Service Provider (ISP-Cung cp dch v Internet). Sau khi m hp th ngi s dng c cp mt a ch E-mail v mt khu truy xut hp th ca mnh. Ngoi ra, my Client cn c mt chng trnh Mail Client thch hp truyn nhn th ca mnh t hp th trn my Server. Chng trnh qun l hp th gi trn my Server l Mail Server. FTP y l dch v truyn nhn tp tin trn Internet, thng qua dch v ny Client c th download cc tp tin t Server v my cc b hay upload cc tp tin vo Server. Dch v ny thng c s dng sao chp cc phn mm freeware, cc bn update cho driver, ..... Gopher Gopher l cng c c s dng rng ri trn Internet, y l chng trnh da trn menu cho php duyt thng tin m khng cn bit ti liu c th c t u. N cho php tm kim danh sch cc ti nguyn v gi tr li cc ti liu, n l mt trong nhng h thng duyt ton din nht v c tch hp nhm cho php truy cp nhng dch v khc nh FTP v Telnet 10

 E-Commerce

Hnh 1.6. V d mt trang Web cho php d dng khai thc cc trang Web khc Internet Telephone Bn c th ni chuyn trc tuyn nh thc t vi bt k mt ngi s dng no khc bt c ni u trn Iternet. Tuy m thoi trc tuyn gn nh v ch vi nhng ngi rt gn ni ang c tr nhng n li lm c iu ln lao vi nhng ngi cc lc a khc nhau c bit l nhng ngi khng s dng ting Anh.

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4. Cc dch v qun l Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Trong mt mng my tnh, vic cp cc a ch IP tnh c nh cho cc host s dn n tnh trng lng ph a ch IP, v trong cng mt lc khng phi cc host hot ng ng thi vi nhau, do vy s c mt s a ch IP b tha. khc phc tnh trng , dch v DHCP a ra cp pht cc a ch IP ng trong mng. Trong mng my tnh NT khi mt my pht ra yu cu v cc thng tin ca TCPIP th gi l DHCP client, cn cc my cung cp thng tin ca TCPIP gi l DHCP server. Cc my DHCP server bt buc phi l Windows NT server. Cch cp pht a ch IP trong DHCP: Mt user khi log on vo mng, n cn xin cp 1 a ch IP, theo 4 bc sau : Gi thng bo n tt c cc DHCP server yu cu c cp a ch. Tt c cc DHCP server gi tr li a ch s cp n cho user . User chn 1 a ch trong s cc a ch, gi thng bo n server c a ch c chn. Server c chn gi thng bo khng nh n user m n cp a ch. Qun tr cc a ch IP ca DHCP server: Server qun tr a ch thng qua thi gian thu bao a ch (lease duration). C ba phng php gn a ch IP cho cc Worstation : Gn th cng. Gn t ng. Gn ng. Trong phng php gn a ch IP th cng th a ch IP ca DHCP client c gn th cng bi ngi qun l mng ti DHCP server v DHCP c s dng chuyn ti DHCP client gi tr a ch IP m c nh bi ngi qun tr mng Trong phng php gn a ch IP t ng DHCP client c gn a ch IP khi ln u tin n ni vo mng. a ch 12

IP c gn bng phng php ny s c gn vnh vin cho DHCP client v a ch ny s khng bao gi c s dng bi mt DHCP client khc Trong phng php gn a ch IP ng th DHCP server gn a ch IP cho DHCP client tm thi. Sau a ch IP ny s c DHCP client s dng trong mt thi gian c bit. n khi thi gian ny ht hn th a ch IP ny s b xa mt. Sau nu DHCP client cn ni kt vo mng th n s c cp mt a ch IP khc Phng php gn a ch IP ng ny c bit hu hiu i vi nhng DHCP client ch cn a ch IP tm thi kt ni vo mng. V d mt tnh hung trn mng c 300 users v s dng subnet l lp C. iu ny cho php trn mng c 253 nodes trn mng. Bi v mi computer ni kt vo mng s dng TCP/IP cn c mt a ch IP duy nht do tt c 300 computer khng th ng thi ni kt vo mng. V vy nu ta s dng phng php ny ta c th s dng li nhng IP m c gii phng t cc DHCP client khc.

Ci t DHCP ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator . Click hai ln vo icon Network . Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box

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Hnh 1.7: Mn hnh ci t ca DHCP Chn tab service v click vo nt Add . Ta s thy mt lot cc service ca Windows NT server nm trong hp hi thoi Select Network Service. Chn Microsoft DHCP server t danh sch cc service c lit k pha di v nhn OK v thc hin cc yu cu tip theo ca Windows NT. cp nht v khai thc DHCP server chng ta chn mc DHCP manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools. Dch v Domain Name Service (DNS) Hin nay trong mng Internet s lng cc nt (host) ln ti hng triu nn chng ta khng th nh ht a ch IP c. Mi host ngoi a ch IP cn c mt ci tn phn bit, DNS l 1 c s d liu phn tn cung cp nh x t tn host n a ch IP. Khi a ra 1 tn host, DNS server s tr v a ch IP hay 1 s thng tin ca host . iu ny cho php ngi qun l mng d dng trong vic chn tn cho host ca mnh. DNS server c dng trong cc trng hp sau : Chng ta mun c 1 tn domain ring trn Interner c th to, tch ri cc domain con bn trong n. Chng ta cn 1 dch v DNS iu khin cc b nhm tng tnh linh hot cho domain cc b ca bn. 14

 Chng ta cn mt bc tng la bo v khng cho ngi ngoi thm nhp vo h thng mng ni b ca mnh C th qun l trc tip bng cc trnh son tho text to v sa i cc file hoc dng DNS manager to v qun l cc i tng ca DNS nh: Servers, Zone, Cc mu tin, cc Domains, Tch hp vi Win. Ci t DNS ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator. Click hai ln vo icon Network. Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box tng t nh trn v la chn Microsoft DNS Server. cp nht v khai thc DNS server chng ta chn mc DNS manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools. Hp hi thoi sau y s hin ra

Hnh 1.8: Mn hnh DNS Manager Mi mt tp hp thng tin cha trong DNS database c coi nh l Resourse record. Nhng Resourse record cn thit s c lit k di y: Tn Record M t

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A (Address)

Dn ng mt tn host computer hay tn ca mt thit b mng khc trn mng ti mt a ch IP trong DNS zone To mt tn Alias cho tn mt host computer trn mng nh ngha mt s trao i mail cho host computer nh ngha tn server DNS cho DNS domain Dn ng mt a ch IP n tn host trong DNS server zone Hin th rng tn server DNS ny th cha nhng thng tin tt nht

CNAME () MX () NS (name server) PTR (Pointer) SOA (Start of authority)

Remote Access Service (RAS) Ngoi nhng lin kt ti ch vi mng cc b (LAN) cc ni kt t xa vo mng LAN hin ang l nhng yu cu cn thit ca ngi s dng. Vic lin kt cho php mt my t xa nh ca mt ngi s dng ti nh c th qua ng dy in thoi thm nhp vo mt mng LAN v s dng ti nguyn ca n. Cch thng dng nht hin nay l dng modem c th truyn trn ng dy in thoi. Windows NT cung cp Dch v Remote access Service cho php cc my trm c th ni vi ti nguyn ca Windows NT server thng qua ng dy in thoi. RAS cho php truyn ni vi cc server, iu hnh cc user v cc server, thc hin cc chng trnh khai thc s liu, thit lp s an ton trn mng. . My trm c th c ni vi server c dch v RAS thng qua modem hoc pull modem, cable null modem (RS232) hoc X.25 network. Khi ci t dch v RAS, cn phi m bo quyn truy nhp t xa cho ngi s dng bng tin ch remote access amind gn quyn hoc c th ng k ngi s dng remote access server. RAS cng c c ch m bo an ton 16

cho ti nguyn bng cch kim sot cc yu t sau: quyn s dng, kim tra m s, xc nhn ngi s dng, ng k s dng ti nguyn v xc nhn quyn gi li.

Hnh1.9. M hnh truy cp t xa bng dch v RAS ci t RAS chng ta la chn yu cu hp Windows NT server setup hin ra lc ci t h iu hnh Windows NT.

Vi RAS tt c cc ng dng u thc hin trn my t xa, thay v kt ni vi mng thng qua card mng v ng dy mng th my xa s lin kt qua modem ti mt RAS Server. Tt c d liu cn thit c truyn qua ng in thoi, mc d tc truyn qua modem chm hn so vi qua card mng nhng vi nhng tc v ca LAN khng phi bao gi d liu cng truyn nhiu. Vi nhng kh nng to ln ca mnh trong cc dch v mng, h iu hnh Windows NT l mt trong nhng h iu hnh mng tt nht hin nay. H iu hnh Windows NT va cho php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy 17

nhp t xa, cho php truyn file, va p ng cho mng cc b (LAN) va p ng cho mng din rng (WAN) nh Intranet, Internet. Vi nhng kh nng nh vy hin nay h iu hnh Windows NT c nhng v tr vng chc trong vic cung cp cc gii php mng trn th gii.

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Chng 2. Cc chun mng v m hnh OSI

I. Gii thiu cc chun mng Vo thng 1 nm 1985, Hc vin cc K s in v in t M (IEEE) ban hnh c t k thut Ethernet c t tn chnh thc l chun IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Layer and Physical Specifications v thng c gi l tiu chun IEEE 802.3. Tiu chun ny qui nh mt h thng ni mng xut pht t chun Ethernet, nhng cu trc gi ca n th khc vi chun Ethernet gc. Chun 802.3 cung cp nhng kh nng dng h thng cp mng bao gm: cp ng trc, cp si quang v cp xon khng bc. Ethernet l cng ngh baseband c thit k nh mt mng chuyn mch. Trong mt s cch thc hin chun ny, ngi ta c th dng nhng cng ngh chuyn mch tc cao bn trong cc hub hoc concentrator cho php thc hin nhiu cuc trao i ng thi gia cc nt. Chun IEEE 802.x c dng gii quyt mt s vn lin quan n cc mng LAN, cc chun thng dng nht l: + 802.1: Qui nh v kin trc chung ca mng LAN, vic ni kt mng v qun l mng cp phn cng. + 802.2: Qui nh lp con LLC (Logical Link Control-iu khin lin kt vt l) dnh cho mt mng c topology tuyn tnh v phng thc truy cp CSMA/CD. + 802.3: Qui nh lp MAC (Medium Access Control-Kim sot truy cp truyn thng) dnh cho mt mng c topology bus v phng thc truy cp CSMA/CD. + 802.4: Qui nh lp MAC dnh cho mt mng Tokenpassing bus. + 802.5: Qui nh lp MAC dnh cho mt mng Token-ring bus. + 802.6: Qui nh mt MAN da trn mt vng cp quang di 30 dm Anh. + 802.7: Mt bo co ca nhm T vn k thut v cc mng boardband. 19

+ 802.8: Mt bo co ca TAG v cc mng si cp quang. + 802.9: Qui nh v vic tch hp ging ni v d liu khi truyn. + 802.11: Nhm cng tc c lin quan n vic thit lp nhng chun v mng khng dy. + 802.12: Mt tiu chun dnh cho cc mng Ethernet 100 VG/AnyLAN Ethernet.

Hnh 2.1. Mi quan h gia cc tiu chun IEEE 802 v m hnh OSI II. M hnh tham kho OSI gim phc tp thit k, cc mng c t chc thnh mt cu trc a tng, mi tng c xy dng trn tng trc n v s cung cp mt s dch v cho tng cao hn. mi tng c hai quan h: theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc. Quan h theo chiu ngang ni ln s hot ng ca cc my tnh ng tng c ngha l chng phi hi thoi c vi nhau trn cng mt tng. Mun vy th phi c qui tc hi thoi m ta gi l giao thc hay th tc (Protocol). Quan h theo chiu dc l quan h gia cc tng k nhau trong cng mt my, gia hai tng c mt giao din ghp ni, n xc nh cc thao tc nguyn thu v cc dch v m tng di cung cp cho tng trn, Tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng trn th trng gy nn tr ngi cho ngi s dng cc mng khc nhau. Chnh v th cn xy dng mt m hnh chun lm cho cc nh nghin cu v thit k mng tao ra cc sn phm m v mng. Vic nghin cu s kt ni h thng m c t chc tiu chun Quc t ra vo thng 3/1977 vi mc tiu kt ni cc 20

h thng sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau v phi hp cc hot ng chun ho trong lnh vc vin thng-tin hc. V vo nm 1984 t chc tiu chun quc t cng b m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnections-h thng ghp ni h thng m) bao gm 7 tng: Tng 1 (tng vt l-Physical): cung cp cc phng tin truyn tin, th tc khi ng, duy tr hu b cc lin kt vt l cho php truyn cc dng d liu d dng bit. Tng 2 (tng lin kt d liu-Data Link): thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc lin kt d liu kim sot lung d liu, pht hin v khc phc cc sai st truyn tin. Tng 3 (tng mng-Network): chn ng truyn tin trong mng, thc hin kim sot lung d liu, khc phc sai st, ct hp d liu. Tng 4 (tng giao vn-Transport): kim sot gia cc nt ca lung d liu, khc phc sai st, c th thc hin ghp knh v ct hp d liu. Tng 5 (tng phin-Session): thit lp, duy tr ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng. Lin kt phin phi c thit lp thng qua i thoi v cc tham s iu khin. Tng 6 (tng trnh d liu-Presentation): biu din thng tin theo c php d liu ca ngi s dng. Loi m s dng v vn nn d liu. Tng 7 (tng p dng-Application): l giao din gia ngi v mi trng h thng m. X l ng ngha thng tin, tng ny cng c chc nng cho php truy cp v qun chuyn giao tp, th tn in t . . .

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Hnh 2.2. M hnh 7 mc OSI Th tc truyn tin trn mng da ch yu vo cc nghi thc giao thip hay giao thc c qui nh trc. Tuy nhin vic lin lc ch xy ra lp thuc cp thp trn mi my, ri sau truyn dn ln pha trn n nhng lp thch hp. Nh bi trc chng ta hc cu qua v m hnh 7 mc OSI, sau y chng ta s tm hiu xem m hnh OSI hoat ng nh th no. Khi nim nn tng ca m hnh OSI l dng lu chuyn ca mt yu cu truy cp vo mt ti nguyn mng xuyn qua by lp phn bit. S yu cu khi u t lp trn cng ca m hnh. Khi n lu chuyn xung di, yu cu c chuyn i t mt li gi API (Giao din lp trnh ng dng) bn trong ng dng xut pht thnh mt chui cc xung c m ho truyn i nhng thng tin nh phn n mt thit b khc trn mng. Nhng xung ny c th l in, quang, t, vi ba hoc nhng tn s sng mang v tuyn. Qu trnh m ho cho php nhng lp c th no ca m hnh OSI trn mt my tnh ngun lin lc vi nhng lp ging ht ca chng trn mt my tnh ch. Qu trnh ny c gi l nhng giao thc, khi nhng qu trnh ny n ch ca chng, chng chuyn ngc ln cc lp ca m hnh OSI theo chiu ngc vi lc c gi i v c gii m cho ti khi chng n lp c chc nng tng ng trn cng trn my tnh ch. Kt qu ca chng trnh l hai my phn bit lin lc c vi nhau v hot ng mt cch c lp nh th l nhng ti nguyn c ni mng ang c truy cp khng c g khc bit nh ti 22

nguyn trn my ti ch vy. M hnh OSI khng ch r rng giao thc no s c dng truyn d liu ngang qua mng, m n cng chng ch nh thit b dng c truyn. Thay v vy, n cung cp mt cng cc thit b khc nhau lm theo m bo thng tin lin lc ng n ngang qua mng. Vy vic ng gi d liu truyn i qua mng thc hin nh th no? Nhng d liu lu thng trn mng ni chung c th chia lm hai nhm: cc yu cu c to ra my tnh ngun v cc h p t ni m yu cu kia c gi n. n v c bn ca d liu mng l gi d liu (packet). Thng tin mun i ngang qua mt mng no th phi i xung dc theo mt chng giao thc, khi n i qua chng giao thc n tri qua nhng qu trnh ng gi v ng gi li. Nhng cch thc ng gi tu thuc vo cc khun dng v cc lc biu din c qui nh cho nhng giao thc c mt ti mi lp ca chng giao thc . Phn quan trng nht ca mi gi l mt yu cu hoc hi p cho mt yu cu. Tuy nhin, gi cng phi cha a ch mng, mt phng tin hi bo rng gi n a ch ch ca n. Mt c ch kim tra li m bo rng gi n ch trong tnh trng ging nh khi n c gi i, mt c ch nh thi gian m bo rng gi khng c gi i qu nhanh, y gi l s kim sot dng. S phn phi c m bo, s kim tra li v s kim sot dng c cung cp di dng nhng thng tin c cha trong cc khung d liu, vn to ra bi cc lp khc nhau ca m hnh OSI. Khi gi i xuyn qua cc lp ca m hnh OSI, pha trc ca n c cc giao thc t thm vo nhng phn u (header) gm mt chui cc trng no , cn ng sau c th c ni thm phn ui vn cng gm mt chui cc trng no . Nhng trc khi truyn n phi c thit lp kt ni, c ngha l hai thc th cng tng hai u lin kt s thng lng vi nhau v tp tham s s dng trong qu trnh truyn d liu. Qu trnh truyn d liu thc hin nh sau: D liu c gi hoc nhn t mt lp trn cng l lp 7 (Application), lp cao nht ca m hnh OSI. N c chuyn xung di n lp 6 (Presentation), ni qu trnh bao gi bt u.T y, d liu c bao li trong mt phn u , gm cc thng tin nhn din v tr gip chuyn tip d liu n mt lp no khi n c chuyn xung n lp k . Cng ging trn khi d liu ngang qua cc lp 5 (Session), lp 4 (Transport), lp 3 (Network) nhng giao thc hot ng cc lp gn thm 23

mt phn u khc mi lp v c th d liu c phn thnh nhng mnh nh hn d qun l hn. Khi d liu i n lp 2 (Data Link) cc giao thc ti ch s lp rp d liu thnh cc khung bng cch gn thm vo mt phn u v mt phn cui, sau cc khung c chuyn xung lp 1 (Physical) truyn i trn phng tin ni mng. Khi cc khung n ch cu n, qu trnh c lp li theo chiu ngc li qu trnh ny c gi l tch b lin kt. C ngha l qua mi tng cc phn u v phn cui c gn vo trn cc tng tng ng khi gi d liu s c tho ra v so snh. trn l mng chuyn mch gi c truyn theo phng php c lin kt. Nu chuyn mch gi c truyn di dng khng lin kt th ch c mt giai on truyn d liu (cc gi d liu) c truyn c lp vi nhau theo mt con ng xc nh bng cch trong mi gi d liu cha a ch ch.

Hnh 2.3. Cc tng ca M hnh OSI Vic nghin cu v OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi cc mc tiu nhm ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc. u im chnh ca OSI l ch n ha hn gii 24

php cho vn truyn thng gia cc my tnh khng ging nhau. Hai h thng, d c khc nhau u c th truyn thng vi nhau mt cc hiu qu nu chng m bo nhng iu kin chung sau y: Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng. Cc chc nng c t chc thnh cng mt tp cc tng. cc tng ng mc phi cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau. Cc tng ng mc khi trao i vi nhau s dng chung mt giao thc M hnh OSI tch cc mt khc nhau ca mt mng my tnh thnh by tng theo m hnh phn tng. M hnh OSI l mt khung m cc tiu chun lp mng khc nhau c th khp vo. M hnh OSI nh r cc mt no ca hot ng ca mng c th nhm n bi cc tiu chun mng khc nhau. V vy, theo mt ngha no , m hnh OSI l mt loi tiu chun ca cc chun. 1. Nguyn tc s dng khi nh ngha cc tng h thng m Sau y l cc nguyn tc m ISO quy nh dng trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh OSI Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng vic xc nh v ghp ni cc tng khng qu phc tp. To cc ranh gii cc tng sao cho vic gii thch cc phc v v s cc tng tc qua li hai tng l nh nht. To cc tng ring bit cho cc chc nng khc bit nhau hon ton v k thut s dng hoc qu trnh thc hin. Cc chc nng ging nhau c t trong cng mt tng. La chn ranh gii cc tng ti cc im m nhng th nghim trong qu kh thnh cng. Cc chc nng c xc nh sao cho chng c th d dng xc nh li, v cc nghi thc ca chng c th thay i trn mi hng. To ranh gii cc tng m cn c nhng mc tru tng khc nhau trong vic s dng s liu. Cho php thay i cc chc nng hoc giao thc trong tng khng nh hng n cc tng khc. To cc ranh gii gia mi tng vi tng trn v di n. 25

2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng: giao thc c lin kt (connection - oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless). Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao an ton trong truyn d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n. Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn thng phi gm 3 giai on phn bit: Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on sau (truyn d liu). Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo (nh kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu...) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu. Hy b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho lin kt khc. i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi. Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh. Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to dng thnh cc gi tin my ngun. V nhng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh thng ip ban u. Mt gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.

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Hnh 2.4. Phng thc xc lp cc gi tin trong m hnh OSI Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no. Ch : Trong m hnh OSI phn kim li ca gi tin tng lin kt d liu t cui gi tin. 3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI a. Tng 1: Vt l (Physical) Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI. N m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp c dng ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng , cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v... Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in, tc cp truyn dn. 27

Tng vt l khng qui nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI ngha ca cc bit c truyn tng vt l s c xc nh. V d: Tiu chun Ethernet cho cp xon i 10 baseT nh r cc c trng in ca cp xon i, kch thc v dng ca cc u ni, di ti a ca cp. Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc tng vt l tn ti gia cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng b), tc truyn. Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai loi giao thc s dng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (synchronous). Phng thc truyn d b: khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i bt k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc . Phng thc truyn ng b: s dng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay n gin hn, mt ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n hoc n. b. Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link) Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh.

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Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh, l phng thc "mt im - mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l.

Hnh 2.5. Cc ng truyn kt ni kiu mt im-mt im v mt im-nhiu im Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc th tc) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. c. Tng 3: Mng (Network) Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of 29

network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y: Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh. Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.

Hnh 2.6. M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch. 30

 Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt. Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s dng cho vic chn ng bao gm: Trng thi ca ng truyn. Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn. Mc lu thng trn mi ng. Cc ti nguyn kh dng ca mng.

Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti mt vi nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, ni thm mt nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu thng) cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng. Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn, ho, hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm. d. Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn.

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Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a ch duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Ngi ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau: Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li. Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c. Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp li th t cc gi tin. Trn c s loi giao thc tng mng chng ta c 5 lp giao thc tng vn chuyn l: Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class - lp n gin): cung cp cc kh nng rt n gin thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v hy b lin kt trn mng "c lin kt" loi A. N c kh nng pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng phc hi. Giao thc lp 1 (Basic Error Recovery Class - Lp phc hi li c bn) dng vi cc loi mng B, y cc gi tin (TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c kh nng bo nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0 giao thc lp 1 c thm kh nng phc hi li. Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class - lp dn knh) l mt ci tin ca lp 0 cho php dn mt s lin kt chuyn vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th kim sot lung d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2

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khng c kh nng pht hin v phc hi li. Do vy n cn t trn mt tng mng loi A. Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class - lp phc hi li c bn v dn knh) l s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li, n cn t trn mt tng mng loi B. Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class - Lp pht hin v phc hi li) l lp c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc lp trc v cn b sung thm mt s kh nng khc kim sot vic truyn d liu. e. Tng 5: Giao dch (Session) Tng giao dch (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh x gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh. Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l: iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi - dialogues) Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im 33

 mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi . Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau: Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch. Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token . Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt ngi s dng khc. f. Tng 6: Trnh by (Presentation) Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh by (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u. g. Tng 7: ng dng (Application) Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. 34

 cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n.

35

Chng 3. Cc Giao thc truyn thng

I. Gii thiu chung v giao thc cc my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng 1 ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1 h lut v chun cho php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau. Giao thc giao tip hay cn gi l Giao thc truyn thng, Giao thc lin mng, Giao thc tng tc, Giao thc trao i thng tin (communication protocol) - trong cng ngh thng tin gi tt l giao thc (protocol). C nhiu giao thc c s dng giao tip hoc truyn t thng tin trn Internet, sau y l mt s cc giao thc tiu biu: - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Thit lp kt ni gia cc my tnh truyn d liu. - IP (Internet Protocol): nh tuyn (route) cc gi d liu khi chng c truyn qua Internet. - HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Cho php trao i thng tin (ch yu dng siu vn bn) qua Internet. - FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Cho php trao i tp tin qua Internet. - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Cho php gi cc thng ip th in t (e-mail) qua Internet. - POP3 (Post Office Protocol, phin bn 3): Cho php nhn cc thng ip th in t qua Internet. - MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension): Cho php gi km cc tp tin nh phn, phim, nhc, ... theo th in t. - WAP (Wireless Application Protocol): Cho php trao i thng tin gia cc thit b khng dy, nh in thoi di ng. II. Gii thiu v giao thc TCP/IP Cc chun dnh cho TCP/IP c cng b theo mt chui cc ti liu c gi l RFCs (Request for Comments). RFCs m t cch lm vic ni ti ca Internet. Mt s RFCs m t cc dch v mng hoc cc giao thc mng v cc ci t ca n, ngc vi cc khon tm tt khc. Cc chun TCP/IP lun c cng b bng cc RFCs, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc chun RFCs u m t chun ny. Cc chun TCP/IP khng c pht trin bi mt u ban, nhng bi s nht tr. Bt k ai cng c th gi ti liu cng b nh mt RFC. Cc ti liu c xem xt li bi mt chuyn gia, mt n v c thm quyn, hoc ngi chu trch nhim v RFC, ri gn cho n mt trng thi. Trng thi ch ra mt ti liu c c coi l mt chun. 36

C nm trng thi c th gn cho cc RFCs, nh m t trong bng 1. Trng thi Required (cn thit) M t Phi c ci t trn tt c cc trm v getway hot ng da trn giao thc TCP/IP. Khuyn khch tt c cc trm v getway hot ng da trn giao thc TCP/IP ci t cc c t RFC ny. Cc RFC c gi thng c ci t. Ci t ny l mt la chn. ng dng ca n c chp nhn, nhng khng bt buc.

Recommended (gi )

Elective (c th la chn)

Limited Use (gii hn s dng) Khng dng cho mc ch chung. Not recommended (khng nn Khng c khuyn khch ci dng) t. Bng 3.1. Cc trng thi c gn cho cc RFCs Nu mt ti liu c coi l chun, n phi qua cc bc pht trin, kim tra, v c s chp nhn ca Internet Standards Process (qu trnh chun internet). Nhng mc ny c t tn l cc mc tin cy (maturity levels). Bng 2 lit k ba mc tin cy cho cc chun Internet. Mc tin cy M t

Proposed Standard c t mt chun ngh thng n (chun ngh) nh, c cc nh thit k la chn, c tin cy v d hiu, nhn c s xem xt ng h ca cng ng, v c c s qun tm ng h ln ca cng ng coi l c gi tr. Draft Standard (chun phc tho) Mt chun phc tho phi kh d hiu v c bit l kh n nh, c hai iu ny theo ng ngha ca n v l c s 37

cho vic pht trin v ci t. Internet Standard (chun Internet) c t chun Internet (c th c nhc n n gin l chun Internet) c chi tit ho mc tin cy k thut cao v gi c tin cy m c t giao thc hoc dch v cung cp nhng li ch c ngha cho cng ng Internet).

Bng 3.2. Cc mc tin cy cho chun Internet Khi mt ti liu c cng b, n c gn mt s RFC. RFC gc khng bao gi c cp nht. Nu thay i l cn thit, mt ti liu RFC mi s c cng b vi mt s mi. V vy, vic kim tra rng bn c phi bn c ti liu RFC gn nht trong mt ch nht nh khng l quan trng. Cc RFCs c th nhn c bng nhiu cch. Cch n gin nht nhn RFC bt k hoc danh sch nh ch mc cp nht y tt c cc RFC cng b l truy cp vo a ch www.rfc-editor.org/rfc. RFCs cng c th ly c qua a ch FTP t nis.nsf.net, nisc.jvnc.net, venera.isi.edu, wuarchive.wustl.edu, src.doc.ic.ac, uk, ftp.concert.net, internic.net, hoc nic.ddn.mil. 1. Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP Cc tng giao thc TCP/IP c chia lm bn tng chc nng c bit n nh l m hnh DARPA, c t tn sau khi chnh ph M bt u pht trin TCP/IP. Bn tng ca m hnh DARPA l: ng dng (Application), Giao vn (Transport), Internet, v tng Giao tip mng (Network Interface). Mi tng trong m hnh DARPA tng ng vi mt hoc nhiu tng trong m hnh by tng ca m hnh OSI. Hnh 1 biu din kin trc giao thc TCP/IP.

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Hnh 3.3. Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP a. Tng giao tip mng (Network Interface Layer) Tng Giao tip mng (cn c gi l tng Truy cp mng) chu trch nhim t cc gi tin TCP/IP trn mi trng mng v nhn cc gi tin TCP/IP t mi trng mng. TCP/IP c thit k c lp vi phng php truy cp mng, nh dng khung d liu, v mi trng mng. Bng cch ny, TCP/IP c th c s dng kt ni cc loi mng khc nhau. Bao gm cc k thut mng LAN nh Ethernet hoc Token Ring v cc k thut mng WAN nh X.25 hay Frame Relay. S c lp vi bt k k thut mng no cho php TCP/IP c kh nng tng tch vi cc k thut mi nh ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Tng Giao tip mng bao gm tng Lin kt d liu (Data Link) v tng Vt l (Physical) ca m hnh OSI. Ch rng tng Internet khng c c cc u im ca cc dch v sp xp gi tin v thng bo c tng Data Link. Mt tng Giao tip mng c gi thit, v vic truyn thng tin cy qua cc phin thit lp, sp xp v thng bo cc gi tin thuc v trch nhim ca tng Giao vn. b. Tng Internet Tng Internet chu trch nhim a ch ho, ng gi, v dn ng. Li cc giao thc li ca tng Internet l IP, ARP, ICMP, v IGMP. Giao thc IP - (Internet Protocol) l mt giao thc c kh nng dn ng cho cc a ch IP, phn chia v tp hp li cc gi tin. Giao thc ARP - Address Resolution Protocol (giao thc phn gii a ch) chu trch nhim phn gii a ch tng Internet chuyn thnh a ch tng giao tip mng, nh a ch phn cng. 39

 Giao thc ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol chu trch nhim a ra cc chc nng chun on v thng bo li hay theo di cc iu kin lu chuyn cc gi tin IP. Giao thc IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol chu trch nhim qun l cc nhm IP truyn multicast. Tng Internet tng t nh tng Network ca m hnh OSI. c. Tng giao vn Tng giao vn (cn c gi l tng truyn Trm-ti-Trm Host-to-Host Transport Layer) chu trch nhim cung cp cho tng ng dng cc dch v to lp phin v truyn d liu. Cc giao thc li ca tng Giao vn l TCP v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP cung cp cc dch v truyn thng tin cy mt-mt (one-to-one), hng lin kt (connection-oriented). TCP chu trch nhim thit lp cc kt ni TCP, gi cc gi tin c sp xp, thng bo, v cc gi tin phc hi d liu b mt trong qu trnh truyn. UDP cung cp cc dch v truyn tin mt-mt, mt-nhiu, khng lin kt v khng tin cy. UDP c s dng khi lng d liu cn truyn nh (v d d liu khng in ht mt gi tin), khi vic thit lp lin kt TCP l khng cn thit, hoc khi cc ng dng hoc cc giao thc tng trn cung cp dch v m bo trong khi truyn. Tng Giao vn chu trch nhim tng Giao vn trong m hnh OSI v mt s nhim v ca tng Phin (Session) ca OSI. d. Tng ng dng Tng ng dng cung cp cc ng dng vi kh nng truy cp cc dch v ca cc tng khc v nh ngha cc giao thc m cc ng dng s dng trao i d liu. C nhiu giao thc tng ng dng v cc giao thc mi lun lun c pht trin. Cc giao thc c ng dng rng ri nht ca tng ng dng c s dng trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng l: Giao thc truyn tin siu vn bn HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) c s dng truyn cc tp to nn trang web ca World Wide Web. Giao thc FTP - File Transfer Protocol c s dng thc hin truyn file. Giao thc SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol c s dng truyn cc thng ip th v cc tp nh km. 40

 Telnet, mt giao thc m phng trm u cui, c s dng ng nhp t xa vo cc my trm trn mng. Hn na, cc giao thc ng dng sau to gip d dng s dng v qun l mng TCP/IP. Domain Name System (DNS) c s dng chuyn t tn trm thnh a ch IP. Giao thc RIP - Routing Information Protocol l giao thc dn ng m cc router s dng trao i cc thng tin dn ng gi tin IP trong mng. Giao thc SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol c s dng gia giao din qun l mng v cc thit b mng (router, bridges, v hub thng minh) thu thp v trao i thng tin qun l mng. V d ca tng ng dng giao tip vi cc ng dng TCP/IP l Windows Sockets v NetBIOS. Windows Sockets cung cp mt chun giao din lp trnh ng dng API (application-programming interface) trn nn h iu hnh Windows. NetBIOS l mt chun cng nghip giao tip d truy cp cc dch v nh dch v phin, truyn d liu, v phn gii tn. Thng tin chi tit v NetBIOS c cung cp cui chng ny. 2. Giao thc li TCP/IP Thnh phn giao thc TCP/IP c ci trong h iu hnh mng ca bn l mt chui cc giao thc lin h vi nhau c gi l cc giao thc li TCP/IP. Tt c cc ng dng khc v cc giao thc khc trong b giao thc TCP/IP da trn cc dch v c s cung cp bi cc giao thc sau: IP, ARP, ICMP, IGMP, TCP, v UDP. a. IP IP l mt giao thc khng lin kt, truyn tin khng chc chn ch yu chu trch nhim a ch ho v dn ng cc gi tin gia cc trm. Khng lin kt c ngha l phin lm vic khng c thit lp trc khi trao i d liu. Khng chc chn c ngha l vic gi i cc gi tin IP khng c m bo chc chn l ti ch. Giao thc IP s lun lun thc hin c gng nht truyn gi tin. Mt gi tin IP c th b mt, truyn i khng ng th t, truyn p, hoc b tr. Giao thc IP khng c gng phc hi nhng loi li nh vy. Cc gi tin thng bo (acknowledgment) truyn i v vic khi phc cc gi tin b mt thuc v trch nhim ca cc tng cao hn, nh TCP. IP c nh ngha trong RFC 791.

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Mt gi tin IP bao gm mt phn u gi tin IP (IP header) v mt phn d liu trong gi tin IP (IP payload). Bng 3 m t cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin IP. Cc trng trong phn u gi tin IP a ch IP ngun a ch IP ch Chc nng a ch IP ca ngun truyn gi tin IP. a ch IP ch n ca gi tin IP.

nh danh (Identification) c s dng xc nh gi tin IP c th v xc nh tt c cc phn on ca mt gi tin IP c th nu vic phn on xy ra. Giao thc Khng nh giao thc IP c dng ti trm ch cho d gi tin c truyn da trn cc giao thc TCP, UDP, ICMP, hoc cc giao thc khc. Mt php tnh ton hc n gin kim tra tnh ton vn ca phn u gi tin IP. L s c thit k ca mng trn gi d liu c php truyn trc khi b b qua bi router. TTL c t bi trm gi gi tin v c s dng ngn khng cho mt gi tin truyn lng vng khng kt thc trong mng s dng giao thc IP. Khi mt gi tin IP c truyn tip, router cn gim gi tr ca TTL t nht l 1.

Checksum Thi gian sng TTL (Time to Live)

Bng 3.4. Cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin IP. Phn on v tp hp li (fragmentation and reassembly) Nu router nhn c mt gi tin IP qu ln i vi mng trong gi tin c gi tip i, gi tin IP s c phn chia thnh nhiu gi nh va vi kch thc ca mng c truyn tip. Khi gi tin ti a ch ch, giao thc IP ti trm ch s tp hp li cc phn on thnh gi tin gc. Qu trnh ny gi l phn on. Phn on c th xy ra trong mi trng s dng kt hp nhiu cng ngh mng, v d c Ethernet v Token Ring. Vic phn on v tp hp c thc hin nh sau: 1. Khi mt gi tin IP c gi bi ngun gi, n t mt gi tr duy nht vo trng nh danh (Identification). 42

2. Gi tin IP nhn c ti router. Cc nt router IP m n v truyn tin ln nht MTU (maximum transmission unit) ca mng trong gi tin c gi i m nh hn kch thc ca gi tin IP. 3. Giao thc IP s phn on gi tin d liu IP (IP payload) gc thnh nhiu on sao cho kch thc va vi kch thc n v truyn tin ca mng tip theo. Mi on c gi i vi phn u gi tin IP ring ca n cha: Trng nh danh (identification) gc, trng ny s xc nh tt c cc phn on thuc v cng mt gi tin gc. C thm phn on (More Fragments Flag), s ch ra cn phn on khc tip theo hay khng. C ny khng c t phn on cui cng, bi v khng cn phn on no tip theo n. V tr phn on (Fragment Offset) ch ra v tr tng i ca phn on so vi gi tin d liu IP gc.

4. Khi cc phn on nhn c bi giao thc IP ti my trm t xa, chng xc nh bi trng nh danh c ging nhau khng, v v tr phn on (Fragment Offset) c s dng tp hp cc phn on thnh gi tin d liu IP gc. b. ARP Khi cc gi tin IP c gi trn mi trng chia s truy cp, cc cng ngh mng da trn cng ngh truyn qung b nh Ethernet hoc Token Ring, Media Access Control (MAC) a ch tng ng vi a ch cc gi tin IP phi c chuyn ho. ARP s dng MAC mc truyn qung b phn gii mt a ch IP gi i thnh mt a ch MAC. ARP c nh ngha trong RFC 826. c thm thng tin v ARP, xem phn Phn gii a ch vt l trong on cui ca chng ny. c. ICMP Giao thc iu khin thng ip Internet ICMP cung cp tin ch sa cha s c v thng bo li cho cc gi tin khng truyn i c. V d, nu mt gi tin IP khng truyn ti trm ch c, ICMP s gi thng ip thng bo khng tip cn ch c Destination Unreachable ti trm ngun. Bng 4 biu din cc thng ip ICMP thng thng nht. Thng ip ICMP Chc nng

Echo Request (yu cu phn Thng ip bo s c n gin c s dng hi) kim tra kt ni IP ti trm mong mun. 43

Echo Reply (tr li phn hi) Dng tr li cho Echo Request. Redirect (nh hng li) c gi bi mt router khng nh mt trm gi tin dn ng tt hn ti mt a ch IP ch. c gi bi mt router gng nh trm gi tin m d liu IP b loi bi nghn ti router. Trm gi tin s h thp t l truyn. Source Quench l mt thng ip ICMP khng bt buc v thng khng c ci t. c gi bi mt router hoc trm ch thng bo cho trm gi tin rng gi tin khng th truyn c.

Source Quench (tt ngun)

Destination Unreachable (khng th tip cn ch)

Bng 3.5. Cc thng ip ICMP thng thng gi mt gi tin phn hi yu cu ICMP v hin th thng k trn cc thng ip tr li trn my s dng Windows NT chng ta s dng tin ch ping trong du nhc lnh. ICMP khng lm cho giao thc IP tr nn tin cy. ICMP c gng thng bo cc li v a ra phn hi trong cc iu kin c th. Cc thng ip ICMP c truyn i nh mt gi tin IP khng thng bo v bn thn chng l khng chc chn c ti c ch khng. ICMP c nh ngha trong RFC 792. d. IGMP Giao thc qun l nhm Internet IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) l mt giao thc qun l cc trm thnh vin trong nhm truyn IP multicast. Mt nhm IP multicast, c bit n nh mt nhm trm. Gi tin IP multicast c truyn ti mt a ch MAC n nhng c x l bi nhiu trm s dng giao thc IP. Mt trm c th s nghe mt a ch gi tin IP multicast c th v nhn tt c cc gi tin t a ch . e. TCP TCP l mt dch v truyn tin tin cy, c lin kt. D liu c truyn theo cc phn on. Truyn tin c lin kt c ngha l kt ni phi c thit lp trc khi cc trm c th trao i d liu. Vic truyn tin tin cy t c bng cch gn cc s th t ti mi on gi tin c truyn i. Mt thng bo c s dng kim tra rng d liu c nhn bi trm khc. Vi mi phn on c gi, trm nhn tin phi tra v mt gi thng bo ACK trong mt chu 44

k nht nh cc byte d liu nhn c. Nu mt gi tin ACK khng c nhn, d liu s c truyn li. Giao thc TCP c nh ngha trong RFC 793. TCP s dng phng php truyn cc lung byte d liu (byte-stream communications), cc d liu trong phn on TCP c x l nh mt chui cc byte khng phn bit thnh bn ghi hay bin gii cc trng d liu. Bng 6 m t cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin TCP. Trng Source Port (cng ngun) Chc nng Cng TCP ca trm gi tin.

Destination Port (Cng ch) Cng TCP ca trm ch. Sequence Number (s th t) Acknowledgment Number (s thng bo) Window (ca s) S th t byte u tin ca d liu trong phn on TCP. S th t ca byte m trm gi tin mun nhn t pha bn kia ca trm truyn tin trong lin kt. Kch thc hin thi ca vng m TCP trn trm gi phn on TCP lu tr cc phan on ti. Kim tra tnh ton vn ca phn u v phn d liu ca gi tin TCP.

TCP Checksum

Bng 3. 6. Cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin TCP Cc cng TCP Mt cng TCP cung cp mt v tr c th truyn cc phn on TCP. Cc cng c s di 1024 l cc cng thng dng v c gn bi t chc IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Bng 7 lit k mt s cng TCP thng dng. S cng TCP 20 21 23 80 139 FTP (Knh d liu). FTP (Knh iu khin). Tin ch Telnet. Giao thc truyn tin HTTP s dng cho World Wide Web. Dch v phin NetBIOS. 45 M t

Bng 3.7. Cc cng TCP thng dng xem ht danh sch cc cng TCP c gn, tham kho RFC 1700. Ba bc bt tay ca giao thc TCP (three-way handshake) Mt lin kt TCP c khi to thng qua bc cch bt tay. Mc ch ca ba bc bt tay l ng b ho s th t v s gi tin thng bo ca c hai pha trong lin kt, kch thc ca s TCP trao i, v cc thng s trao i TCP khc nh kch thc phn on ti a. Cc bc sau phc tho qu trnh: 1. My client gi mt phn on TCP ti my ch vi s th t (Sequence Number) khi to cho lin kt v kch thc ca s (Window) ch ra kch thc vng m trn pha my client lu tr cc phn on ti t server. 2. Server gi tr li mt phn on TCP cha s th t khi to m n chn, gi tin thng bo s th t ca my client, v kch thc ca s ch ra kch thc vng m trn server lu tr cc phn on n t client. 3. My client gi mt phn on TCP ti server cha thng bo s th t gi tin ca server. Giao thc TCP s dng mt qu trnh bt tay tng t kt thc lin kt. iu ny m bo c hai pha trm truyn tin u kt thc vic truyn v tt c d liu truyn c nhn. f. UDP UDP cung cp dch v truyn tin khng lin kt, khng tin cy, cch hiu qu nht truyn cc thng ip. iu ny c ngha rng tt c cc gi tin truyn i l khng c m bo chc chn ti ch, hoc khng ng th t truyn. UDP khng phc hi c cc gi tin b mt bng cch truyn li. UDP c nh ngha trong RFC 768. UDP c s dng bi cc ng dng khng cn thng bo khng nh vic nhn d liu thnh cng v c s dng in hnh trong vic truyn lng nh d liu thc hin trong ch mt ln. Nh dch v tn NetBIOS, dch v gi tin NetBIOS, v giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) l cc v d v cc dch v v ng dng s dng UDP. Bng 8 m t cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin UDP. Trng Source Port (cng ngun) Chc nng Cng UDP ca trm gi tin. 46

Destination Port (cng ch) UDP Checksum Acknowledgment Number (s thng bo)

Cng UDP ca trm nhn tin. Kim tra tnh ton vn ca phn u v phn d liu gi tin UDP. S th t ca byte m pha gi cn nhn tip theo th pha trm cn li ca lin kt.

Bng 3.8. Cc trng chnh trong phn u gi tin UDP. Cc cng UDP s dng UDP, mt ng dng phi cung cp a ch IP v cng UDP ca ng dng ch. Mt cng cung cp v tr gi thng ip. Mt cng c chc nng nh mt b n knh hng i thng ip, c ngha l n c th nhn nhiu thng ip ti cng thi im. Mi cng c xc nh bi mt s duy nht. Cn ch l cng UDP phn bit v khc vi cc cng TCP mc d mt s trong c cng s cng. Bng 9 lit k cc cng UDP thng dng. S cng UDP 53 69 137 138 161 M t Truy vn tn t h thng tn min DNS (Domain Name System). Giao thc TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol). Dch v tn NetBIOS. Dch v truyn d liu NetBIOS. Giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). Bng 3.9. Cc cng UDP thng dng tham kho ton b danh sch cc cng UDP c gn xem RFC 1700
III. CC GIAO THC KHC 1. Giao thc NetBIOS NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) c pht trin cho IBM vo nm 1983 bi Sytek Corporation cho php cc ng dng giao tip qua mng.

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NetBIOS nh ngha hai thc th, mt mc phin giao tip v mt mc giao thc qun l phin truyn d liu. NetBIOS cng nh ngha mt giao thc c cc chc nng ti mc phin/giao vn. Cc chc nng ny c ci t da trn giao thc phn mm, v d nh giao thc NBFP (NetBIOS Frame Protocol) l mt thnh phn ca NetBEUI hoc NetBIOS trn TCP/IP (NetBT), thc hin cc cng mng cn cho hon thin tp lnh giao tip. NetBIOS da trn TCP/IP c nh ngha trong RFCs 1001 v 1002. NetBIOS cung cp cc lnh v h tr cho qun l tn NetBIOS Name Management, NetBIOS Datagram, v NetBIOS Sessions. NetBIOS Name Management Qun l tn NetBIOS Cc dch v qun l tn NetBIOS cung cp cc chc nng sau: ng k v gii phng tn Khi mt trm TCP/IP khi to, n ng k tn NetBIOS bng cch lan truyn hoc hng mt yu cu ng k tn NetBIOS ti mt my ch tn NetBIOS Name Server, v d nh my ch WINS (Winds Internet Name Service). Nu mt trm khc ng k cng tn NetBIOS , hoc l trm hoc l server tn NetBIOS tr li vi mt thng ip ph nh ng k tn (negative name registration response). Trm khi to nhn c mt kt qu khi to li. Khi dch v trn mt trm dng hot ng, trm s ngng lan to tr li ph nh vic ang k tn v gii phng tn cho trm khc c th s dng. Dch v tn NetBIOS s dng giao thc UDP cng 137. Dch v gi d liu NetBIOS (NetBIOS Datagrams). Dch v gi d liu NetBIOS cung cp dch v truyn cc gi d liu khng lin kt, khng c th t, v khng tin cy. Cc gi d liu c th hng ti mt tn my NetBIOS hoc lan truyn qung b ti mt nhm tn. Vic truyn cc gi tin NetBIOS l khng tin cy, trong ch ngi s dng ng nhp vo mng mi nhn c cc thng ip. Dch v gi tin c th khi to v nhn c cc thng ip truyn qung b v truyn c nh hng. Dch v gi tin NetBIOS s dng giao thc UDP cng 138. Dch v phin NetBIOS (NetBIOS sessions) Dch v phin NetBIOS cung cp kh nng truyn cc thng ip NetBIOS c lin kt, c th t, v tin cy. Dch v phin NetBIOS s dng giao thc TCP cung cp, duy tr, v kt thc cc phin. Dch v phin cho php lung d liu truyn theo hai hng s dng giao thc TCP cng 139.

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a ch IP Mi trm s dng giao thc TCP/IP c nh danh bi mt a ch IP lun l. a ch IP l mt a ch tng mng v khng ph thuc vo a ch tng lin kt d liu (nh a ch MAC ca card giao tip mng). Mt a ch duy nht c gn cho mi trm v cc thnh phn ca mng s dng giao thc TCP/IP. a ch IP xc nh v tr ca h thng trn mng tng t nh xc nh a ch nh trong mt khu ph. a ch ca ng xc ch nh ni c tr, a ch IP phi l duy nht trn ton cu v s dng cng nh dng. Each IP address includes a network ID and a host ID. Mi a ch IP bao gm a ch mng NetWork ID v a ch trm host ID. Network ID (cn c gi l a ch mng) xc nh h thng trn cng mng vt l gii hn bi IP ca router. Tt c cc h thng trn cng mng vt l phi c cng a ch mng network ID. Network ID phi l duy nht trong ton mng tng tc. Host ID (hay a ch my trm) xc nh mt trm, server, router, hoc trm TCP/IP khc trong mng. a ch cho mi trm phi l duy nht trong cng mt network ID. Ch : Cch s dng khi nim network ID ni ti bt k IP network ID no, c da trn phn lp, subnet, hay supernet hay khng. Mt a ch IP gm 32 bit. Thay v lm vic vi 32 bit lin lc, n thng phn on 32 bit a ch IP thnh cc trng 8-bit c gi l cc octet. Mi octet c chuyn thnh s thp phn trong phm vi t 0-255 v cch nhau bi du chm. nh dng ny c gi l k hiu chm thp phn (dotted decimal notation). Bng 10 a ra mt v d ca mt a ch IP dng nh phn v dng chm thp phn.

Dng nh phn 11000000 10101000 00000011 00011000

Dng chm thp phn 192.168.3.24

K hiu w.x.y.z c s dng khi ni ti a ch IP tng qut ho v biu din trong hnh 3.

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Figure 3. a ch IP Lp a ch Ngay t u cng ng Internet nh ngha nm lp a ch ph hp vi s thay i kch c ca cc mng. Giao thc TCP/IP ca Microsoft h tr cc lp a ch A, B, v C gn cho cc trm. Cc lp a ch inh ngha nhng bit no c s dng lm network ID v nhng bit no c s dng lm host ID. N cng nh ngha s cc mng c th c v s cc trm c th c trn mng. Lp A Lp a ch A c gn cho cc mng c s lng trm rt ln. Bit c th t cao nht trong lp A lun c t l 0. 7 bit tip theo ( octet u tin) hon thnh a ch mng. 24 bits cn li (3 octet cn li) biu din a ch my host ID. iu ny c ngha l lp A cho php 126 mng v 16777214 my trm trn mt mng. Hnh 4 minh ho cu trc ca a ch lp A .

Figure 4. a ch IP lp A Lp B a ch lp B c gn cho mng c kch thc va v ln. Hai bit cao nht ca lp a ch B lun c t l 10. 14 bit tip theo ( hai octet u) hon thnh a ch mng network ID. 16 bit cn li (hai octet cui) biu din a ch trm host ID. iu ny c ngha lp B cho php 16384 mng v 65534 trm trn mt mng. Hnh 5 minh ha cu trc a ch lp

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B. Figure 5. a ch IP lp B Lp C a ch lp C s dng cho mng nh. 3 bit cao nht ca lp C lun c t l 110. 21 bit tip theo ( 3 octet u) hon thnh a ch mng network ID. Cn li 8 bit (octet cui cng) biu din a chi my host ID. iu ny cho php s dng 2097152 mng v 254 my trn mi mng. Hnh 6 minh ho cu trc ca a ch lp C.

Figure 6. a ch IP lp C Lp D a ch lp D dnh ring cho cc a ch IP multicast. 4 bit cao nht trong lp D lun c t l 1110. Cc bit cn li nh a ch cc my c lin quan. Lp E Lp a ch E dnh ring cho vic s dng sau ny. 4 bit cao nht trong lp a ch E lun c t l 1111. Bng 11 tng kt cc lp a ch A, B, v C c th s dng bao nhiu a ch IP cho my trm.

Bng 11. Tng kt cc lp a ch IP Lp Gi tr w Phn network Phn host S mng c th S my trn mt ID dng mng

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ID A B C 1126 128191 192223 w w.x w.x.y x.y.z y.z z 126 16,384 2,097,152 16,777,214 65,534 254

a ch 127.x.y.z ca lp A c dng dnh ring cho vic kim tra vng phn hi (loopback) v truyn thng trn my cc b. Cch nh a ch mng network ID Network ID xc nh cc my s dng TCP/IP trn cng mt mng vt l. Tt c cc trm trn cng mt phn on vt l phi c cng mt a ch mng network ID c th giao tip vi cc my khc. Sau y l cch gn network ID: a ch mng phi l duy nht vi mng kt ni lin mng. Nu bn c k hoch dn trc tip kt ni ti Internet cng cng, network ID phi duy nht i vi Internet. Nu bn khng c kt hoch kt ni ti Internet cng cng, network ID cc b phi l duy nht i vi mng kt ni lin mng. Network ID khng th bt u bi s 127. S 127 trong lp A c dnh ring cho cc chc nng lp phn hi. Tt c cc bit trong phn network ID khng th t bng 1. Tt c cc bt t bng 1 trong phn network ID c dnh ring s dng truyn qung b cc gi tin IP. Tt c cc bit trong phn network ID khng th t bng 0. Tt c cc bit 0 trong network ID c s dng biu din mt trm c th trn mng cc b s khng c dn ng. Bng 12 lit k di cc network ID hp l da trn lp cc a ch IP. biu din IP network ID, cc bit a ch trm c t bng 0. Ch rng qua cch biu din dng chm thp phn, network ID khng phi l mt a ch IP.

Bng 12. Di cc lp network ID Lp a ch A B C Network ID u tin 1.0.0.0 128.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 Network ID cui cng 126.0.0.0 191.255.0.0 223.255.255.0

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Cch nh a ch my host ID. Host ID xc nh a ch TCP/IP ca mt my trn mng. S kt hp IP ca network ID v IP ca host ID thnh mt a ch IP. Sau y l cch gn a ch host ID: Host ID phi l duy nht trong mt mng (cng network ID). Tt c cc bit trong host ID khng th t bng 1, bi v host ID ny dnh ring cho a ch truyn qung b cc gi tin truyn ti tt c cc trm trn mt mng. Tt c cc bit trong host ID khng th t bng 0, v host ID ny dnh ring d k hiu a ch IP mng (network ID). Bng 13 lit k di cc gi tr host ID hp l da trn lp cc a ch IP.

Bng 13. Di cc host ID. Lp a ch A B C Host ID u tin w.0.0.1 w.x.0.1 w.x.y.1 Host ID cui cng w.255.255.254 w.x.255.254 w.x.y.254

Subnets v Subnet Masks Phn lp a ch Internet c thit k cung cp ba di IP khc nhau trong kt ni mng, trong 32 bit ca a ch IP c chia ra thnh network ID v host ID tu theo s mng v s trm trn mng cn s dng. Tuy nhin, hy kho st network ID ca lp A, n cho php trn 16 triu trm c nh a ch trn mt mng. Tt c cc trm trn cng mt mng vt l li b gii hn bi IP ca router chia s cng ng truyn qung b; chng c cng vng truyn qung b. S l khng thc t c 16 triu nt trong cng mt vng qung b. Kt qu l hu ht trong s 16 triu a ch trm khng th gn c v b b ph. Mc d lp B vi 65 nghn trm nhng vn l khng thc t. Trong n lc to ra cc vng truyn qung b nh hn v s dng hiu qu hn, cc bit trong host ID ca mt network ID c th c chia thnh mng nh hn, mi mng gii hn bi mt IP router v c gn mt gi tr mng con subnetted network ID, l mt mng con ca mng gc ban u trn cng mt network ID.

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iu ny to ra cc subnet (mng con), s phn chia a ch IP mng, mi mng con c mt a ch network ID con. Phn chia mng con c to ra bng cch s dng phn a ch host ID ca lp network ID c s. Hy xem hnh 7. Mt a ch lp B 139.12.0.0 c th c 65534 nt. Gi tr ny qu ln v trong thc t cc mng hin ny n tr thnh bo ha vi truyn thng qung b. Vic ch mng 139.12.0.0 c th c thc hin theo mt cch m khng nh hng hay khng cn cu hnh li cc a ch IP cn li ca mng.

Hnh 7. Mng 139.12.0.0 trc khi chia Mng 139.12.0.0 c chia bng cch s dng bit trong phn a ch trm (octet th 3) cho a ch mng con mi network ID. Khi a ch 139.12.0.0 c ch nh nh trong hnh 8, chia mng thnh cc mng con khc c a ch network ID (139.12.1.0, 139.12.2.0, 139.12.3.0) c to ra. Router nhn cc ID ca cc mng con ny v n s dn cc gi IP ti ng mng con tng ng. Phn cn li ca a ch IP vn dnh cho tt c cc nt trn ba mng con nh vi mng 139.12.0.0. Cc router khc trong mng s khng nhn ra vic phn chia mng 139.12.0.0 v v vy khng cn cu hnh li.

Hnh 8. Mng 139.12.0.0 sau khi chia mng con Nhn t chnh trong vic chia mng vn thit. l cch router m mng b chia 139.12.0.0 lm th no m bit mng b chia v mng con no sn sng trn giao tip router ? a ra a ch IP ca mt nt vi vi mc nhn dng mi, router phi ni chnh xc cch phn bit mng a ch mng con mi so vi lp a ch Internet.

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 ni chnh xc a ch IP nt, da trn lp hoc mng con, mt subnet mask c s dng. Subnet masks Vi s pht trin ca vic phn chia mng, khi a ch IP khng ch xc nh vo lp cc a ch xc nh network ID trong mt a ch IP. Mt gi tr mi c dng xc nh phn no ca a ch IP l network ID v phn no l host ID, da trn phn lp IP hoc s trn network ID mng con c s dng RFC 950 nh ngha cch s dng subnet mask (cn c gi l a ch mt n address mask) nh mt gi tr 32-bit c s dng phn bit a ch mng network ID vi a ch my: Tt c cc bit tng ng vi network ID c t bng 1. Tt c cc bit tng ng vi host ID c t bng 0. Mi trm trn mt mng TCP/IP cn mt subnet mask, d trn mt phn on mng. Hoc subnet mask mc nh c s dng khi network ID da trn phn lp c s dng, hoc mt subnet mask tu bin c s dng khi chia mng con hoc mng cao hn c cu hnh trn mi nt TCP/IP. Biu din chm thp phn ca subnet mask Subnet mask thng c biu din theo dng chm thp phn. 32 bit c chuyn thnh dng chm thp phn, nhng lu l subnet mask khng phi a ch IP. Mt subnet mask mc nh da trn a ch lp IP c s dng trn mng TCP/IP khng b chia thnh cc mng con. Bng 14 lit k cc subnet mask mc nh s dng biu din chm thp phn. Bng 14. Cc subnet mask mc nh dng chm thp phn Lp a ch A B C Cc bit ca subnet mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 Subnet Mask dng chm thp phn 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

Subnet mask tu bin khc vi cc subnet mask mc nh khi chia mng hoc gp mng. V d, 138.96.58.0 l mt mng con 8-bit ca lp B. 8 bit ca lp da trn a ch host ID c s dng biu din ID ca mng c chia. Subnet mask s dng

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tng cng 24 bit (255.255.255.0) nh ngha a ch mng con, v c biu din dng chm thp phn nh sau: 138.96.58.0, 255.255.255.0 b. Giao thc IPX/SPX 1. So snh m hnh mng ca Netware vi m hnh OSI.

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

SAP, NCP SPX IPX MAC Protocols

SAP (Service Access Point): Trong m hnh OSI SAP c mt v tr c xc nh r, qua mt thc th ti mt tng c th c th a ra cc dch v x l phc v tng trn. ch ra s phn tng, ch ci u tin ca tng thng c thm vo trc cm t SAP. V d: mt thc th ca tng giao vn cung cp cc dch v cho tng phin thng qua mt TSAP (T-SAP). Mi SAP c mt a ch duy nht. a ch ny c th c phc v nh mt im truy cp ti cc dch v ca ngi s dng.

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 NCP (Netware Core Protocol): l giao thc dng m ho cc yu cu ti Server v tr li cho client. Mi gi tin NCP c gi i phi c k bi client hoc server gi gi tin . Ch k ny l khc nhau i vi mi gi tin. Nu nhn c mt gi gin NCP khng hp l, mt thng ip cnh bo s c a vo trong file nht k c hai pha client v server. Thng ip cnh bo ny cha a ch ca client. Giao thc IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)/SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) c xy dng v s dng trong h iu hnh Netware t nhng nm 80. Novell Netware cung cp cc dch v chia s file, my in, v ng dng, cng vi dch v th mc u da trn giao thc IPX/SPX. 2. Giao thc IPX Cu trc gi tin IPX: Giao thc IPX l mt giao thc khng lin kt: The Transport control field is used for routing. It is set to zero at the source node and then, as the packet passes each router, it is incremented by one. When it reaches 16, the packet is considered undeliverable and is discarded. Routing is dependent on the IPX address. IPX addresses are usually written in hexadecimal format, which means that each byte is represented by two characters in the range from A through F or numbers from 0 through 9. This consists of the 4-byte network number assigned by the network administrator, the 6-byte node number (copied from the hardware address of the NIC), and the 2-byte socket address predetermined by the application. When the network administrator assigns the 4-byte network number, it is eight characters long-for example, 4A31F80C. The IPX node address is written as 0A-56-78-9A-BB-FF. Vic dn ng ph thuc vo a ch trn gi tin IPX. a ch gi tin IPX thng c vit dng ch s hex, c ngha l mi byte c biu din bng hai k t t nm trong khong t A-F, hoc s t 0-9. Trong bao gm 4-byte s a ch mng c gn bi ngi qun tr mng, 6-byte cha a ch nt (copy t a ch phn cng ca card mng), v 2-byte a ch socket c xc nh trc bi ng dng. Khi qun tr mng gn 4 byte a ch mng, n gm 6 k t v d, 4A31F80C. a ch IPX ca nt c vit di dng 0A-56-78-9A-BBFF. Kha cnh d nhm ln nht ca a ch IPX l n c th c vit nhiu dng. Hu ht, khi mt a ch mng IPX c vit ra, nhng s khng u b b i v ch vit dng rt gn; v vy mt a ch mng l 0000002A c vit thnh 2A. K hiu c th bin i mt ch trong cch a ch ho IPX. i khi mt du hai chm c t gia, v vy mt a ch mng 44ABF128 tr thnh 44AB:F128. Cc s khng khng bao gi c b i trong a ch ca nt, nhng cc du hai chm thng c thm vo sau mi chu k 4 s hexa (tng ng vi 16 bt). a ch mng 44ABF128 tr thnh 44AB:F128. a

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ch mng 0A-01-23-FF-45-79 cng c vit thnh 0A01:23FF:4579 hoc 0A01.23FF.4579. Mt a ch IPX bao gm ng dng, my tnh m n chy trn , v v tr trong mng vt l s bao gm a ch mng, theo sau bi a ch ca nt v cui cng l a ch ca dch v. iu ny c ngha l 2AFF:3829:8FC6:7788:AAAA:0004 bao gm a ch mng 2AFF3829, a ch ca nt 8F-C6-77-88-AA-AA, v a ch dch v 0004. Cc thit b nh tuyn IPX lan truyn cc thng tin nh tuyt v qung co (advertisements) ti tt c cc trm trn mng s dng giao thc RIP (Routing Information Protocol) v dch v Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) hoc NLSP NetWare Link Services Protocol. Cc thit b nh tuyn chia x thng tin m mi trm lm vic trn bt k phn on mng no cng c th truy cp thng tin v cc dch v cung cp trn cc phn on khc. Tm hiu RIP v NLSP Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn (RIP) c s dng trong b giao thc IPX/SPX l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch (Distance Vector) dng cho qun l ng cc bng dn ng IPX. Mc d cc tn l ng nht, khng nhm ln RIP ca IPX vi RIP ca b giao thc TCP/IP. Hai giao thc ny l khc nhau hon ton v khng hot ng cng nhau c. C 60 giy RIP gi cc thng ip cp nhn nh tuyn ti tt c ln cn ca server hoc thit b nh tuyn. Nhng gi thng tin lan truyn ny khng vt ti cc im xa. Thay vo , thit b nh tuyn nhn c gi thng tin lan truyn RIP cp nht thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ca ring n v li gi theo kiu qun b ti cc lng ging ca n. Ging nh mt chui cc domino b , mi thit b nh tuyn c cp nht thng tin mi. Bi v RIP s dng thng tin gin tip, gi tin li c th gy ra nhng cn bo lan truyn lm sp mng.

NLSP l giao thc khc m cc router IPX c th s dng xc nh ng i. NLSP l mt giao thc tm ng theo trng thi lin kt (Link State rout-discovery). Thut ton Link State NLSP s dng cho php mi router nhn c thng tin gc (firsthand) v trng thi ca cc router khc trn mng, iu ny ngn chn mt s hin tng ngn v cc vn xut hin trong cc mng RIP. Mt a ch ph (thm vo) c s dng trn server NetWare l s mng ni b (internal network number), l s nh danh logic mi dch v chy ni b trong mng. Bi v iu ny, cc server NetWare u t ng cu hnh d liu nh tuyn gia mng bn ngoi v mng ni b ca n.

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SPX v cc giao thc khc Khi mt ng dng cn m bo vic truyn tin v khng cn bao gm thng tin iu khin hng lin kt trong tng trn ca n, n phi s dng SPX kt hp vi IPX. SPX hot ng trn tng giao vn, cung cp cc chc nng truyn tin hng lin kt ti cc ng dng cn n. T khi SPXX a m bo vic truyn d liu, ti sao khng s dng n vi mi thao tc truyn d liu? y l mt cu hi hay. L do chnh l SPX c t trn tng mng. SPX phi gi cc gi tin xc nhn (acknowledgment) theo c hai hng m bo rng d liu c gi i. Nt gi truyn d liu trc, v ri nt nhn gi li mt gi tin xc nhn ACK. Nu nt gi khng nhn c mt gi tin ACK, n yu cu mt gi tin ACK hoc gi li d liu. Nh bn thy, nu bn c mt ng dng va phi gi v nhn cc gi tin ACK, qu trnh ny tr nn rm r, khng cn bn n tnh khng hiu qu. Nh mt phn ca dch v pht tin, SPX cung cp dch v kim tra li, iu khin lung gi liu gia hai u mt (end-to-end), chui, v sa li. Nhng dch v ny khng thm s chng cho, nhng chng cng lm vic vi nhau m bo d liu c truyn. B giao thc IPX/SPX bao gm nhiu dch v c chc nng thuc cc tng trn ca m hnh tham chiu OSI. Nhng dch v ny b sng chc nng vo b giao thc, cho php ngi s dng c c y cc li th ca kh nng mng.

NetWare shell: NetWare shell lm vic trn cc trm s IPX/SPXX trong cc

ng dng NetWare client. N trong sut vi cc li gi v ngn khng cho cc li gi thy mng hot ng nh th no. Nu li gi cn cc ti nguyn trn mng, NetWare shell nh hng li li gi bng cch truyn n ti tng giao thc thp hn tng ng v cui cng gi ti ng ti nguyn. NetWare shell cung cp mt mi trng trung gian tuyt vi gia cc ng dng khng lm vic vi mng. V d, mt trnh x l vn bn khng lm vic vi mng c yu cu in qua NetWare shell khi tc v in c hng trc tip ti my in mng. Service Advertising Protocol (SAP): SAP m bo rng tt c cc nt mng nhn c cc dch v ang chia s trn mng. C 60 giy cc gi tin qung b SAP c truyn t server ti cc lng ging ca n. Cc lng ging cp nhn thng tin mi trong bng SAP ca n v truyn tip ti cc lng ging khc ca n. S dch v c 2 byte dng hex. V d, mi file server NetWare gi a ch SAP 007 thng bo cho cc trm rng n chia s cc my in. NetWare Core Protocol (NCP): NCP l giao thc c s dng truy nhp file, my in, v cc dch v bo mt. Thng qua NCP, cc trm lm vic thu tm cc dch v t xa theo cung cch vi cc dch v cc b.

59

60

Chng 4. Mng Cc B
I. Khi nim chung v mng cc b. Trong nhng nm 80 va qua, mng cc b Lan pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. Khi trong mt t chc no (c quan, nh my, trng i hc) c nhiu h thng nh c s dng th ny sinh nhu cu kt ni chng li vi nhau Tn gi Mng cc b c xem xt t quy m ca mng hay khong cch a l. Tuy nhin, khng phi l c tnh duy nht ca mng cc b, nhng trn thc t quy m ca mng quyt nh nhiu c tnh v cng ngh ca mng. Vy Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN) l mng c thit lp lin kt cc my tnh trong mt phm vi tng i nh (nh trong mt to nh, mt khu nh, trng hc ...) vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh nt mng ch trong vng vi chc km tr li. phn bit mng LAN vi cc loi mng khc ngi ta da trn mt s c trng sau: + c trng a l: mng cc b thng c ci t trong phm vi nh (to nh, mt cn c qun s ...) c ng knh t vi chc mt n vi chc km trong iu kin cng ngh hin nay. + c trng v tc truyn: mng cc b c tc truyn cao hn so vi mng din rng, khong 100 Mb/s v ti nay tc ny c th t ti 1Gb/s vi cng ngh hin nay. + c trng tin cy: t sut li thp hn so vi mng din rng (nh mng in thoi chng hn), c th t t 10-8 n 10-11. + c trng qun l: mng cc b thng l s hu ring ca mt t chc no (nh trng hc, doanh nghip ...) do vy vic qun l khai thc mng hon ton tp trung v thng nht. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh mng hin nay cc c trng ni trn ch mang tnh tng i. S phn bit gia mng cc b v mng din rng s ngy cng m i. 61

II. K thut mng cc b. 1. Hnh trng mng (Topology) Hnh trng ca mng cc b th hin qua cu trc hay hnh dng hnh hc cu cc ng dy cp mng dng lin kt cc my tnh thuc mng vi nhau. Cc mng cc b thng hot ng da trn cu trc nh sn lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b c lin quan. V nguyn tc mi topology ca mng my tnh ni chung u c th dng cho mng cc b. Song do c th ca mng cc b nn ch c 3 topology thng c s dng: hnh sao (star), hnh vng (ring), tuyn tnh (bus) a. Mng hnh sao (star) dng hnh sao, tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l phng thc im-im (point - to - point). Thit b trung tm hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny ti cc trm khc. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng trong mng , thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch (switch), mt b chn ng (router) hoc n gin l mt b phn knh (Hub). C nhiu cng ra v mi cng ni vi mt my. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 m hnh dng Star thng dng: 10BASE-T: dng cp UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair_ cp khng bc kim), tc 10 Mb/s, khong cch t thit b trung tm ti trm ti a l 100m. 100BASE-T tng t nh 10BASE-T nhng tc cao hn 100 Mb/s. u v nhc im u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng ng hay ch tc trn ng truyn, tn dng c tc ti a ng truyn vt l, lp t n gin, d 62

dng cu hnh li mng (thm, bt trm). Nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng khng gy nh hng n ton mng qua d dng kim sot v khc phc s c. Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin nay) tn ng dy cp nhiu.

My 1

My 2

My 4

My 3

My 5

My 6

H 4.1. S ki k ni h sao v i HUB trung t nh u t nh m

b. Mng hnh vng (ring) Tn hiu c lu chuyn theo mt chiu duy nht. Cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc im-im (point - to - point), qua mi mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu c truyn theo tng gi mt. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (Repeater) c nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn tip n trm k tip trn vng. Nh vy tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui cc lin kt im im gia cc Repeater do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu trn vng cho cc trm c nhu cu. Mi gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, mi trm khi nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch.

63

 tng tin cy ca mng, phi lp vng d phng, khi ng truyn trn vng chnh b s c th vng ph c s dng vi chiu i ca tn hiu ngc vi chiu i ca mng chnh. u v nhc im u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng tn nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, khng gy ch tc Nhc im: Cc giao thc truyn d liu phc tp v nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng nh hng n ton mng.

H 4.2 S Kiu k t n i d ng v ng nh

My 2

My 3

My 5

My 4

My 1

My 6

c. Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus) Trong dng ng thng cc my tnh u c ni vo mt ng dy truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti y). Mi trm c ni vo bus qua mt u ni ch T (T_connector) hoc mt b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu tn hiu c qung b trn c hai chiu ca bus (tc l mi trm cn li u c th thu c tn hiu trc tip) theo tng gi mt, mi gi u phi mang a ch trm ch. Cc trm khi thy d liu i qua 64

nhn ly, kim tra, nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th b qua. i vi bus mt chiu th tn hiu ch i v mt pha, lc cc terminator phi c thit k sao cho cc tn hiu phi c di li trn bus cho cc trm trn mng u c th thu nhn c tn hiu . Nh vy vi topo mng dng bus d liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im - nhiu im (point - to - multipoint) hay qung b (broadcast). Sau y l vi thng s k thut ca topology bus. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 (cho mng cc b) vi cch t tn qui c theo thng s: tc truyn tnh hiu (1,10 hoc 100 Mb/s); BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband). 10BASE5: Dng cp ng trc ng knh ln (10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, tc 10 Mb/s, phm vi tn hiu 500m/segment, c ti a 100 trm, khong cch gia 2 tranceiver ti thiu 2,5m (Phng n ny cn gi l Thick Ethernet hay Thicknet) 10BASE2: tng t nh Thicknet nhng dng cp ng trc nh (RG 58A), c th chy vi khong cch 185m, s trm ti a trong 1 segment l 30, khong cch gia hai my ti thiu l 0,5m. u v nhc im u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng tn nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, d thit k. Nhc im: Nu lu lng truyn tng cao th d gy ch tc v nu c trc trc trn hnh lang chnh th kh pht hin ra.

65


Terminator

M y B

Bus Terminator

b. ng thng Tt cho trng hp mng nh v mng c giao thng thp v lu lng d liu thp

M y A

H 4.3 S ki k ni dng tuy nh (BUS) nh u t t n

*) So snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc ca mng cc Vng Trn Tt cho trng hp mng c s trm t hot ng vi tc cao,khng cch nhau xa lm hoc mng c lu lng d liu phn b khng u. i i hi thit b phc tng i phc tp. Mt khc vic a thng ip i trn tuyn l n gin, v ch c 1 con ng, trm pht ch cn bit a ch ca trm nhn , cc thng tin dn ng khc 66 Hnh sao Hin nay mng sao l cch tt nht cho trng hp phi tch hp d liu v tn hiuting.Cc mng n thoi cng cng c cu trc ny Mng sao c xem l kh phc tp. Cc trm c ni vi thit b trung tm v ln lt hot ng nh thit b trung tm hoc ni c ti cc dy dn truyn t xa

ng dng

phc tp

Tng khng tp

Hiu sut Rt tt di ti thp c th gim hiu sut rt mau khi ti tng

Tng ph Tng i thp c bit do nhiu thit b pht trin ha chnh v bn sm phm th trng .S d tha knh truyn c khuyn gim bt nguy c xut hin s c trn mng Nguy c Mt trm b hng khng nh hng n c mng. Tuy nhin mng s c nguy c b tn hi khi s c trn ng dy dn chnh hoc c vn vi tuyn. Vn trn rt kh xc nh c li rt d sa cha

th khng cn thit C hiu qu trong trng hp lng lu thng cao v kh n nh nh s tng chm thi gian tr v s xung cp so vi cc mng khc Phi d tr gp i ngun lc hoc phi c 1 phng thc thay th khi 1 nt khng hot ng nu vn mun mng hot ng bnh thng

Tt cho trng hp ti va tuy nhin kch thc v kh nng , suy ra hiu sut ca mng ph thuc trc tip vo sc mnh ca thit b trung tm. Tng ph rt cao khi lm nhim v ca thit b trung tm, thit b trung tm khng c dng vo vic khc .S lng dy ring cng nhiu.

Mt trm b hng c th nh hng n c h thng v cc trm phc thuc vo nhau. Tm 1 repeater hng rt kh ,v li vic sa cha thng hay dng mu mo xc nh im hng trn mng c a bn r#ng rt kh 67

tin cy ca h thng ph thuc vo thit b trung tm, .nu b hng th mng ngng hot ng S ngng hot ng ti thit b trung tm thng khng nh hdng n ton b h thng .

Kh nng m rng

Vic thm v nh hnh li mng ny rt d.Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc my tnh v thit b ca cc hng khc nhau kh c th v chng phi c th nhn cng a ch v d liu

Tng i d thm v bt cc trm lm vic m khng phi ni kt nhiu cho mi thay i Gi thnh cho vic thay i tng i thp

Kh nng m rng hn ch, a s cc thit b trung tm ch chu ng ni 1 s nht nh lin kt. S hn ch v tc truyn d liu v bng tn thng c i hi mi ngi s dng. Cc hn ch ny gip cho cc chc nng x l trung tm khng b qu ti bi tc thu np ti ti cng truyn v gi thnh mi cng truyn ca thit b trung tm thp .

Bng so snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc ca mng LAN d. Mng kt hp

Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (star/Bus Topology)

Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology.

Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l 68

mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt c to nh no.

Kt hp hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology)

Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt "th bi" lin lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm. Mi trm lm vic (workstation) c ni vi HUB - l cu ni gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit. 2. ng truyn vt l ng truyn vt l dng chuyn cc tn hiu gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu u thuc dng sng in t (tri t tn s sng radio, sng ngn, tia hng ngoi). ng vi mi loi tn s ca sng in t c cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn tn hiu. Hin nay c hai loi ng truyn: ng truyn hu tuyn: cp ng trc, cp i dy xon (c bc kim, khng bc kim), cp si quang. ng truyn v tuyn: radio, sng cc ngn, tia hng ngoi. Mng cc b thng s dng 3 loi ng truyn vt l v cp i xon, cp ng trc, v cp si quang. Ngoi ra gn y ngi ta cng bt u s dng nhiu cc mng cc b khng dy nh radio hoc viba. - Cp ng trc ng s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng tuyn tnh, hot ng truyn dn theo di c s (baseband) hoc di rng (broadband). Vi di c s, ton b kh nng ca ng truyn c dnh cho mt knh truyn thng duy nht, trong khi vi di rng th hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia di thng ca knh truyn - Hu ht cc mng cc b u s dng phng thc di rng. Vi phng thc ny tn hiu c th truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog)v s (digital) khng cn iu ch. - Cp ng trc c hai loi l cp gy (thin cable) v cp bo (thick cable). C hai loi cp ny u c tc lm vic 10Mb/s nhng cp gy c suy hao tn hiu ln hn, c di cp ti a cho php gia hai repeater nh hn cp bo 69

Cp gy thng dng ni cc trm trong cng mt vn phng, phng th nghim, cn cp bo dng ni dc theo hnh lang, ln cc tng lu,.. - Phng thc truyn thng theo di rng c th dng c cp i xon, nhng cp i xon ch thch hp vi mng nh hiu nng thp v chi ph u t t. - Phng thc truyn theo di rng chia di thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh nhiu di tn con (knh), mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh s dng mt cp modem c bit. Phng thc ny vn l mt phng tin truyn mt chiu: cc tn hiu a vo ng truyn ch c th truyn i theo mt hng khng ci t c cc b khuych i chuyn tn hiu ca mt tn s theo c hai chiu. V th xy ra tnh trng ch c trm nm di trm truyn l c th nhn c tn hiu. Vy lm th no c hai ng dn d liu trn mng. im gp nhau ca hai ng dn gi l im u cui. V d, trong topo dng bus th im u cui n gin chnh l u mt ca bus (terminator), cn vi topo dng cy (tree) th chnh l gc ca cy (root). Cc trm khi truyn u truyn v hng im u cui (gi l ng dn v), sau cc tn hiu nhn c im u cui s truyn theo ng dn th hai xut pht t im u cui (gi l ng dn i). Tt c cc trm u nhn d liu trn ng dn i. ci t ng dn v v i, c th s dng cu hnh vt l sau:

70

 i u cui m

Nhn v i t s f2 n Truy v i t s f1 n n

a. Split Broadband Nhn v i t s f1 n i cui m u

Truy v i t s f1 n n b. Dual Cable Broadband nh t b H 4.4. Cu h v l cho Broad and nh

Trong cu hnh cp i (dual cable), cc ng dn v v i chy trn cc cp ring bit v im u cui n gin ch l mt u ni th ng ca chng. Trm gi v nhn cng mt tn s. Trong cu hnh tch (split), c hai ng dn u trn cng mt cp nhng tn s khc nhau: ng dn v c tn s thp v ng dn i c tn s cao hn. im u cui l b chuyn i tn s. - Ch : vic la chn ng truyn v thit k s i cp (trong trng hp hu tuyn) l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng nht khi thit k v ci t mt mng my tnh ni chung v mng cc b ni ring. Gii php la chn php p ng c nhu cu s dng mng thc t khng ch cho hin ti m cho c tng lai. - VD: mun truyn d liu a phng tin th khng th chn loi cp ch cho php thng lng ti a l vi Mb/s , m phi ngh n loi cp cho php thng lng trn 100 Mb/s. Vic lp t h thng trong cp trong nhiu trng hp (to nh 71

nhiu tng) l tn rt nhiu cng ca phi la chn cn thn, khng th xy ra trng hp chn cp ba bi ri sau mt hai nm li g b, lp t li h thng mi hon ton mi. ng cp truyn mng l c s h tng ca mt h thng mng, nn n rt quan trng v nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng hot ng ca mng. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng 3 loi dy cp l cp i xon, cp ng trc v cp quang. a. Cp i xon y l loi cp gm hai ng dy dn ng c xon vo nhau nhm lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c hai loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi ( STP Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP -Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i giy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i giy xon vi nhau. Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP): Tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng chng nhiu v suy hao v khng c v bc. STP v UTP c cc loi (Category - Cat) thng dng: Loi 1 & 2 (Cat 1 & Cat 2): Thng dng cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). Loi 3 (Cat 3): tc truyn d liu khong 16 Mb/s , n l chun cho hu ht cc mng in thoi. Loi 4 (Cat 4): Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. Loi 5 (Cat 5): Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. Loi 6 (Cat 6): Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s. y l loi cp r, d ci t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng. 72

Chiu di ti a c quy nh trong Network Architecture cho tng loi cp v chiu di khng ph thuc vo kiu dy hay cch bm dy. i vi UTP th chiu di ti a l 100m v ti thiu l 0.5m tnh t HUB to PC, cn PC to PC th 2.5m. Cch bm dy mng c nhiu cch ty vo mc ch s dng. Chn cch bm no cn ph thuc loi dy cp. Chng hn loi cp UTP cat 5 v cat 5e s cho tc truyn ti khc nhau th s c cch bm khc nhau. C 2 cch bm dy chun cho cc loi cp UTP gi l T568A v T568B.

C 2 kiu: straight-through v cross-cable hay cn gi l crossover. 1. Straight: dng ni PC -> HUB/SWITCH hay cc thit b mng khc c h tr. i vi kiu straight th mt u dy bn sp xp th t dy th no th u dy cn li phi ng y nh th. 2. Crossover: dng ni trc tip PC->PC, HUB->HUB hay cc thit b mng cng layer vi nhau. Kiu ny phi bm o u dy tc l cp TX (cp truyn) u ny s tr thnh RX (nhn) u kia bng cch i v tr ca cp xon 2 v 3. D hiu hn th trn T-568A v T-568B = CrossOver

73

Cch bm cho mng Lan PC -> HUB/SWITCH 1) Dng dao ct b lp v nha bc ngoi mt on khong 1,5cm u dy (nn nh tay v rt d ct t lun v nha ca tng si dy). 2) Sp xp cc si dy theo th t t tri qua phi theo s sau: Pin ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dy Xanh Xanh bin Xanh Xanh l cy Nu bin-trng Nu-trng Cam-trng Cam l cy-trng

Lu : Hu ht cc i xon ca cp UTP bn trn th trng u theo mu qui c (cam + cam-trng, nu + nutrng...) , tuy nhin cng c nhng loi cp m dy th hai trong i xon ch c mt mu trng rt d nhm ln. Bn cn tch theo tng i xon sp xp cho ng.

74

3) Dng li ct trn km bm ct bng cc u dy ( li di khong 1,2cm) 4) Lt nga u nha RJ-45 (pha lng c ci ny cho quay xung pha di) 5) Gi nguyn s sp xp ca cc dy v y u dy vo trong u RJ-45 (mi si dy s nm gn trong mt rnh) sao cho cc du si dy nm st vo nh rnh. 6) Kim tra li mt ln na th t ca cc si dy ri cho vo km bm tht cht. Vi u dy cn li bn hy lm tng t nh trn. Sau khi lm xong c hai u th si dy sn sng s dng. Khng c s khc bit v cng nng gia hai u dy. Bn nn nh du tng cp u dy d dng trong vic kim tra sa li. b. Cp ng trc Cp ng trc c hai ng dy dn v chng c cng mt trc chung, mt dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm (dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhiu nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia hai dy dn trn c mt lp cch ly (lp cch in), v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp.
V bc kim loi D dn trung t y m L p cch n i L i kim loi

H 4.5 Cp trc nh ng

Cc loi cp

Dy xon cp

Cp ng trc mng

Cp ng trc dy

Cp quang

75

Chi

Loi kt ni Chiu di on ti a S u ni ti a trn 1 on Chy 10 Mbit/s Chy 100 Mbit/s Chng nhiu Bo mt tin cy Lp t Khc phc li Qun l Chi ph cho 1

Bng ng, c 4 v 25 cp dy (loi 3, 4, 5) RJ-25 hoc 50pin telco 100m

Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 5mm

Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 10mm

Thy tinh, 2 si

BNC

N-series

ST

185m

500m

1000m

30

100

Khng

Khng

Tt Trung bnh Tt D dng Tt

Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh D

Rt tt Trung bnh Tt Kh D

Hon ton Hon ton Tt Kh Tt

D dng Rt thp

Kh Thp

Kh Trung bnh

Trung bnh Cao

76

trm ng dng tt nht

H thng ng backbone Workgroup

ng backbone trong t mng

ng backbone di trong t mng hoc cc ta nh

Hnh 4.6 Tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi cp mng Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc (v d nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng ca mi trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng trc dy trong ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch, cp ng trc dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn Hin nay c cp ng trc sau: RG -58,50 ohm: dng cho mng Thin Ethernet RG -59,75 ohm: dng cho truyn hnh cp RG -62,93 ohm: dng cho mng ARCnet Cc mng cc b thng s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10 Mb/s, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus. c. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable) Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thy tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Nh vy cp si quang khng truyn dn cc tn hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (cc tn hiu d liu phi c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in). 77

Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, Do ng knh li si thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, nn cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao i hi chi ph cao. Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra, v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng th b pht hin v thu trm bi cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Ch tr nhc im kh lp t v gi thnh cn cao, nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp An ton, thm m: tt c cc dy mng phi c bao bc cn thn, cch xa cc ngun in, cc my c kh nng pht sng trnh trng hp b nhiu. Cc u ni phi m bo cht lng, trnh tnh trng h thng mng b chp chn. ng chun: h thng cp phi thc hin ng chun, m bo cho kh nng nng cp sau ny cng nh d dng cho vic kt ni cc thit b khc nhau ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Tiu chun quc t dng cho cc h thng mng hin nay l EIA/TIA 568B. Tit kim v "linh hot" (flexible): h thng cp phi c thit k sao cho kinh t nht, d dng trong vic di chuyn cc trm lm vic v c kh nng m rng sau ny. 3. Cc thit b mng a. Repeater (B tip sc) Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.

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Hnh 4.7. M hnh lin kt mng ca Repeater. Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuch i tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.

Hnh 4.8 Hot ng ca b tip sc trong m hnh OSI Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in v Repeater in quang. Repeater in ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi mt mng s dng Repeater in ni cc phn ca mng li th c th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun b hn ch bi mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu. V d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng thm Repeater.

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Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u l cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng Repeater in quang cng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nhng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca mng. Khi la chn s dng Repeater cn ch la chn loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng. b. Bridge (Cu ni) Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do. thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca ni gi v nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung bng a ch.

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Hnh 4.9 Hot ng ca Bridge Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung bng a ch (c ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni). Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.

Hnh 4.10 Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI

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 nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim: Lc v chuyn vn. Qu trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca Bridge. Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/giy trong th hin kh nng ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua. V d : Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring. Khi Cu ni thc hin nh mt nt token ring trn mng Token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhin ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng byte d s b cht b.

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Hnh 4.11 V d v Bridge bin dch Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau : M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc. ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh. V d : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

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Hnh 4.12 Lin kt mng vi 2 Bridge Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn ni dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my tnh s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca Bridge. c. Router (B tm ng) Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.

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Hnh 4.13 Hot ng ca Router. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router (Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng ch ng (Router table) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent routers) v Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc (The protocol independent router) da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng 85

cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia, Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).

Hnh 4.14. Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI ngn chn vic mt mt s liu Router cn nhn bit c ng no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router : Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d ln ng truyn. Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit. Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn.

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Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn.

Hnh 4.15. V d v bng ch ng (Routing table) ca Router. Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin co. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. Phng thc vc t khong cch : mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca mnh. Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng vch khi cc Routerkhc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router RIP(Routing Information Protocol) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s dng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vc t khong cch. NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin bi Novell dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi 87

Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i.. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng... OSPF-IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng... d. Gateway (Cng ni) Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe), do cc mng hon ton khng thun nht nn vic chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng ca h thng m OSI. Thng c s dng ni cc mng LAN vo my tnh ln. Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, mt Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.

Hnh 4.16. Hot ng ca Gateway trong m hnh OSI Hot ng ca Gateway thng thng phc tp hn l Router nn thng sut ca n thng chm hn v thng khng dng ni mng LAN -LAN. e. Hub (B tp trung) Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt vi cc my tnh di dng hnh sao. Ngi ta phn bit cc Hub thnh 3 loi nh sau sau : 88

Hub b ng (Passive Hub) : Hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. Khong cch gia mt my tnh v Hub khng th ln hn mt na khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh trn mng (v d khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh ca mng l 200m th khong cch ti a gia mt my tnh v hub l 100m). Cc mng ARCnet thng dng Hub b ng. Hub ch ng (Active Hub) : Hub ch ng c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca Hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi Hub b ng. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch ng. Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub): cng l Hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng mi so vi loi trc, n c th c b vi x l ca mnh v b nh m qua n khng ch cho php iu khin hot ng thng qua cc chng trnh qun tr mng m n c th hot ng nh b tm ng hay mt cu ni. N c th cho php tm ng cho gi tin rt nhanh trn cc cng ca n, thay v pht li gi tin trn mi cng th n c th chuyn mch pht trn mt cng c th ni ti trm ch. III. Cc phng php truy cp ng truyn vt l i vi topo dng hnh sao, khi mt lin kt c thit lp gia hai trm th thit b trung tm s m bo ng truyn c dnh ring trong sut cuc truyn. Tuy nhin i vi topo dng vng v tuyn tnh th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni tt c cc trm vi nhau bi vy cn phi c mt quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng bo m rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch tt p. C nhiu phng php khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l, c phn lm hai loi: phng php truy nhp ngu nhin (random access) v phng php truy nhp c iu khin (contronlled access). Trong c 3 phng php hay dng nht trong cc mng cc b hin nay: phng php CSMA/CD, Token Bus, Token Ring.

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1. Phng php truy cp ngu nhin. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t. Phng php ny s dng cho topo dng bus, trong tt c cc trm ca mng u c ni trc tip vo bus. Mi trm u c th truy nhp vo bus chung (a truy nhp) mt cch ngu nhin v do vy rt c th dn n xung t (hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi truyn d liu). D liu c truyn trn mng theo mt khun dng nh sn trong c mt vng thng tin iu khin cha a ch trm ch. Phng php CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin t phng php CSMA hay cn gi l LBT (Listen Before Talk - Nghe trc khi ni). T tng ca n l: mt trm cn truyn d liu trc ht phi nghe xem ng truyn ang ri hay bn. Nu ri th truyn d liu i theo khun dng quy nh trc. Ngc lai, nu bn (tc l c d liu khc) th trm phi thc hin mt trong 3 gii thut sau (gi l gii thut kin nhn) + Tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u nghe ng truyn (Non persistent khng kin tr). + Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut = 1. + Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn i vi xc sut p xc nh trc (0 < p <1). - Vi gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch i trong cc thi on ngu nhin khc. Tuy nhin n li c nhc im l: c th c thi gian cht sau mi cuc truyn. - Gii thut 2: khc phc nhc im c thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Nhng n li c nhc im l: nu lc c hn mt trm ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao - Gii thut 3: Trung ho gia hai gii thut trn. Vi gi tr p la chn hp l c th ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung t l do 90

tr ca ng truyn dn: mt trm truyn d liu i ri nhng do tr ng truyn nn mt trm khc lc ang nghe ng truyn s tng l ri v c th truyn d liu i dn n xung t. Nguyn nhn xy ra xung t ca phng php ny l cc trm ch nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni do vy trong thc t c xy ra xung t m khng bit, vn c tip tc truyn d liu i, gy ra chim dng ng truyn mt cch v ch. c th pht hin xung t, ci tin thnh phng php CSMA/CD (LWT - Listen While Talk - nghe trong khi ni) tc l b xung thm cc quy tc: Khi mt trm ang truyn, n vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin thy xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c s kin xung t . Sau trm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo cc quy tc ca CSMA. R rng vi CSMA/CD thi gian chim dng ng truyn v ch gim xung bng thi gian pht hin xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng mt trong 3 gii thut kin nhn trn, trong gii thut 2 c a dng hn c. 2. Phng php truy nhp c iu khin Cc phng php truy nhp c iu khin ch yu dng k thut chuyn th bi (token passing) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi phng php. C 2 phng php : Token Bus (Bus vi th bi) v Token Ring (Vng vi th bi). a. Phng php Token BUS (bus vi th bi) - Phng php truy nhp c iu khin dng k thut chuyn th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. - Nguyn l: cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu,mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian nh trc. Trong thi gian n c th 91

truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hay ht thi on cho php, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy cng vic phi lm u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng c a vo vng logic v chng ch c th tip nhn d liu.
A B C D

bus H
ng truy vt l n Vng logic

H 4.17. Vd vng logic trong m ng bus nh

- Trong hnh v, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic, ch c th tip nhn d liu dnh cho chng. - Vn quan trng l phi duy tr c vng logic tu theo trng thi thc t ca mng ti thi im no . C th cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: B sung mt trm vo vng logic: cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th b sung vo vng logic. Loi b mt trm khi vng logic: Khi mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu cn loi n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic iu khin truy nhp bng th bi Qun l li: mt s li c th xy ra, chng hn trng a ch (hai trm u ngh rng n lt mnh) hoc t vng (khng trm no ngh n lt mnh) Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc sau khi t vng, cn phi khi to li vng.

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- Cc gii thut cho cc chc nng trn c th lm nh sau: B sung mt trm vo vng logic, mi trm trong vng c trch nhim nh k to c hi cho cc trm mi nhp vo vng. Khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi thng bo tm trm ng sau mi cc trm (c a ch gia n v trm k tip nu c) gi yu cu nhp vng. Nu sau mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng c yu cu no th trm s chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n nh thng l. Nu c yu cu th trm gi th bi s ghi nhn trm yu cu tr thnh trm ng k sau n v chuyn th bi ti trm mi ny. Nu c hn mt trm yu cu nhp vng th trm gi th bi s phi la chn theo gii thut no . Loi mt trm khi vng logic: Mt trm mun ra khi vng logic s i n khi nhn c th bi s gi thng bo ni trm ng sau ti trm k trc n yu cu trm ny ni trc tip vi trm k sau n Qun l li: gii quyt cc tnh hung bt ng. Chng hn, trm nhn c tn hiu cho thy c cc trm khc c th bi. Lp tc n phi chuyn sang trng thi nghe (b ng, ch d liu hoc th bi). Hoc sau khi kt thc truyn d liu, trm phi chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n v tip tc nghe xem trm k sau c hot ng hay b h hng. Nu trm k sau b hng th phi tm cch gi cc thng bo vt qua trm hng , tm trm hot ng gi th bi. Khi to vng logic: Khi mt trm hay nhiu trm pht hin thy ng truyn khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian vt qu mt gi tr ngng (time out) cho trc - th bi b mt (c th do mng b mt ngun hoc trm gi th bi b hng). Lc trm pht hin s gi i thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic.

b. Phng php Token Ring (Vng vi th bi) - Phng php ny da trn nguyn l dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng cn thit lp vng logic nh phng php trn - Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bt biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc r). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi ri. Khi n s i bt trng thi thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca 93

vng. Gi y khng cn th bi ri trn vng na, do cc trm c d liu cn truyn buc phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao li, sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu, i bt trng thi thnh ri cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
D D busytoken data B Trm C sao dli dnh ch u cho n v chuy ti dli n p u c ng th bi v h ng i trm ngun A sau khi gi thng tin bo nhn v n v dli u. D data

A free token C ngun ch

A ngun

C ch

A ngun

C ch

B
A c dli c truy n u n n C. Nhn c th b ri n i i trng thi thnh bn v truy d li c ng v i n u i th b i

B
A nhn c dli c ng th u bi quay v i trng thi , ca th bi thnh ri v chuy ti trb vng, xo d n p li truy u n

H 4.18 Ho t ca ph php Token nh ng ng Ring

S quay v trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. + Trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng. + Trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng sao chp c. + D liu c tip nhn . - Phng php ny cn phi gii quyt hai vn c th gy ph v h thng: + Mt th bi: trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na + Mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng - Gii quyt: i vi vn mt th bi, c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng. Trm ny s pht hin tnh 94

trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian (time out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi. i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm monitor s dng mt bit trn th bi (gi l monitor bit) nh du t gi tr 1 khi gp th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp li mt th bi bn vi bt nh du th c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc trm monitor s i bit trng thi ca th thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Cc trm cn li trn trm s c vai tr b ng: chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c ca trm monitor ch ng v thay th vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm monitor hng. IV. Thit k mng cc b. 1. Cc yu cu khi thit k. xy dng nn mt h thng mng cc b hot ng tt ta phi m bo cc yu cu sau: m bo tin cy ca h thng mng. Phi c cc phng n x l s c, li my ch hoc my trm hay cc thit b khc m bo thng tin trong mng lun c thng sut khng b gin on. D bo hnh v sa cha. Khi thit k mng ta phi thit k sao cho: nu nh trong qu trnh vn hnh mng m h thng c s c th d dng v nhanh chng pht hin ra ni c s c c bin php khc phc kp thi. Thit k h thng sao cho c th phn loi, c lp hoc ct b tng phn ca h thng m khng nh hng ti s hot ng ca h thng. D m rng pht trin v nng cp. Khi thit k phi tnh n kh nng x l thng tin hin ti cng nh nhu cu pht trin trong tng lai. - C th m rng bng cch thm s my trm. - C th nng cp thit b bng cch mua thm thit b mi m khng phi b cc thit b c dng trc . 95

- C th thay i hoc nng cp h iu hnh m khng lm h hng hoc mt d liu. - C th lm tng tnh x l d liu ca h thng bng cch nng cp thit b v phn mm c th p ng nhu cu ca h thng. Do khi thit k ta nn tm cc thit b cho mng v ci t cc phn mm sao cho d s dng v ph bin nht. An ton v bo mt d liu . An ton v bo mt d liu l yu t rt quan trng khi xy dng mt h thng mng cc b, do vy phi thit k sao cho ti nguyn, d liu trn mng phi c an ton v bo mt mc cao nht. Tnh kinh t. Tnh kinh t l mt tiu im nh gi vic xy dng mt h thng mng cc b. V vy khi thit k h thng mng chng ta phi tnh ton v quan tm n vic la chn s , la chn thit b c th gim ti a chi ph m vn p ng c nhng yu cu ca h thng. 2. Quy trnh thit k. Thit k mng l cng vic da trn s phn tch nh gi khi lng thng tin phi l v giao tip trong h thng xc nh m hnh mng, phn mm v tp hp cc my tnh, thit b, vt liu xy dng Cc bc v trnh t thc hin trong cng tc thit k mng c minh ho trong s sau:

96

Ph t n ch nh gi l u l ng truy thng n T ton s l ng trm lm vi nh c c l ng bng thng c thi n t D tho m h mng nh nh gi kh nng ng nhu c p u T ton gi nh X dng bng ch y a IP V s ri cp

Bc1: Phn tch - Mng my tnh l c s h tng ca h thng thng tin. V vy trc khi thit k mng phi phn tch h thng thng tin. - Mc ch ca phn tch l hiu c nhu cu v mng ca h thng, ca ngi dng . - thc hin c mc ch phi phn tch tt c cc chc nng nghip v, giao dch ca h thng. - Trong giai on phn tch cn trnh nhng nh kin ch quan v kh nng, cch thc s dng mng cng nh nhng nghip v no s thc hin trn my tnh, trn mng hay nhng nghip v no khng th thc hin trn my tnh, trn mng. Bc2: nh gi lu lng truyn - Vic nh gi lu lng truyn thng da trn cc ngun thng tin ch yu: Lu lng truyn thng i hi bi mi giao dch. Gi cao im ca cc giao dch. S gia tng dung lng truyn thng trong tng lai. 97

- n gin, c th a ra cc gi thuyt nh lng bc c s tin hnh tnh ton c bc sau. Cng c th gii thit rng mi giao dch cng s dng mt khi lng nh nhau v d liu v c lu lng truyn thng ging nhau. - xc nh gi cao im v tnh ton dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im cn thng k dung lng truyn thng trong tng gi lm vic hng ngy. Gi cao im l gi c dung lng truyn thng cao nht trong ngy. - T s gia dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im trn dung lng truyn thng hng ngy c gi l tp trung truyn thng cao im. - S gia tng dung lng truyn thng trong tng lai c th n v hai l do: S tin li ca h thng sau khi n c hon thnh lm ngi s dng n thng xuyn hn Nhu cu m rng h thng do s m rng hot ng ca c quan trong tng lai. Cng thc tnh dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im: Tn = DT. ( TR / 100 ) . (1 + a) . (1 + b)n Trong : n: S nm k t thi im tnh hin ti Tn : Dung lng truyn thng hng ngy ti thi im hin ti TR: tp trung truyn thng cao im a: T l gia tng truyn thng v s tin li. b: T l gia tng truyn thng hng nm Bc3: Tnh ton s trm lm vic C hai phng php tnh ton s trm lm vic cn thit - Tnh s trm lm vic cho mi ngi - Tnh s trm lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c cc giao dch trong cc hon cnh:

98

 S cc giao S cc giao

trm dch trm dch

lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c trong gi cao im lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c hng ngy

Ch rng, cc iu kin sau phi tho mn: - S cc trm lm vic >= DT . TR . T / 60 - S cc trm lm vic >= DT . T / W Trong T l thi gian tnh bng pht hon thnh mt giao dch. W l thi gian tnh bng pht ca mt ngy lm vic Bc 4: c lng bng thng cn thit Vic c lng bng thng cn thit cn cn c vo cc thng tin sau: - Hiu qu truyn thn (H): c tnh bng t s gia kch thc d liu (byte) trn tng s byte ca mt khung d liu. - T l hu ch ca ng truyn (R): c khuyn co cho hai c ch truy nhp truyn thng l: CSMA/CD: 0.2, Token Ring: 0.4 - Bng thng i hi phi tho mn iu kin l ln hn hoc bng: Dung lng truyn thng (tnh theo byte/gi) . 8 (3600 . H . R) Bc 5: D tho m hnh mng Bc ny l bc thc hin cc cng vic - Kho st v tr t cc trm lm vic, v tr i ng cp mng, c tnh di, v tr c th t cc repeater,... - La chn kiu LAN. - La chn thit b mng, ln danh sch thit b. Bc 6: nh gi kh nng p ng nhu cu - Mc ch ca bc ny l nh gi xem d tho thc hin trong bc 5 c p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng hay khng. C th phi quay tr li bc 5 thc hin b sung sa i, thm ch phi xy dng li bn d tho mi. i khi cng phi i chiu, xem xt li cc chi tit bc1. 99

- C nhiu kha cnh khc nhau cn nh gi v kh nng thc hin v p ng nhu cu ca mt mng, nhng iu quan trng trc tin l thi gian tr ca mng (delay time) cng nh thi gian hi p ca mng (response time) v thi gian tr di cng c ngha l thi gian hi p ln - tnh ton c delay time c hai phng php: Thc nghim: Xy dng mt mng th nghim c cu hnh tng t nh d tho. y l vic i hi c c s vt cht, nhiu cng sc v t m. M phng: Dng cc cng c m phng tnh ton. Dng phng php ny buc phi c cng c m phng, m cc cng c m phng u rt t tin Bc 7: Tnh ton gi Da trn danh sch thit b mng c t bc 5, bc ny nhm thit k phi thc hin cc cng vic: - Kho st th trng, la chn sn phm thch hp. i khi phi quay li thc hin cc b sung, sa i bc 5 hay phi i chiu li cc yu cu phn tch bc 1. - B sung danh mc cc ph kin cn thit cho vic thi cng - Tnh ton nhn cng cn thit thc hin thi cng bao gm c nhn cng qun l iu hnh. - Ln bng gi v tnh ton tng gi thnh ca tt c cc khon mc. Bc 8: Xy dng bng a ch IP - Lp bng a ch network cho mi subnet. - Lp bng a ch IP cho tng trm lm vic trong mi subnet. Bc 9: V s ri cp - S i cp phi c thit k chi tit hng dn thi cng v l ti liu phi lu tr sau khi thi cng. - Cn phi xy dng s t m m bo tnh thc thi, trnh ti a cc sa i trong qu trnh thi cng. - V s mng: v s ca cc to nh v cc phng s i dy, chi tit ti cc v tr ca mng trong cc phng. Phi 100

tnh ton cc khong cch t cc my tnh n cc Hub hoc Switch v n cc mng khc. - nh ng i cho cp: c th ci t dy mng bn trong cc bc tng hay dc theo cc gc tng. - t nhn cho cc cp mng: Cc mng khng phi lun trng thi tnh, cc thit b ni vi mng v cc kt ni b thay i khi cn thit v s c nh ca mng b thay i. t nhn cho cp mng khi bn mng khng c gi tr th vn c th truy tm v hiu cu trc i dy. Trong qu trnh thi cng nu c l do bt buc phi sa i ng i cp th phi cp nht li bn v sau khi thi cng xong, bn v th hin chnh xc s i cp mng.

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Chng 5. H iu hnh Windows 2000 Server

I. Gii thiu v Windows 2000 server 1. WINDOWS 2000 SERVER y l phin bn thay th cho Windows NT Server 4.0, n c thit k cho ngi dng l nhng doanh nghip ln, hng phc v cho cc mng ln. N tha hng li tt c nhng chc nng ca Windows NT Server 4.0 v thm vo l giao din ha thn thin vi ngi s dng. 2. Cc c trng ca Windows 2000 C vi chc nng gip a h iu hnh mi nht ny vo c trong cc doanh nghip ln. Nhng thay i quan trng nht so vi NT c gm c: - Active Directory - H tng kin trc ni mng TCP/IP c ci tin - Nhng c s h tng bo mt d co gin hn - Vic chia s dng chung cc tp tin tr ln mnh m hn so vi h thng tp tin phn tn (Distributed File System) v dch v sao chp tp tin (File Replication Service) - Khng l thuc cng nhc vo cc mu t a na nh cc im ni (junction point) v cc a gn ln c (mountable drive) - Vic lu tr d liu trc tuyn mm do, linh ng hn nh c tnh nng Removable Storage Manager. II. Ci t 1. Ci t my ch Vic ci t h iu hnh c th thc hin theo mt trong hai cch l: ci t nng cp t cc phin bn trc ca Windows nh Win3.x, Win95, 98, NT v.v. hoc ta c th ci mi t u. y chng ta lm quen vi cch ci t mi t u. Qu trnh ci t Windows 2000 thc t c chia ra lm 3 giai on, giai on u tin l qu trnh tin ci t (preinstallation), giai on tip theo l ci t trn mn hnh vn bn (text - based setup), giai on cui cng l ci t trn mn hnh ho (graphical based setup). *) Giai on mt: Preinstallation bt u giai on tin ci t Windows 2000, ta truy cp vo ngun ci t vo th mc I386, ti y g lnh 102

Winnt.exe hoc c th boot trc tip t CD ROM nu nh Bios c h tr. *) Giai on hai: Text base setup. Sau khi boot t CD ROM hoc dng lnh th mn hnh ci t bt u hin ra nh hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.1. Mn hnh ci t Chng trnh ci t s xc nh cc thit b phn cng c trong h thng, trong giai on ny chng trnh s a ra li nhc rng hy n F6 nu bn cn ci cc driver SCSI hoc RAID, nu trong my c cc thit b theo chun ni trn th nn ch n li nhc , nu khng ta ch ch khong vi giy th li nhc s kt thc. Tip theo trong giai on ny s bt u bng mt mn hnh thng bo ta la chn (hnh 5.2). Ta c th chn la ci t Windows 2000 bng cch n Enter hoc thot ra bng cch bm phm F3.

103

Hnh 5.2. Mn hnh thng bo Sau khi n Enter tip tc qu trnh ci t th xut hin mn hnh 5.3. Ti y chng trnh cho php ta la chn phn khu ci t Windows 2000, ng thi cho php xo phn khu c hoc to ra nhng phn khu mi.

Hnh 5.3. La chn phn khu ci t Windows 2000 Sau khi la chn c phn khu, ta c th la chn khun dng ca h thng sp xp cc file trn a ng thi nh dng li phn khu , mn hnh 5.4. Ta c 2 s la chn la: H thng sp xp file kiu NTFS (New Technology File System) ca NT hoc h thng sp xp file theo kiu FAT (File Applocation Table) ca DOS.

104

La chn h thng xp xp file theo kiu NTFS nu ta c nh nhm tng tnh bo mt hoc khi phc d liu mt cch d dng v s dng dch v Active Directory. MicroSoft khuyn nn s dng h thng file NTFS hn FAT. V NTFS c tnh bo mt v n nh cao hn nhiu so vi FAT. Mc d vy cng nn cn nhc s dng FAT nu mun nhng h iu hnh khc c th truy nhp c vo nhng phn khu ny.

Hnh 5.4. La chn cch sp xp h thng file khi ci Windows 2000. Sau khi la chn cch sp xp h thng file v nh dng li phn khu, chng trnh ci t bt u xao chp d liu t CD ROM vo mt th mc tm trn cng ci t Windows 2000 (hnh 5.5).

105

Hnh 5.5. Chng trnh Setup xao chp file vo a cng.

Tt c cc file sau khi c xao chp vo mt th mc ci t, trnh ci t s t ng khi ng li h thng (hnh 5.6), v sau s tip tc qu trnh ci t.

Hnh5.6. H thng khi ng li tip tc ci t. *) Giai on 3: Graphical based setup. Sau khi h thng khi ng li th qu trnh ci t chuyn sang ch ci t trn mn hnh ho (Graphical based setup) (hnh 5.7).

106

Hnh 5.7. Giai on ci t trong ch ho Sau mn hnh Welcome to the Windows 2000 setup Wizard xut hin (hnh 5.8).

Hnh 5.8. Mn hnh ci t bng Wizard Kch vo Next tip tc, mn hnh 5.9 hin ra, Windows t ng d tm pht hin cc thit b trn my v tin hnh ci t cc thit b phn cng trn h thng.

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Hnh 5.9. Ci t cc thit b phn cng Kch vo nt Next tip tc, mn hnh 5.10 xut hin. Ti y cho php ta la chn nhng nh dng nh dng k hiu s, n v tin t, dng thc ngy thng, gi pht, v kiu bn phm s dng.

Hnh 5.10. La chn thit lp

108

Sau khi la chn khung hi tip theo xc nh kiu cp php (licesing) hnh 5.11. C hai kiu Per Server v Per Seat.

Hnh 5.11. Xc lp kiu cp php Tip tc l n phn xc nh tn my tnh (computer name) v mt khu qun tr vin (administractor password) hnh 5.12.

Hnh 5.12. Nhp mt khu cho ngi qun tr mng. Khung thoi Components Selection gip ta chn nhng thnh phn dch v b sung c ng gi trong Windows 2000 (hnh 5.13). Phn ny ta cng c th ci t thm v sau bng cch vo mc Add/Remove Programs trong Control Panel. 109

Hnh 5.13. La chn nhng thnh phn cn ci t Khung thoi k tip cho php ta nh cu hnh ngy thng, mi gi theo mu (hnh 5.14).

Hnh 5.14. Thit lp ngy gi h thng v mi gi. Khung thoi Network Settings hnh 5.15 cho php la chn mt trong hai kiu cu hnh mng: Typical (thng thng) v Custom (theo la chn ring).

110

- Kiu Typical gi nh rng ch cn dng Client for MicroSoft Network, TCP/IP c dng cch thc xc nh a ch DHCP1, v File and Print Sharing. - Kiu Custom ta c th thm vo, bt i, hoc tu bin cc giao thc, phn mm ni mng my khch, v cc dch v. Nu mun n nh a ch IP tnh, ta chn TCP/IP ri nhp nt Configure, sau khi nhp nt Add, ta s c chn la Client, Protocol, hoc Service.

Hnh 5.15. Mn hnh Network Setting Ti mn hnh chn workgroup/domain hnh 5.16 ta c th chn my ny ra nhp mt nhm cng tc hoc mt min bng cch chn cc nt tng ng ri g vo tn nhm cng tc hoc tn min tng ng. Nu chn ra nhp mt min th ta phi to ra mt ti khon ginh cho tn my. to ti khon ta c th lm bng hai cch. - Cch 1: Chn nt Create Computer Account. Sau khi nhp OK ra nhp vo mt min, ta s c yu cu nhp tn mt ti khon qun tr v mt khu tng ng, ti khon ny phi c quyn hn Administractor hoc Account Operator. Nu nh dng ti khon t mt min c u quyn ca min m ta nh ra nhp, th nhp y tn min v tn ti khon theo dng thc DoMain/username. Nh th s thng bo cho my DC2 xc minh v v tr ti khon s c khi s t Server m ta ang ci t. - Cch 2: Khng chn nt Create Computer Account. M dng mt ti khon c to t trc. n mn hnh Server
1 2

Cho php nh a ch IP trn mng mt cch t ng. DC Domain Controller l nhng my c chc nng x l vic ng nhp v xc minh trong mng

111

Manager ginh cho min m ta mun thm Server ny vo ri chn Computer, Add to domain, hoc n mn hnh Active Dierectory Users and Computer ri chn New, Computer, chn NT Workstation or Server ri g vo tn ca my .

Hnh 5.16. Mn hnh chn workgroup/domain. Sau khi cho bit thng tin la chn v Workgroup hoc Domain, Windows 2000 s bt u tin hnh ci t theo nhng thnh phn c la chn hnh 5.17.

112

Hnh 5.17. Mn hnh Installing Components Sau l mn hnh 5.18 xut hin hon thnh qu trnh ci t

Hnh 5.18. Windows kt thc qu trnh ci t Ci t khng cn theo di. Ci t khng cn theo di ch n gin l phng thc cung cp cc cu tr li cho nhng cu hi ca qu trnh ci t trc khi chng c hi t ng ho qu trnh ci t, ci t khng cn theo di nhm tit kim thi gian, cng sc. lm c vic nay ta c 2 cch. Th nht thm vo cc tham bin dng lnh sau Winnt.exe hoc Winnt32.exe. Cc tham bin ny ch ra cch giai on tin ci t ban u sao chp cc tp tin v chun b my ci t. Th hai l, cung cp mt tp tin tr li (answer file) trnh ci t dng tr li cho nhng cu hi v cc thnh phn ci t ca Server v nhng tu trn trong giai on Graphical base setup. 2. T ng ho bng cc tham bin dng lnh. Cc tham bin dng lnh bo cho trnh ci t bit cc tp tin ngun ci t u, mun ci Windows 2000 Server vo u, tp tin tr li phi c t u, v nhng thng tin cn thit khc chun b cho vic ci t. Cng c 113

tham bin dng lnh sao chp mt folder b xung vo ngun ci t, c th dng c nhng tp tin khi ci t. 3. Setup Manager Wizard. SMW Setup Manager Winzard l mt chng trnh cho php ta to ra cc tp tin tr li v tin hnh ci t Windows 2000 Server (tc Setupmgr.exe). c tm thy trong chng trnh Win2000 Resource Kit Deployment Tool (tc Deploy.cab trong th mc Support\Tools trn a CD ROM ci t Win2000. Wizard ny dn ta i qua tt c nhng cu hi m ta cn phi tr li trong mt cuc ci t, v xy dng cho ta mt tp tin tr li. Mn hnh ci t ca SMW hnh 5.19

Hnh 5.19. Mn hnh ci t SMW 4. Xy dng tp tin tr li. Vo lc chy SMW ta s c hi mt trong 3 iu sau y hnh 5.20: Xy dng mt tp tin tr li mi Xy dng mt tp tin tr li theo cu hnh hin ti ca my bn. Sa i mt tp tin tr li c sn 114

Hnh 5.20. La chn kiu xy dng tp tin La chn mt mt mc thch hp (gi s mc to mi) sau n Next mn hnh 5.21 hin ra cho php chn loi ci t cn t ng ho.

Hnh 5.21. La chn loi ci t. 115

Tip theo l la chn h iu hnh m ta mun ci hnh 5.22. y ta c th chn to tp tin tr li ci t Win 2000 Server hoc Pro.

Hnh 5.22. La chn h iu hnh cn to Sau khi n next, mn hinh 5.23 xut hin cho php ta ch nh cch thc m cuc ci t s tip din, theo mc nhp liu cn c t ngi s dng.

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Hnh 5.23. Ch nh cch thc ci t ngha cc la chn: Provide defaults in vo cc cu tr li mc nh, v ngi ci t ch phi chp nhn cc gi tr mc nh hoc thay i nu thy cn thit. Fully automated in vo tt c cc cu tr li, v sau cho chng trnh t ng ci t hon ton. Hide pages Ngi ci t ch c th c c hi tng tc vi trnh ci t ni no khng cung cp thng tin. Tt c cc trang thoi m c cung cp thng tin u c giu i. Read only Tu chn ny cng tng t nh Hide page, ch khc l cc trang thoi trong khi ci t vn s c hin th, nhng ngi dng khng thay i c gi tr mc nh m cung cp. GUI attended Vi tu chn ny ch c giai on ci t th hai (text base setup) l c t ng ho, giai on th ba (graphical based setup) s ging nh mt cuc ci t bnh thng. 5. Xy dng mt folder phn phi Sau khi to xong tp tin tr li, Setup Manager Winzard cn bit ta nh dng n nh th no. Ta c th dng chung n vi ngun ci t trn CD ROM Win2000 Server hoc xy dng mt folder phn phi (distribution folder) hnh 5.7. Mt folder phn phi l mt ngun duy nht nhng cha th: Cc tp tin ngun ci t, cc tp tin tr li khng cn theo di, cc tp tin l kch hot cuc ci t vi cc tp tin tr li, cc OEM driver, v cc tp tin ring khc m ta chn a vo . Kho st cc bc cn thit to ra mt folder. iu u tin cn lm l t tn cho folder phn phi v ch ra v tr ca n, nh minh ho hnh 6.23. Trong hnh ta chn folder C:\W2k\disk v cho n c dng chung vi tn l w2kdisk.

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6. Bt u tin hnh cuc ci t khng cn theo di. By gi tt c nhng g cn lm l s dng tp tin tr li. bt u cuc ci t khng cn theo di, ta ch vic ni lin lac vi folder phn phi hoc ni cha cc tp tin m ta to ra trn. ri chy Unattend.bat vi mt tham bin cha tn Server thch hp. Thay v dng Unattend.bat, ta cng c th gi chy chng trnh ci t v tp tin tr li mt cch th cng, s dng tham bin dng lnh /unattend:filename. V d ta c mt a CD ROM ci Win2k trong F:, v mt kch bn ci t khng cn theo di tn l Unattend.txt trong C:, ta c th bt u cuc ci t khng cn theo di bng lnh sau. F:\I386\WINNT[32] /S:F:\I386 /unattend:C:\unattend.txt III. Cc giai on hu ci t. Sau khi hon thnh 3 giai on ci t i vi Windows 2000 Server, vn cn vi bc cn thc hin nh cu hnh ln cui chun b cho n hot ng. Vo ln khi ng u tin, Server Configuration Winzard s t ng hin ln. N s nhn din vi bc cui cng cn phi hon tt. nh cu hnh cho Server ta cn cn c vo nhng thnh phn mng b sung m ta ci t. Kim tra li Device Manager xem c thnh phn phn cng no khng c pht hin hoc khng hot ng hay khng? Trc khi hon tt vic ci t phi m bo mi thit b phn cng hot ng mt cch ng n. n nh cho Server mt a ch TCP/IP (tnh hoc ng). Ci t mt s tin ch qun tr, v phn mm sao lu d phng d liu. Chy ht cc ng dng trong Control Panel n nh tt c cu hnh cho Server. Khi ng li my ln cui chc chn h thng chy n nh

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