Internal Assessments

Subject – PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM and OUTREACH PROGRAMMES

Subject code – MMBA22E68

Faculty – Dr. Rajnish Shital Borkar

Assessment Type – Internal Assessment

Guidelines:
 The response sheet should be written in Word format and then uploadedto the learning
management system.
 Students should use the plagiarism checker software provided in the learning
management system to check for plagiarism.
 Permissible plagiarized limit is 10%. The response sheet will not be reviewed for the
evaluation if it contains more than 10%.
 Passing criteria is 50% for every assignment.

Descriptive Questions (5 marks)

Q - What is epidemiology? Classify the epidemiological methods. Write down the differences
between Case control and Cohort studies.

(OR)

Q –Which are the 5 moments for Hand Hygiene? Describe steps in Hand washing.
What is epidemiology? Classify the epidemiological methods. Write down the differences
between Case control and Cohort studies.

Epidemiology: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related

states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It
involves the investigation of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in
defined populations.

Classifications of Epidemiological Methods: Epidemiological methods can be broadly

classified into observational and experimental studies.

Observational Studies:

Descriptive Epidemiology: Involves the characterization of the distribution of health events,

often in terms of person, place, and time, without analyzing causes.

Analytical Epidemiology: Focuses on identifying and quantifying associations between

exposures and outcomes.

Experimental Studies:

Clinical Trials: Interventions or treatments are applied to individuals, and outcomes are
observed to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

Differences between Case-Control and Cohort Studies:

Study Design:

Case-Control Study: Retrospective design. Individuals with the outcome (cases) and those
without the outcome (controls) are identified, and their past exposures are compared.

Cohort Study: Prospective design. Individuals with a common characteristic or exposure

(cohort) are followed over time to observe the development of the outcome.

Selection of Participants:

Case-Control Study: Participants are selected based on the presence or absence of the outcome
of interest.
 Cohort Study: Participants are selected based on exposure status, and they are followed over
time to determine the occurrence of the outcome.

Timing:

Case-Control Study: Exposure data are collected retrospectively after the outcome has occurred.

Cohort Study: Exposure data are collected at the beginning of the study and participants are
followed over time to observe the occurrence of outcomes.

Calculation of Measures of Association:

Case-Control Study: Odds ratios (OR) are commonly used to estimate the association between
exposure and outcome.

Cohort Study: Relative risk (RR) is commonly used to estimate the association between
exposure and outcome.

Efficiency and Cost:

Case-Control Study: Generally more efficient and cost-effective, especially for rare outcomes,
as only a subset of the population needs to be studied.

Cohort Study: May require a longer duration and more resources, especially for rare exposures,
as the entire cohort needs to be followed.

Bias:

Case-Control Study: More susceptible to recall bias as participants may not accurately
remember past exposures.

Cohort Study: Less susceptible to recall bias but may be prone to loss to follow-up bias.

Strengths and Limitations:

Case-Control Study: Useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes. Prone to selection and
recall bias.

Cohort Study: Allows the direct calculation of incidence rates and is less prone to certain biases
but can be resource-intensive and time-consuming.
 Both case-control and cohort studies are valuable epidemiological methods, and the choice
between them depends on the research question, available resources, and the nature of the study
population.

–Which are the 5 moments for Hand Hygiene? Describe steps in Hand washing.
 Moment 1 - Before touching a patient

When

Immediately before touching the patient.

Why?

To protect the patient against microorganisms from the hands of the healthcare worker.

In detail

Before Shaking hands, assisting a patient to move, allied health interventions, touching
touching a any medical device connected to the patient (for example, intravenous line
patient pump, urinary catheter)

Moment 2 - Before a procedure

When

Immediately before a procedure. Once hand hygiene has been performed, nothing else
in the patient's environment should be touched prior to the procedure starting.

Why?

To protect the patient against microorganisms from entering the patient’s body,
including the patient’s own microorganisms.
Moment 3 - After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk

When

Immediately after a procedure or body fluid exposure risk.

Even if you have had gloves on you should still perform hand hygiene after removing
them as gloves are not always a complete impermeable barrier. Hands may also have
been contaminated in the process of removing the gloves.

Why?

To protect the healthcare worker and the healthcare environment from becoming
contaminated with the patient's microorganisms.

Moment 4 - After touching a patient

When

After touching a patient.

Why

To protect the healthcare worker and the healthcare environment from becoming
contaminated with the patient’s microorganisms.
After a Moment 1, except if there After touching a patient, after touching an intravenous
has been exposure to body fluids pump or other medical equipment connected to the patient

Moment 5 - After touching a patient's surroundings

When

After touching anything in the patient's surroundings when the patient has not been
touched or is not present.

Always hand hygiene before leaving the patient's room.

Why?

To protect the healthcare worker and the healthcare environment from becoming
contaminated with the patient’s microorganisms.

In detail

After touching any items in the patient zone but the patient has not been touched while
the healthcare worker was in the patient zone Any items in the patient zone include
bed, bedrails, linen, table, bedside chart, bedside locker, call bell/TV remote control,
light switches, personal belongings (including books, mobility aids), chair, footstool,
monkey bar that is attached to a patient’s bed