We see brilliant fireworks displays during special events such as the New Year and National Day celebrations. How are such wonderful sights created? When fireworks are shot into the sky, the gunpowder in them explodes in the air and produces 2 lot of heat, The heat in turn causes metal salts, which are also present, to burn and light Up in flames of various colours, such as red, orange, green, blue and silver. What kind of energy changes brings about the explosion and display of fireworks? Let's Explore! (a) What are exothermic and endothermic changes? (b) Do reactant particles always react upon collision? (c) How does hydrogen act as a fuel?ea 17.1 Exothermic and Endothermic Changes Learning Outcome — You should be able to: + describe enthalpy change in terms of exothermic and endothermic changes. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, it can be changed from one form to another. All chemical reactions involve energy changes. Some physical changes, such as melting or dissolving a solid in water, also involve energy changes. ‘An energy change is sometimes observed as a rise or drop in temperature, as shown by the two experiments below (Table 17.4). In Experiments | and II, sodium hydroxide pellets and solid ammonium chloride are added to the water respectively. ¥ Table 47.4. Experiments to investigate energy changes a 2 3 ‘Measure the temperature of the water. Measure the temperature of the water dissolved in it, thermameter lass rod sodium hydroxide pellets * Initial temperature: 28°C ‘+ Final temperature: 34°C ‘+ The temperature of the water increased by 6°C. Heat energy was given out to the surroundings. Therefore, the dissolving (of sodium hydroxide pellets in water is an exothermic change. [Add the solid into the water and then stir the mixture. ‘after the solid has completely thermometer glass rod solid ‘ammonium chloride * Initial temperature: 28°C * Final temperature: 22°C + The temperature of the water decreased by 6°C. Heat energy was absorbed from the Surroundings. Therefore, the dissolving of solid ammonium chloride in water is an ‘endothermic change.Exothermic Changes Firewood is often burnt at campsites to provide warmth and heat for ‘cooking (Figure 17.1). The burning of firewood is an exothermic change. ua rear What are the characteristics of exothermic changes? When an exothermic change occurs, ‘* heat is released from the reactants and transferred to the surroundings; ‘* the temperature of the reaction mixture rises. The container feels warmer. For example, the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is exothermic (Figure 17.2). Figure 17.3 shows the changes in temperature when an exothermic Figure 47.4 The burning at frenood produces neat change occurs. Initially, the temperature of the reaction mixture rises until Liarcmnnett a the highest temperature is reached. When the reaction is complete, the ‘exothermic change. temperature of the reaction mixture falls until it reaches room temperature. (@ Practical Book tink Temperature/"C Experiment 30: How isthe ‘maximum temperature ‘end-point of neutralisation ogee ‘otermined using energy changes? ssurroundings* oom temperature Time/min ‘4 Figure 17.2 The reaction of ‘4 Figure 17.3 Variation of temperature Sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric with time for an exothermic reaction acid is exothermic. (‘> indicates the direction of heat transfer.) “The surroundings refer to the reaction mixture, the container and the surrounding air. ‘Some examples of exothermic changes are shown in Table 17.2. ¥ Table 17.2 Examples of exothermic changes Physical process See Recall from Chapter 4 whether heat is given * Condensation = Combustion of fuels, ut of absorbed during a * Freezing + Respiration change of state * Dissolving of anhydrous salts ‘+ Neutralisation (reaction between (e.g. anhydrous sodium carbonate) | acid and alkali) in water * Corrosion of metals (e.g. rusting + Dissolving of acids (e.g. of iron) ‘concentrated sulfuric acid) in water woo Q14 The evaporation of sweat Is an endothermic process. @Q scence ate Frutt salts Fruit salts (or antacids) relieve stomach pain by neutralising excess ‘stomach acid. Fruit salts contain cite ald and sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda]. The reaction between an antacid and water is endothermio. 2 ~» Endothermic Changes Not all physical processes or chemical reactions give out heat. Some changes. take in heat. For example, when our bodies heat up, we perspire. The evaporation of sweat cools the body. Evaporation is thus an endothermic change. eee ae, What are the characteristics of endothermic changes? When an endothermic change occurs, ‘© heat energy is absorbed and transferred fram the surroundings to the reactants ‘+ the temperature of the reaction mixture falls. The container feels cooler. For example, the dissolving of solid ammonium chloride in water is endothermic (Figure 17.4). Figure 17.5 shows the changes in temperature when an endothermic reaction occurs. Initially, the temperature of the reaction mixture falls until the lowest temperature is reached. When the reaction is complete, the temperature of the reaction mixture rises until it reaches room temperature. surroundings 4 Temperature/*C “fom temperature __ ininimum temperature Time/min «4 Figure 17.4 The dissolving of «4 Figure 17.8 Variation of temperature Solid ammonium ahloride in water Is with time for'an endothermic reaction endothermic. ‘Some examples of endothermic changes are shown in Table 17.3. '¥ Table 17.3. Examples of endothermic changes I react fe c= Evaporation Photosynthesis © Melting | + Action of light on silver bromide in * Dissolving of some ionic compounds | photographic fim (e.g. ammonium chioride, potassium | + Thermal decomposition Chloride and hydrated copperi) (€.. heating of calcium carbonate sulfate) in water to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide)Enthalpy Change in a Reaction The amount of energy involved in a reaction is known as the heat change You can perform a simple or enthalpy change of the reaction. It is measured in Kilojoules (kJ) and ipshitent on Weak represented by the symbol AH. 4 is the Greek letter ‘delta’, which means changes for the resction change. H refers to energy content that is stored in a substance, between steel woo! and vinegar. It is not possible to measure the enthalpy or energy content of a substance 1. Soak the steel woo! in some vinogar. 2. Squeeze out the ‘excess vinegar. 3. Wrap the stee! woo! Ree er oem ‘around a thermometer content of the ‘and observe the temperature changes. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? directly, However, it is possible to measure the enthalpy change when the substance (reactant) undergoes a chemical reaction to form products. total energy of products - total energy of reactants Energy Level Diagrams Energy changes in a reaction can be shown by energy level diagrams. How do we draw an energy level diagram for an Enerey exothermic reaction? Oe aa Consider an exothermic reaction. In this type of reaction, heat is given out to the surroundings. This means that the total energy of the products is less than that of the reactants. Therefore, the enthalpy change, AH, for an exothermic reaction is negative. This can be represented by an energy level diagram (Figure 17.6). heat of reaction (aH = negative) Exothermic reaction: AH < 0 «+ Figure 47.6 The enorgy love diagram of an exothermic reaction The difference between the energy levels of the : products and the reactants is equal to the amount of energy given out during the reaction. How does the energy level diagram for an Enerey endothermic reaction differ from that of an tevel = exothermic reaction? Since an endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, the products will have more energy than the reactants. The enthalpy change, AH, for an endothermic reaction is thus positive (Figure 17.7). heat of reaction (AH = positive) Endothermic reaction: AH > 0 The difference between the energy levels of the filtres? Te enon vel gram of products and reactants is equal to the energy absorbed woo Q uring the reaction.€xample | When 1 mol of sodium hydroxide solution reacts with 1 mol of hydrochloric acid, 57.3 kJ of heat is produced. The equation for the reaction is: NaOH(aq) + HCiaq) —> NaCilaq) + H,0(0) Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction. Solution Since heat is produced during the reaction, the reaction is exothermic. Thus, AH Is negative. Energy level NaOH(aq) + HCi(aa) reactants AH= 57.340 From what you have leamnt so far, have you ‘found the answers to Let's Explore (a)? NaCitaq) + H,0(0 pons 2. Comparing exothermic and endothermic changes: Ee eo * Gives out heat to the ‘© Absorbs heat from the surroundings ‘surroundings * Causes an increase in ‘© Causes a decrease in ‘temperature of the reaction | temperature of the reaction mixture mixture + Has a negative AH ‘+ Has a positive AH ‘* Has products that have | «Has products that have lower energy than the higher energy than the reactants reactants 2. An energy level diagram is used to show the heat change (enthalpy change) in an exothermic or endothermic reaction. ‘The heat change of a reaction is ~467 lJ. State three deductions that can be made from this statement. 2. The equation fr the reaction between hydrogen and fluerne to form hydrogen fluoride is shown below, Hg) + F{@) —> 2HF(g) aH = -542 Wd (a) Draw an energy level diagram to represent the energy change in this reaction. {b) Is the following reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer. 2HF(@) —> H@) + FL) a17.2 Bond Breaking and Bond Making Learning Outcomes — You should be able t ‘describe bond breaking and bond making as endothermic and exothermic processes respectively; ‘+ explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy Involved in bond breaking and bond making, What causes energy changes in chemical reactions? All reactions involve the breaking of bonds or the forming of new bonds. Energy changes in reactions are caused by the making and breaking of 'bumt some’ chemical bonds. eoeeee caer workout! When bonds between atoms are broken, heat energy is absorbed. However, when bonds are formed between atoms, heat energy is given out. In other words, * bond breaking is an endothermic process; * bond making is an exothermic process. For example, when nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide, the bonds within the nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules must first be broken to form atoms of nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen atoms then form bonds with oxygen atoms, forming nitrogen monoxide (Figure 17.8). Energy is given out when bonds are formed, %s ‘a Energy is required for ae eo. 0° ,w tenis | OQ e@ absorbed to break bonds. 44 Figure 17.8. Bond breaking and bond making processes cause the energy Changes in chemical reactions. ('\ 4” indicates the direction of energy transfer.) How can we tell if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic depends on its overall enthalpy change. total energy total energy Overall enthalpy change (AM) = absorbed for — released for bond breaking bond making If the energy absorbed in bond breaking is less than the energy given out in bond making, the reaction is exothermic. Exothermic reaction: total energy absorbed __ total energy released for bond breaking for bond makingIf the energy absorbed in bond breaking is more than the energy given out in bond making, the reaction is endothermic. Endothermic reaction: total energy absorbed _ total energy released for bond breaking for bond making Consider the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water: hydrogen + oxygen —> water 2H,(g) + 0,(¢) —> 2H,0()) Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? To find out, study the energy changes involved in bond breaking and bond making during the reaction. @ Energy absorbed in bond breaking The bonds in the hydrogen and oxygen molecules must first be broken before the hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms can combine. This requires energy to be absorbed, Lee. the process is endothermic, Energy required to break 1 mol of O=0 bonds 196 kd Energy required to break 1 mol of H-H bonds = 436.1) Energy required to break 2 mol of H-H bonds x 436 Kd | © Energy released in bond making The second step involves the joining together ‘of oxygen and hydrogen atoms to form new O-H bonds. Heat is released, i.e. the process is ‘exothermic. Energy released on forming 1 mol of 0-H bonds. = 463 Energy released on forming 2 mol of 0-H bonds in 1 mol of H,O molecules = 2 x 463 kJ 26 KI Energy released on forming 2 mol of ~- =87210 1,0 molecules = 2 x 926 = 1852 kJ Teal evra ane tone ot 72 + 496 368 kK) oan {Yao oe »® ea 2 » S 436 Ks © overall heat change Ra? The overall heat change, or enthalpy change, for the reaction (AH) __ total energy absorbed = “for bond breaking = 1368 - 1852 = 484K) total energy released for bond making The negative value of the overall AH indicates that the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is exothermic,We can summarise the processes in this reaction by using an energy level diagram as shown in Figure 17.9. Energy level 2H,(@) + 0,6) reactants AH = 8844) product 4 Figure 17.9 Energy level diagram for the formation of water 4 The combustion of an Note that the energy requlred to break a chemical bond's the same as the OE. Fagen gos mite energy released when the same chemical bond is formed. Thus, be Used for welding steo H-Hig) —> 2Hig) A= +436 0 2H(g) > H-Hig) AH = ~436 Kd This energy is called the bond energy of the H-H covalent bond. The cae stronger a bond is, the more energy is required to break that bond and thus, == 2N0(g) the higher its bond energy. product Let us look at another reaction: +1804 nitrogen + oxygen —» nitrogen monoxide N,(g) + 0g) —> 2NO(g) Mig Ore) reactants ‘The changes in energy when nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen Ahan ata esery ee monoxide can be represented by the energy level diagram shown in Figure _a8fam or he fo 17.40. What information can we obtain from an energy level diagram? The energy level diagram for the formation of nitrogen monoxide from nitrogen and oxygen tells us that * the reaction is endothermic; « the product has more energy than the reactants; * energy required to break the bonds in the nitrogen and oxygen molecules is more than the energy released when the nitrogen-onygen bonds are formed. Bond breaking is an endothermic process. Bond making is an SESE Ae Peoere total energy absorbed _ total energy released 2. Overall entnapy change, aH = Fe bond breaking” fr bond making 3. Areaction is exothermic if total energy absorbed for bond breaking is less than total energy released for bond making. 4, reaction is endothermic if total energy absorbed for bond breaking is more than total energy released for bond making. oom QWorked Exampl Questions ‘The bond energies of some covalent bonds are 4. State whether the overall enthalpy change is. shown below. positive or negative for each of the following. (a) CO{s) —> CO,{g) Emtec van) () Chie) —> Ci + 4H) (0) 6C0,{g) + GH,0(!) —> C,H,,0,(aq) + 0,(8) (d)2AgBr(s) —> 2Ag(s) + Br,(6) {e) CuSO,{s) + 5H,0{!) — CuSO,.5H,0(s) 2. The bond energies for some chemical bonds are Calculate the overall AH for the following reaction: shown below. Wig C10 vet ‘Thought Proce: New 945 bond breaking bond making Step 4: Calculate the energy change in breaking Fee Ee caer Lonel ot Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia. CI-Ci bonds. NJ) + 3H,(@) —» 2NH,(e) Step 2: Calculate the energy change in forming, 2.0 mol of H-CI bonds. (a) Calculate the overall AM for the above ‘Step 3: Calculate the overall enthalpy change for aaa ‘the reaction. (b) Draw an energy level diagram to represent Answer the energy change for this reaction. Total energy absorbed for bond breaking = 436 + 242 = 678d Total energy released for bond making = 2x 431 = 862 Kd AH = 678 - 862 | -184 1d 17.3 Activation Energy and Energy Profile Diagrams Learning Outcome — You should be able to: * draw energy profile diagrams to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions and show the activation energies of reactions. Activation Energy Why does a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explode only when itis heated? This is because the reaction needs energy in order to get started. Many reactions that do not occur at room temperature will proceed rapidly when the reactants are heated. Heat provides the energy to change less energetic. particles into more energetic particles and thus start a reaction. aeamount of energy that reactant ‘A reaction will only occur when reactant particles possess energy equal to or more than the activation energy. A reaction involves reactant particles colliding to form product particles. Reactant particles that have less energy than the activation energy cannot break their bonds on collision with other reactant particles. Therefore, a reaction to form product particles does not occur (Figure 17.11). ¥ sa a. a molecules do not reactant molecules serie ce ree on clision remain uncharged A+B, 208 44 Figure 17-14. No reaction occurs because the reactant ‘molecules possess energy less than the activation energy More energetic particles are able to break their bonds on collision to form new bonds (Figure 17.12). This is because these particles possess energy that is equal to or greater than the activation energy. molecules react, product molecules before coleeon ‘on colsion formed A, +B, —> 20B ‘4 Figure 17.12 A chemical reaction occurs because the reactant molecules possess energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. You will learn how catalysts affect the activation energy and speed of reaction in Chapter 18, Videos can help you visualise and understand the theory of activation energy better. Search ‘the Internet using keywords ike ‘videos’ ‘and ‘activation energy’ to find out moreEnergy Profile Diagrams Energy profile diagrams are used to show the enthalpy change and activation energy of a reaction, An energy profile diagram is a way of representing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. Figure 17.13 shows the energy profile diagram of an exothermic reaction, while Figure 17.14 shows that of an endothermic reaction. From the diagrams, we can see that activation energy acts as fan energy barrier that must be overcome by the reactants before they can react to form products. 14 An analogy for activation energy as an nergy barter isthe game of voleybal. ‘The valleyall (reactants) must be given sufficient energy In order for it to go over ‘the net (enerey varie Energy Energy + ‘activation energy (E) products enthalpy change (AH is positive) enthalpy change products |(AH is negative) Progress of reaction 1 Figure 17.13. Energy profile diagram of an exothermic reaction, Progress of reaction 1 Figure 47.14 Energy profile diagram of an endothermic reaction 's Explore! From what you have learnt far, have you found the answers to Let's Explore (b)? 4, Activation energy, E,, is the minimum amount of energy that reactant particles must possess in order for 2 chemical reaction to occur. 2. An energy profile diagram shows the activation energy and enthalpy change of a reaction Hydrogen does not react with chlorine in the dark. However, a mixture of hydrogen and chiorine reacts explosively when exposed to UY light to form ‘fumes of hydrogen chloride. (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction (include state symbols). (b) What is the role of UV light in this reaction? (€) Based on the information given in the question, would you expect, the reaction to be exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason for your (d) Sketch an energy profile diagram for the reaction.17.4 Combustion of Fuels Learning Outcome — You should be able to: describe hydrogen as a potential fuel, roduce electriity. Fuels as a Source of Energy Every day, we use up an enormous amount of energy in ourhomes, schools and factories. We use energy to light up our homes and schools. use energy to power our cars, We need energy in factories to turn raw materials into manufactured products. Most of the energy required is produced from the combustion of chemicals called fuels What are fuels? Fuels are substances that can burn, easily in alr to give out energy. Wood, coal, petroleum, hydrogen and natural gas are examples of fuels. The most commonly used fuels are 1 Petrol is used as a fuel to power cars. fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. They are carbon compounds that are formed from decayed plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. What happens when fuels burn? Coal is mainly carbon. It burns in excess air to give carbon dioxide. Heat energy is also produced. carbon + oxygen —e carbon dioxide + heat energy (8) + 0,{¢) —> 00,{g) + heat energy Most fuels contain carbon and hydrogen. When these fuels burn, carbon dioxide, water and heat energy are produced. The equation for the combustion of natural gas, which contains mainly methane (CH,), can be written as methane + oxygen —» carbon dioxide + water vapour + heat energy CH,(g) + 20,{¢) —> CO,(g) + 2H,0(g) + heat energy Ifa limited supply of air is used, carbon particles (in the form of soot) and a poisonous gas, carbon monoxide, are produced. This is called incomplete combustion. The equation for this reaction is: methane + oxygen —» carbon , water 4 carbon + heat a Methane is burnt monoxide * vapour energy in cooking stoves. ACH,(g) + 50,(g) —> 2C0(g) + 8H,0(@) + 2C(s) + heat energy All combustion reactions give out heat energy. The combustion of fuels is a...)Fuel Cells ‘Combustion is only one way of extracting useful energy from fuels. For more than a century, scientists have explored the possibility of converting the chemical energy of fuels directly into electricity. A chemical cell in which reactants (usually a fuel and oxygen) are continuously supplied to produce electricity directly is called a fuel cell. The best known example of a fue! cell is the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell? A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is a chemical cell which uses hydrogen as the fuel. The combustion of hydrogen produces water and heat energy. hydrogen + oxygen —» water 2H,(8) + 0,(g) —> 2H,0(@) AH=~484 kd This reaction is used to produce electrical energy in the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. Figure 17.15 shows the reactions that take place in a hydrogen-oxygen ~ fuel cell. At the positive electrode: At the negative electrode: ‘Oxygen is reduced to form hydroxide ions. Hydrogen is oxidised to form water. O,{g) + 2H,0() + 4e° —> 40H (aq) 2H,{g) + 40H (aq) —> 4H,0(1) + 4e postive carbon negative carbon electrode 7 electrode oxgen hydrogen water electrolyte (KOH solution) ‘Summary: The overall reaction is simply the conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to water. The reaction is the same as the combustion of hydrogen, 2H,{g) + 0,(g) —> 2H,0(0) 44 Figure 17.45 Hydroger-onygen fuel cell a© science sites Currently, other research and development projects are also being carried out to produce fuel cell vehicles, which reduce carton 24,01) Hydrogen is an efficient source of energy. '* When hydrogen burns, it releases more than twice the amount of energy ‘compared to many other fuels. There are no cheap sources of hydrogen, * Obtaining hydrogen from electrolysis is an expensive process. * Hydrogen is currently ‘obtained from non- renewable energy sources ‘such as petroleum. Hydrogen is very light. © Hydrogen requires larger storage volumes pyaonenateererel ‘compared to other fuels. flammable and explosive. * Special precautions must be taken in the storage ‘and transport of the gas. ie won QFrom what you have learnt so far, have you found the answers to Let's Explore (c)? 1. Fuels give out energy when burnt. The combustion of fuels is an exothermic reaction. 2. Afuel cell is a chemical cell in which reactants (usually a fuel and oxygen) are continously ‘Supplied to produce electricity directly. 3. Hydrogen is a possible alternative to fossil fuels in the future. Worked Example The table below shows the enthalpy changes (AH) for combustion and the activation energies (E,) for two fuels, A and B. (a) Draw an energy profile diagram for the combustion of each of the fuels. (b) In terms of heat energy released, explain which is the better fuel. Thought Process (a) Combustion is an exothermic reaction. Hence, the energy profile diagrams should be similar to that in Figure 17.43 on page 340. (b) A good fuel should release a lot of heat energy when it is burnt. The more exothermic the reaction, the more heat energy is produced. Answer (@ Enerey/¥s AH =-185 1) products Progsess of reaction Progress of reaction Energy profile diagram for fuel A Energy profile diagram for fuel B (b) Fuel A is a better fuel as it gives out more heat than fuel B. Questions L. Give two similarities and one difference between combustion and rusting. 2. (a) Outline how a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell works, (b) State two advantages of the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell (c) Sketch the energy profile diagram for the reaction in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell (@) _Expiain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of bond breaking and bond making aeee Learning Room Selt-heating cans 2"@ «ice Self-heating cans make use of exothermic reactions to heat up the food or drinks they contain. These seltheating cans allow campers and backpackers to have hot food even without a microwave or campfire. You are a chemist working in a company that manufactures self-heating cans. Your company has received numerous complaints from customers that your self-heating cans only heat up the food ‘or a very short period of time. You are tasked to design a new self-heating can to address these complaints. (a) The following questions may guide you in your task. Find the answers by doing a search on the Internet. (i) What chemicals should be used in the new self-heating can to produce sufficient heat? (ii) What are the best materials for making the seltheating can so that the heat produced is, sustained for a longer time? (iii) What other factors (e.g. cost, ease of packaging) need to be considered in the production of the self-heating can? (b) Use multimedia to present the design of your new product to your supervisor and convince him to accept it. Your presentation should include the following: «How your new self-heating can works via an exothermic reaction * Clear comparisons between the existing and new products * Supporting evidence of the improvements (e.g. experimental data) + Engaging graphics or videos to explain your new design Meee Uc examples examples: include Incluae, ‘Combustion of fuels. ‘example of fuel Hydrogen ‘= Potential fuel for use in fuel cells | + Renewable * PolltionfreeState whether each of the following statements is true or false. Then, correct the false statement{s). Revise the relevant section(s) if you got the answer wrong or are unsure of the concepts. = True/ | Section(s) ‘Answers are available at the back of the book. Hee False | to re {2) | Only chemical reactions undergo exothermic and endothermic changes. ara (b) | in exothermic reactions, the products have more energy than the reactants. ara (¢) | Heat energy is given out when chemical bonds are formed. 17.2 (d) | A reaction is endothermic when total energy absorbed for bond breaking is more | 472 than total energy released for bond making. (0) | All reactions need activation energy n order to get started. 173 (f) | Activation energy is the amount of energy released or absorbed when a reaction occurs. a (a) | AHis always positive for the combustion of fuels. I 17.4 {h) | In the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, oxyfen is oxidised to form OH ions at the ia positive electrode, Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions 41. Naphthol is used for making brightcoloured dyes. The following shows the steps involved in the Conversion of napithol to cartion dioxide and water. ‘Naphthol(s) > Naphthol?) Naphthol() => Nephthol(s) Naphtholig) + 0,(g) > €O,(g) + H,0) €0,() + H,0(@) > Co,/g) + H,0() Which of these steps are endothermic? A tand2 B tends © 2and3 D 3and4 2. Which of the following processes are exothermic? He) —> 2H) 2H,(g) + 0,(6) —> 24,0) ‘NH ,Ci(s) —> NH,Claq) ‘2Na(s) + 2H,0() —> 2NaOH(aa) + H,(@) and 2 B tand3 Zand 3 D 2and4 o> sone D own Which graph shows how temperature changes as hydrochloric acid is added slowly to aqueous sodium hydroxide until the acid is in excess? A Tempecure/"¢ —BTemperatue/¢ s Volume of HGi/em™ Volume of Hei/en* © Temperaure/*C ——D_Temperature/*c Volume of HCi/em™ Volume of Hei/em* ‘The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen Is exothermic. 280,(g) +0,@)—» 280g) AH=-197 What is the value of 4H for the following reaction? SO) > 80,8) + 0,8) A -197 1d B -98.5 10 © +98.5K) D +197 KI5. The equation for the reaction between nitrogen and ovygen is shown below. NG) + 0,2) —» 2NO@) N= 41804) Based on the equation, which of the following deductions can be made? ‘A. Nitrogen and oxygen react more rapidly at lower ‘temperatures. B_ Heat energy is released during the reaction. © Heat energy is absorbed on forming N-O bonds. D_ The energy involved in bond formation is less than the energy involved in bond breaking ‘The diagram shows the energy profile diagram of a reaction, Evers Progress of rection Which of the following is true about the reaction? ‘A. The reaction is endothermic. B The activation energy is y kJ. © The heat of reaction is -(y — x) kl D_ The energy needed to start the reaction is y kl. In a hycrogen-oxygen fuel cel, ‘A electricity is generated by the reaction between, hydrogen and oxygen B_ clectricty is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen © electricity is used to produce heat energy D hydrogen is burnt to form steam Section B: Structured Questions 1 {a) ‘Instant Car Kooler’ cans contain a mixture of ethanol (10%) and water (90%). When you spray ‘instant Car Kooler’ inside an overheated car, the temperature drops rapidly. Explain how “Instant Car Kooler’ works. (b)_ Hydrogen reacts with chlorine as shown by the equation below. Hig) + Cie) —» 2HoKg) AH = 1841 Calculate the energy change when 14.2 g of chlorine reacts completely with hydrogen. 2 When hydrogen burns in air, water Is formed. The ‘equation for this reaction is shown below. 2H,{g) + 0,{g) —> 2H,0() AH =-484 Ks (a) Which has the greater amount of energy, water or the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen? Give a reason for your answer. (b) Draw 2 labelled energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water. (e) The energy needed for forming the bonds of ‘two moles of water is 1852 kJ. What is the energy needed for breaking the bonds of two ‘moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen? Section C: Free-Response Question a In an experiment, 25 cm? of 0.2 mol/dm* copperil) sulfate Is placed in a polystyrene cup. About 2.5 g of zine powder (in excess) is then poured quickly into the cup. The mixture is stirred and the temperature changes during the reaction are recorded. The results of the experiment are shown in the diagram below. Tempereture/*C 38. 36: 34 22. 30. 20s 0 a Time/s {@) Is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction? Explain your answer. (b) The reaction mixture reaches its highest temperature of 38°C at 11 s, Why does the temperature decrease after 11 5? (©) (I) Wiite a chemical equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of coppertl) sulfate with zine (Il) Write an ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction in (I). {@) Calculate the mass of copper produced in this experiment, {e) Predict the highest temperature reached when the experiment is repeated using 3.25 g of zinc powder. Give one reason for your answer. a...)ee ees The very first hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell vehicle was built in 1966. By the 1990s, manufacturers were already experimenting with prototypes of commercially viable hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell vehicles. Countries like the United States and Iceland devised plans to repiace fossil fuelpowered vehicles with the environmentallyfriendly hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell vehicle. Recently, the focus has switched to the production of electricpowered vehicles. At the Clean Energy Expo Asia 2010 held in Singapore, manufacturers discussed ways to mass produce electric vehicles. The expo also showcased a range of electric vehicles, from three-wheeled bikeboards to sports cars. (a) Search the Internet to find out the advantages and disadvantages of electric powered vehicles. (b) Based on the information gathered in (a) and what you have learnt about hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, debate ion which is a better alternative to burning fossil fuels to power vehicles — electricity or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells