se cman 1 ere eee iia sei aR RS REC a aac, Ob yes: At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: © Define the key terms. * Describe the respiratory cycle. * Describe the mechanism of respiration. © List the factors that help to regulate respiration. © State the normal range of respiratory rate for healthy adults, © Identify the most important points of nurse's observation when taking respiration. utlines: 1. Definition of respiration and related terms. 2. Components of respiration. 3. Respiratory cycle. | 4. Mechanism of respiration. 5. 6. . Factors affecting respiration. . Some respiratory patterns. ] irati ; ‘between an organi uy ents the exchang ases between an | TB nism and its _ environment i.e. intake of oxygen and output of carbon dioxide It is the Process by which all living organisms release the energy needed for their living activities. isi abla NN a. The tips of the ribs are pulled up’ the intercostals muscles, ward and outwards by contracting of First YearB. The dome shaped iaphragm 1s Tlatiened by contraction of 1s muscles, the chest cavity is enlarged, the air pressure outside forces air into the lungs through the glottis. Expiration: c. The tips of the ribs move backwards. d. The muscles of the diaphragm relax and its bulges into the thorax, partly also the pressure of the abdominal organs .The chest cavity is reduced, the pressure inside is increase?(positive pressure)and the air is driven out of the lungs ,which being elastic, decrease in size. rgans associat h act: -Mouth - Nose ~ Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi -Bronchioles — -Alveoli_ _—- Air Sacs. Parts of the Respiratory System 5 ae Onteniy Pherynx Larynx ‘Frochem Broncht oy + Mouth/Nose + Epiglotis/Pharynx + Larynx/Trachea + Bronchi + Bronchioles ( + Alveoli + Diaphragm e The alveoli are very thin walled and are surrounded by a network of capillaries; they offer a huge intemal surface where exchange of gases takes place. © Pleural sac-surrounds the lungs formed of 2 layers. © Pleural cavity -airtight. AM@eEePB Renita Control and regulation of Respiration: ES Respiration is essentially an involuntary act i.e. it is carried out automatically and without thought. Respiration is however ,partly under our voluntary control e.g. one can cease breathing for a tgme or vary the rate or the rhythm of respiration as swallowing, coughing, sucking, blowing, swinging etc........ Breathing can be suspended voluntarily for more than 45 seconds or so, at the end of the time one is compelled to take a breath. a 1. Are respiratory center in the brain and in the medulla. First Year Fundamentals Of Nursing | 31- e nerve 3. The chemical composit! potent respiratory stimulant. jiration rate for healthy a! i @ The normal resp’ no tio of respiration rate and pulse 7! ; : = saat is sneeasitB respiration will usually increase correspondingly as well. - > At birth the rate of respiration =30-40 times! mune ¢ During the first year of life =26-30 times/minuts. ¢@ During the second year of life =20-26 times/minute. @ Adolescence =18-20 times/minute. @ Middle age =16-18 times/minute. @ Old age =12-16 times/minute. act 1. Age: the resp adult. 2, Sex:: the femal than in male. 3, Rate: an increa: and vice versa. 4, Exercise and mus respiratory rate. 5, During digestion: res during the digestion of food. 6. Diseased conditions: ther rate ~-~""Gecreased by disease, depending upon the body. 7 Oe drugs as morphine or general anesthetics will ee respiration slower and deeper. a respiratory stimulant is often used with the administration of ae anesthetic to help overcome the depressant action of tH 8. Application of cold: sti i breathing fuller, deeper aad a nerosetings iain dults=1. 2-20times/minute, iH 1 3 iration rate 1S much greater jn the new born than in the les tends to have a slightly greater rate of respiration se in respiratory rate causes shallowing of breathing cular activity: causes a temporary increase in piration may be siightly increased in rate © e-of respiration may be increased or the disease and its effect on9. Application of heat '&. hot water bottles increased Tespiratory rate temporarily and causes shallowing of breathing. 10. Pain: sever pain tends to increases the rate of respiration. 11. Toxins: stimulate the respiratory center and cause increased Tespiration, 12. Fever: this usually causes an increase in the rate of both pulse and Tespiration. 13. Hemorrhage: the decrease blood volume blood will decrease the amount of oxygen supplied to tissue cells its increases respiratory Tate. 14. Change in atmospheric pressure: e.g. high attitudes cause an increase in respiration rate in an attempt:to meet the increased demand for oxygen. Types of respiration: 1. Eupnea: regular normal respiration. 2. Apnea: a temporary cessation of breathing. 3, Dyspnea: difficulty or painful breathing. 4. Hyperpnea: increase respiration —both rate and depth may be increased. 5. Orthopnea: inability to breath or difficulty in breathing while lying in a horizontal position. 6. Cyanosis: blueness or discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane caused by lack of 02 in the blood. 7. Air hunger: a characteristics symptom indicating a lack of sufficient oxygen for the proper functioning of tissue cells. 8. Deep respiration: when the, volume.of air.inspired and.expired is more than $00cc with each respiration. ” 9. Shallow respiration: if the nature of air inspired and expired is less than 500cc with each respiration. 10. Polypnea: is a rapid breathing. 11. Cheyne - Stokes respiration: this consists of periods of hyperpnea followed by period of apnea occurring in a rhythmic cycle, each pakoxysm lasting 30-40 seconds. 12. Stretoruo breathing: breathing accompanied by abnormal, sounds resembling snores. First Year Fundamentals Of Nursing | 33 |ANY I\ VV NAAM Air trapping Regular and comfortable at a Increasing difficulty in Tate of 12-20 per minute getting breath out j ANA h \ DAV Cheyne-Stokes AV Ye—ah . \ Slower than 12 breaths Varying periods of incre; i depth interspersed with ahaa Faster than 20 breaths per minute Faster than 20 breaths d per minute, deep breathing of apnea in a disorganized ‘sequence of breaths \ fA Frequently interspersed Significant disorganization deeper breath irregular and varying depths J-Define the following: : Respiration - Apnea TI-List 3 factors causing variation of respiration .......00+? -