Solutions

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 1 ODD -NUMBERED EXERCISES 809
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
CHAPTER 1 Exercises 1.2, page 23

312t 1 2
Exercises 1.1, page 13
x1 7
5. 7. 8
14x 1 2 2
1. 3.
1. ( ) x x2 2t 1
x12x 13 2
0 3 6
3x 1 t 20
13.
12x 1 2 12x 5 2
9. 11.
3. [ ) x 2 3t 2
–1 0 4
x 27 x1 4x 2 7
15.
1x 3 2 1x 3 2
5. ( x 17. 19.
2 x1 22x 2 7
0
7. 9 9. 1 11. 4 13. 7 15. 1

17. 2 x1 x1 13 1
12x 1 2 3/2
5 21. 23. 25.
x 2 1x 1 2
19. 2 21. 1 23. True 25. False 27. False
1x 1y 1 1a 1b2 2 x
1 1 1 27. 29. 31.
xy ab 3 1x
1xy 2 2 1s t 2 3
29. False 31. False 33. 35. 37.
x 5/6
2 x1
1 9 y8 33. 35.
39. x13/3 41. 43. x 45. 47. 311 132 1x 211 1x 22
x3 x 2y 4 x 10
37. False 39. False 41. (, 2) 43. (, 5]
49. 2x 11/6 51. 2xy 2 53. 2x 4/3 y 1/2 55. 2.828
45. (4, 6) 47. 1, 3 2 13, 2 49. (2, 3)
3 1x
57. 5.196 59. 31.62 61. 316.2 63.
2x 51. [3, 5] 53. (, 1] [32 , ) 55. (, 3] (2, )
2 13y 3
2x 2 2x 2y 57. (, 0] (1, ) 59. 4 61. 2 63. 5 13 65. p 1
65. 67. 69. 71.
3 x 3 1x 12xy 67. 2 69. False 71. False 73. True 75. False
77. True 79. False 81. [362, 488.7] 83. $12,300
xz
75. 9x 2 3x 1 77. 4y 2 y 8
87. 0 x 0.5 0 0.01
73. 3
y2 xz 2 85. $32,000
79. x 1 81. 2
3 e e 1 83. 6 12 8 12 1x 114 1y 89. Between 1000 and 4000 units
85. x 2 6x 16 87. a 2 10a 25 89. x 2 4xy 4y 2 91. Between 98.04 and 98.36% of the toxic pollutants
91. 4x 2 y 2 93. 2x 95. 2t 12 1t 1 2 93. Between 10:18 a.m. and 12:42 a.m. 95. False 97. True
97. 2x 3 12x 2 6x 3 2 99. 7a 2(a 2 7ab 6b 2) Exercises 1.3, page 30
101. ex(1 x) 103. 1

2 x 5/2 14 3x 2 105. (2a b)(3c 2d) 1. (3, 3); Quadrant I 3. (2, 2); Quadrant IV
107. (2a b)(2a b) 109. 2(3x 5)(2x 1) 5. (4, 6); Quadrant III 7. A 9. E, F, and G
111. 3(x 4)(x 2) 113. 2(3x 5)(2x 3) 11. F 13–19. See the accompanying figure.
115. (3x 4y)(3x 4y) 117. (x 2 5)(x 4 5x 2 25)

y
119. x 3 xy 2 121. 4(x 1)(3x 1)(2x 2)3 13. (–2, 5)
123. 4(x 1)(3x 1)(2x 2)3
125. 2x(x 2 2)2(5x 4 20x 2 17)

x
127. 4 and 3 129. 1 and 12 131. 2 and 2 15. (3, –1)
133. 2 and 34 135. 1

2 14 110 and 12 41 110 (
17. 8, – 27 )
137. 1 12 110 and 1 12 110 19. (4.5, – 4.5)
139. a. 53,886 b. 19,052 c. 4820 141. True

810 ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 1 ODD -NUMBERED EXERCISES
69. a. y (% of total capacity)

21. 5 23. 161 25. (8, 6) and (8, 6)
29. 1x 2 2 2 1 y 3 2 2 25
100
31. x 2 y 2 25
80
33. 1x 2 2 2 1 y 3 2 2 34 35. 3400 mi 37. Route 1
60
39. Model C 41. 10 113t; 72.1 mi
40
43. a. 216,000,000 x 2 b. 20,396 ft 45. True 20
47. True 49. b. 1 12 , 32 2 t

5 10 15 20
Exercises 1.4, page 41 Years
1
1. e 3. a 5. f 7. 2 9. Not defined 11. 5 b. 1.9467; 70.082
c. The capacity utilization has been increasing by 1.9467% each
db
13. 5
15. 1a c 2 17. a. 4 b. 8 year since 1990 when it stood at 70.082%.
6
ca d. Shortly after 2005
19. Parallel 21. Perpendicular 23. 5 25. y 3 71. a. y 0.55x b. 2000 73. 89.6% of men’s wages
27. y 2x 10 29. y 2 31. y 3x 2 75. a. and b.
33. y x 1 35. y 3x 4 37. y 5 y (billion dollars)
20
39. y 12 x; m 12 ; b 0 41. y 23 x 3; m 32 ; b 3
43. y 12 x 72 ; m 12 ; b 72 45. y 12 x 3 15
47. y 6 49. y b 51. y 23 x 23 53. k 8 10
55. y 5
x
4 1 2 3 4 5 6
Years
c. y 1.82x 7.9 d. $17 billion; same
77. True 79. False 81. True

x
2
Chapter 1 Concept Review, page 46
1. Ordered; abscissa (x-coordinate); ordinate (y-coordinate)

57. y
2. a. x-; y-; b. Third 3. 21c a 2 2 1d b 2 2
4. 1x a 2 2 1 y b 2 2 r 2
4
y2 y1
5. a. b. Undefined c. 0 d. Positive
x x2 x1
2
1
6. m1 m2; m1
m2
y 7. a. y y1 m(x x1); point-slope form

59.
b. y mx b; slope-intercept
x a
3 8. a. Ax By C 0 (A, B, not both zero) b.
b
Chapter 1 Review Exercises, page 47
1. [2, ) 2. [1, 2] 3. 1, 4 2 15, 2

–5
4. 1, 5 2 15, 2 5. 4 6. 1 7. p 6
8. 8 3 13 9. 27
10. 25 11. 1
12. 32
63. y 2x 4 65. y 18 x 12 67. Yes 8 144
15
3 a 2x
13. 1
4 14. 3 13 15. 4(x 2 y)2 16. 17.
b 11 3z
18. x 1/2 19. 6xy 7 20. 9x 2y 4 21. 2pr 2 (pr 50) Chapter 1 Before Moving On, page 48
22. 2√w(√ 2 w 2 u 2) 23. (4 x)(4 x) b5
1. a. 13 12 p b. 3 2. a. 12x 5y b.
a3
24. 6t(2t 3)(t 1) 25. 34 and 12 26. 2 and 13
2x 1y x1 1x 4 2
12 12 3. a. b.
27. 0, 3, 1 28. and 29. 3 2, 24
1
30. 12, 32 2 3y x 16
2 2
1 3x 2 6 1x 2 xy
2 1x1x 1 2 1 1x 1y2 2
31. (1, 4) 32. 32 ; 23 33. 1 16, 1 16 4. a. b. 5.
2 2 x2
12 12 180
34. 2 ; 2 6. a. 2x(3x 2)(2x 3) b. (2b 3c)(x y)
1t 6 2 2
35.
2 2
5 113
15x 2 24x 2 78x 2 8x 27 7. a. x 14 , or 1 b. 8. 4 15
6
41x 2 2 13x 2 2 312x 1 2 13x 1 2
36. 2
37. 2
9. y 75 x 35 10. y 13 x 43
21x 2 2 1 x 1x
38. 39. 40. 41. 5
1x 1 1x 1 2x
CHAPTER 2
42. 2 43. x 2 44. y 4 45. y 101 x 195 Exercises 2.1, page 57
46. y 45 x 125 47. y 52 x 9 48. y 34 x 112 1. 21, 9, 5a 6, 5a 6, 5a 21
49. y 34 x 9
2 50. y 35 x 12
5 51. y 3x 7 3. 3, 6, 3a 2 6a 3, 3a 2 6a 3, 3x 2 6
52. y 32 x 7 5. 2a 2h 5, 2a 5, 2a2 5, 2a 4h 5, 4a 2h 5
212 a 2 21t 1 2
53. y
8 2a
a 1 a 2 4a 3 t 1t 2 2
7. , 0, 2 , ,
15
x 2a 2 21x 1 2 2 21x 1 2 2
8 9. 8, , , 11. 5, 1, 1 13. 52 , 3, 3, 9
1a 1 1x 1x 2
15. a. 2 b. (i) x 2; (ii) x 1 c. [0, 6] d. [2, 6]
23. 1, 2 25. 1, 0 2 10, 2

–6
17. Yes 19. Yes 21. 7
27. (, ) 29. 1, 5 4 31. 1, 1 2 11, 1 2 11, 2

y
33. 3 3, 2 35. 1, 22 12, 1 4
54.
8
37. a. (, )
b. 6, 0, 4, 6, 254 , 6, 4, 0
4
c. y
5
x
−4 6
55. $100 56. $400 57. Between 1 sec and 3 sec

x
58. a. and b. 5
y (millions)
10
–5
39. y
5
30
25
20
15
x (year) 10
1 2 3 4
5
c. y 0.975x 3.9 d. 6,825,000; differ by 25,000 x
4 2 2 4
(⬁, ⬁); [1, ⬁)
y 0.0185t 0.58 if 0 t 20
65. a. f 1t 2 e
41.
0.015t 0.65 if 20 t 30
b. 0.0185/yr from 1960 through 1980; 0.015/yr from 1980 through
1990
2 c. 1983
x 67. a. 0.06x b. $12.00; $0.34 69. 160 mg

4 8
[0, ⬁); [2, ⬁) 71. a. f (t) 7.5t 20 b. 65 million
73. a. V 12,000n 120,000

43. y
b. V
Thousands of dollars
120
x
1 n
(⬁, 1]; [0, ⬁) 10
c. $48,000 d. $12,000/yr
45. y
75. (0, )
P
x
–1 1
–1
(⬁, ⬁); [1, ⬁)

V
47. y
5 77. a. 3.6 million; 9.5 million b. 11.2 million 79. 20; 26
81. $5.6 billion; $7.8 billion
83. a. $0.6 trillion; $0.6 trillion b. $0.96 trillion; $1.2 trillion

x
5 85. a. 130 tons/day; 100 tons/day; 40 tons/day
b. y
140
120
100
(⬁, ⬁); (⬁, 0) [1, ⬁)
80
60
49. y
40
20
t
0 2 4 6 8 10
5
87. a. D1t 2 e
14t if 0 t 2
2 274t 2 100t 100 if 2 t
b. 76.16 miles
x 89. False 91. False 93. False
–4 –1 1 4
(⬁, ⬁); [0, ⬁) Using Technology Exercises 2.1, page 66
1. a. b.
51. Yes 53. No 55. Yes 57. Yes
59. 10p in. 61. 8
63. a. From 1985 to 1990 b. From 1990 on

c. 1990; $3.5 billion
3. a. b. 21x 2 2 2
23. f 1x 2 t1x 2
1x 1 2 1x 2 2
;
2x
f 1x 2 t1x 2
1x 1 2 1x 2 2
;
1x 1 2 1x 2 2 f 1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 2 2
f 1x 2 t1x 2
1x 1 2 1x 2 2 t1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 2 2
;
5. 7.
25. f ( t(x)) x 4 x 2 1; t( f (x)) (x 2 x 1)2
`
27. f 1t1x 2 2 2x 2 1 1; t1 f 1x 2 2 x 2 1x
x2 1
29. f 1t1x 2 2 ; t1 f 1x 2 2
x
31. 49
x 12 x
15
9. 18.5505 11. 4.1616 33. 35. f (x) 2x 3 x 2 1 and t(x) x 5
5
37. f 1x 2 x 2 1 and t1x 2 1x

13. a.
39. f 1x 2 x 2 1 and t1x 2

1
x
41. f 1x 2 3x 2 2 and t1x 2

1
43. 3h 45. h(2a h)
x3/2
b. $62.96 million; $107.66 million
1
47. 2a h 49. 3a 2 3ah h 2 1 51.
a1a h 2
15. a.
53. The total revenue in dollars from both restaurants at time t
55. The value in dollars of Nancy’s shares of IBM at time t
57. The carbon monoxide pollution in parts per million at time t

b. 44.7; 52.7; 129.2
59. C(x) 0.6x 12,100
61. a. f (t) 267; t(t) 2t 2 46t 733
1. f (x) t(x) x x 3 3 2
3. f (x)t(x) x 2x 5x 10
5 3 2 b. f (t) t(t) 2t 2 46t 1000 c. 1936 tons
f 1x 2 x3 5 f 1x 2t1x 2 x5 2x 3 5x 2 10
63. a. 23; In 2002, 23% of reported serious crimes ended in the arrests

t1x 2 h1x 2
5. 7. or in the identification of the suspects.
x 2
2 2x 4
b. 18; In 2007, 18% of reported serious crimes ended in the arrests
9. f 1x 2 t1x 2 x 1 1x 1
or in the identification of the suspects.
11. f 1x 2t1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 1
65. a. P(x) 0.000003x 3 0.07x 2 300x 100,000
b. $182,375
t1x 2 1x 1 f 1x 2t1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 1
67. a. 3.5t 2 2.4t 71.2
h1x 2 h1x 2
13. 15. b. 71,200; 109,900
2x 1
3
2x 3 1
69. a. 55%; 98.2% b. $444,700; $1,167,600
f 1x 2 h1x 2 x 2x 3

t1x 2
17. 71. a. s(x) f(x) t(x) h(x)
1x 1
19. f 1x 2 t1x 2 x 2 1x 3; 73. True 75. False
f 1x 2 t1x 2 x 2 1x 7; Exercises 2.3, page 85

f 1x 2 x 5
f 1x 2t1x 2 1x 2 5 2 1 1x 2 2;
2
1. Yes; y 23 x 2 3. Yes; y 12 x 2
t1x 2 1x 2
5. Yes; y 12 x 94 7. No 9. Polynomial function; degree 6
1x 1 2 1x 3 1
21. f 1x 2 t1x 2 ; 11. Polynomial function; degree 6
x1
1x 1 2 1x 3 1 13. Some other function 15. m 1; b 2
f 1x 2 t1x 2 ;
x1 17. a. C(x) 8x 40,000 b. R(x) 12x
1x 3 f 1x 2 c. P(x) 4x 40,000 d. A loss of $8000; a profit of $8000
f 1x 2t1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 3
x 1 t1x 2
;
19. $43,200 21. 104 mg 23. $128,000
25. 123,780,000 kWh; 175,820,000 kWh 51. a. p ($)
27. a. $3.25 billion b. $3.88 billion; $4.39 billion; $4.78 billion
R(t) 16
c.
6
Billions of dollars
5
4
3
2
x
1 –4 4
t Units of a thousand
1 2 3
b. 3000 units
Years
53. a. p ($)
29. $751.50/yr; $1772.38/yr
31. a. 320,000 b. 3,923,200 4

3
33. a. N(t) (million) 2
200 1
175
x
150 – 4 – 3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
125 Units of a thousand
100
b. 3000
75
50 55. a. p ($)
25
t (year)
2 4 6 8 10
75
b. 176,000,000
35. 582,650; 1,605,590 37. $699; $130 39. b. 2003

x
–15
26 a t 2 1b 52; $32, $6.71, $3; the gap was closing.
2
110 1
41. 1 Units of a thousand
2t 1
4
b. $76
45. $4770; $6400; $7560
57. a. p ($)
47. a. y ($/kilo)
250 20
200 10
150
x
100 1 2 3 4
Units of a thousand
50
t (year) b. $15
5 10 15 20 25 30
59. L2; for each dollar decrease in the price of a clock radio, the addition-
b. $7.44/kilo; $108.48/kilo al quantity demanded of model B clock radios will be greater than
that of model A clock radios.
49. a. y%
30 61. a. p ($)
40
25
35
20
30
15
25
10 20
5 15
t (year) 10
5 10 15 20 25
5
b. 13.43%; 1823 % x (thousand)
0 2 4 6 8 10
b. $10
63. a. p ($)
11. a. f(t) 0.221t 2 4.14t 64.8
b. c. 77.8 million
40
13. a.
x
10
Units of a thousand
b. $20
b. f(t) 2.94t 2 38.75t 188.5 c. $604 billion
b d bc ad
65. a. ; 15. a. f(t) 0.00081t 3 0.0206t 2 0.125t 1.69
ca ca
b.
b. If the unit price is increased, then the equilibrium quantity
decreases while the equilibrium price increases.
c. If the upper bound for the unit price of a commodity is lowered,
then both the equilibrium quantity and the equilibrium price drop.
67. 2500; $67.50 69. 11,000; $3 71. 8000; $80

c. $1.8 trillion; $2.7 trillion; $4.2 trillion
73. f 1x 2 2x 75. f 1x 2 0.5x 2
500 8
;x 0
x x 17. a. f(t) 0.425t 3 3.6571t 2 4.018t 43.7
b.
77. f (x) (22 x)(36 2x) bushels/acre
79. a. P(x) (10,000 x)(5 0.0002x) b. $60,800
81. False 83. False
Using Technology Exercises 2.3, page 94

c. $43.7 million; $77.2 million; $107.7 million
1. (3.0414, 0.1503); (3.0414, 7.4497)
19. a. f(t) 2.4167t 3 24.5t2 123.33t 506
3. (2.3371, 2.4117); (6.0514, 2.5015) b.
5. (1.0219, 6.3461); (1.2414, 1.5931); (5.7805, 7.9391)
7. a.
c. 506,000; 338,000; 126,000 d. Approximately 200,000
21. a. f(t) 0.000133t 4 0.00353t3 0.04487t2 0.143t 1.71

b.
b. 438 wall clocks; $40.92
9. a. f(t) 1.85t 16.9

b.
c. 1.71 mg; 1.81 mg; 1.85 mg; 1.84 mg; 1.82 mg; 1.83 mg
d. 1.9 mg/cigarette

c. t 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. lim f 1x 2 3 3. lim f 1x 2 3 5. lim f 1x 2 3
y 18.8 20.6 22.5 24.3 26.2 28.0 xS2 xS3 xS2
d. 31.7 gallons 7. The limit does not exist.

9. x 1.9 1.99 1.999 63. lim f 1x 2 ; lim f 1x 2 65. 0; 0

xS xS
67. lim f 1x 2 ; lim f 1x 2

f (x) 4.61 4.9601 4.9960
xS xS
x 2.001 2.01 2.1
f (x) 5.004 5.0401 5.41 69. x 1 10 100 1000
lim 1x 2 1 2 5 f (x) 0.5 0.009901 0.0001 0.000001
xS2
x 1 10 100 1000

11. x 0.1 0.01 0.001 f (x) 0.5 0.009901 0.0001 0.000001
lim f 1x 2 0 and lim f 1x 2 0
f (x) 1 1 1
xS xS
x 0.001 0.01 0.1

71. x 1 5 10 100
f (x) 1 1 1
f (x) 12 360 2910 2.99 106
The limit does not exist.
x 1000 1 5
13. x 0.9 0.99 0.999
f (x) 2.999 109 6 390
f (x) 100 10,000 1,000,000
x 10 100 1000
x 1.001 1.01 1.1
f (x) 3090 3.01 106 3.0 109
f (x) 1,000,000 10,000 100
lim f 1x 2 and lim f 1x 2
The limit does not exist. xS xS
73. 3 75. 3 77. lim f 1x 2 79. 0

15. x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1 xS
f (x) 2.9 2.99 2.999 3.001 3.01 3.1 81. a. $0.5 million; $0.75 million; $1,166,667; $2 million; $4.5 million;
x2 x 2 $9.5 million
lim 3 b. The limit does not exist; as the percent of pollutant to be removed
xS1 x1
approaches 100, the cost becomes astronomical.
17. y
83. $2.20; the average cost of producing x DVDs will approach
$2.20/disc in the long run.
x
85. a. $24 million; $60 million; $83.1 million b. $120 million
87. a. 76.1¢/mi; 30.5¢/mi; 23¢/mi; 20.6¢/mi; 19.5¢/mi

b. C (x)
lim f (x) = –1 100
x→0
80
19. y
60
40
1
20
x x
1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
lim f(x) = 1 c. It approaches 17.8¢/mi.
x→1
21. y 89. False 91. True 93. True
95. a moles/liter/second 97. No

2
2
x 1. 5 3. 3 5. 3 7. e 2
1
11. a.
lim f(x) = 0
x→0
23. 3 25. 3 27. 1 29. 2 31. 4 33. 5

4
35. 2 37. 1171 3 119 39. 3

2 41. 1 43. 6
45. 2 47. 1
6 49. 2 51. 1 53. 10 b. 25,000
5 1 1
55. The limit does not exist. 57. 3 59. 2 61. 3
Exercises 2.5, page 126 81. x 0.59 83. 1.34

1 7
1. 3; 2; the limit does not exist. 85. c. Joan sees the ball on its way up 21 sec after it was thrown and
2; 2;
again 312 sec later.
3. The limit does not exist; 2; the limit does not exist.
87. False 89. False 91. False 93. False 95. False
5. 0; 2; the limit does not exist.
12
7. 2; 2; the limit does not exist. 9. True 11. True 97. No 99. c.
2
13. False 15. True 17. False 19. True 21. 6
23. 14 25. The limit does not exist. 27. 1 29. 0
1. x 0, 1 3. x 0, 12 5. x 12 , 2 7. x 2, 1
31. 4 33. The limit does not exist. 35. 4 37. 0; 0
9. 11.
39. x 0; conditions 2 and 3 41. Continuous everywhere
43. x 0; condition 3 45. 1, 2 47. (, )
49. 1, 22
1
1 12 , 2 51. 1, 2 2 12, 1 2 11, 2
53. (, ) 55. (, ) 57. 1 and 1 59. 1 and 2
61. f is discontinuous at x 1, 2, . . . , 12. Exercises 2.6, page 145
63. Michael makes progress toward solving the problem until x x1. 1. 1.5 lb/mo; 0.58 lb/mo; 1.25 lb/mo 3. 3.1%/hr; 21.2%/hr
Between x x1 and x x2, he makes no further progress. But at x
x2 he suddenly achieves a breakthrough, and at x x3 he proceeds to 5. a. Car A b. They are traveling at the same speed.
complete the problem. c. Car B d. Both cars covered the same distance.
65. Conditions 2 and 3 are not satisfied at each of these points. 7. a. P2 b. P1 c. Bactericide B; bactericide A
67. y 9. 0 11. 2 13. 6x 15. 2x 3 17. 2; y 2x 7
19. 6; y 6x 3 21. 19 ; y 19 x 23
100
23. a. 4x b. y 4x 1
80 y
c.
60
40
20
x
5 10 15 20
69. y
10 x
8
25. a. 2x 2 b. (1, 0)
6 y
c.
4
10
2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 5
f is discontinuous at x 1
2, 1, 112 , p , 4.
x
71. a. ; As the time taken to excite the tissue is made shorter and 1 2 3 4
shorter, the strength of the electric current gets stronger and
stronger. d. 0
b. b; As the time taken to excite the tissue is made longer and
27. a. 6; 5.5; 5.1 b. 5
longer, the strength of the electric current gets weaker and weaker
c. The computations in part (a) show that as h approaches zero, the
and approaches b.
average velocity approaches the instantaneous velocity.
73. 3 75. a. Yes b. No
29. a. 130 ft/sec; 128.2 ft/sec; 128.02 ft/sec b. 128 ft/sec
77. a. f is a polynomial of degree 2. b. f (1) 3 and f (3) 1 c. The computations in part (a) show that as the time intervals over
which the average velocity are computed become smaller and
79. a. f is a polynomial of degree 3. b. f (1) 4 and f (1) 4 smaller, the average velocity approaches the instantaneous veloci-
ty of the car at t 20.
31. a. 5 sec b. 80 ft/sec c. 160 ft/sec 5. a. 4 7. a. 4.02

b. y 4x 1 b. y 4.02x 3.57
33. a. 16 liter/atmosphere b. 14 liter/atmosphere c. c.
35. a. 23 x 7 b. $333/quarter; $13,000/quarter
37. $6 billion/yr; $10 billion/yr
39. a. f (h) gives the instantaneous rate of change of the temperature at a

given height h.
b. Negative c. 0.05°F 9. a.
41. Average rate of change of the seal population over [a, a h]; instan-
taneous rate of change of the seal population at x a
43. Average rate of change of the country’s industrial production over

[a, a h]; instantaneous rate of change of the country’s industrial
production at x a b. 41.22¢/mi c. 1.22¢/mi/yr
45. Average rate of change of atmospheric pressure over [a, a h]; Chapter 2 Concept Review, page 152
instantaneous rate of change of atmospheric pressure at x a
1. Domain; range; B
47. a. Yes b. No c. No
2. Domain, f (x); vertical, point
49. a. Yes b. Yes c. No
f 1x 2
3. f 1x 2 t 1x 2 ; f 1x 2 t 1x 2 ; ; A B; A B; 0
t 1x 2
51. a. No b. No c. No
53. 32.1, 30.939, 30.814, 30.8014, 30.8001, 30.8000; 30.8 ft/sec

4. t[ f (x)]; f ; f (x); t
5. a. P1x 2 anxn an1xn1 p a1x a0

55. False
57. y (an 0, n, a positive integer)

b. Linear; quadratic; cubic
c. Quotient; polynomials
d. xr (r, a real number)
6. L; f (x); L; a
1 7. a. Lr b. L M
x
−1 L
c. LM d. ;M0
M
59. a 2, b 1 8. a. L; x b. M; negative; absolute

y 9. a. Right b. Left c. L; L
40 10. a. Continuous b. Discontinuous c. Every
30 11. a. a; a; t(a); b. Everywhere c. Q(x)
20 12. a. [a, b]; f (c) M b. f (x) 0; (a, b)
10 13. a. f (a) b. y f (a) m(x a)
x f 1a h 2 f 1a 2 f 1a h 2 f 1a 2
−5 5 10 14. a. b. lim
h hS0 h
Using Technology Exercises 2.6, page 151 Chapter 2 Review Exercises, page 153
1. a. y 9x 11 3. a. y 41 x 1 1. a. (, 9] b. 1, 1 2 11, 23 2 1 32 , 2

b. b.
2. a. (, 3) (3, 2] b. (, )
3. a. 0 b. 3a 17a 20 2
c. 12a 2 10a 2
d. 3a 6ah 3h 5a 5h 2
2 2
4. a. 4x 2 2x 6 b. 2x 2 8xh 8h2 x 2h 1
5. a. y b. No c. Yes 27. x 2 28. x 21 , 1 29. x 1 30. x 0
1
31. a. 3; 2.5; 2.1 b. 2 32. 4 33.
1 x2
x 3 3
−1 34. ;y x5 35. 4; y 4x 4
2 2
36. a. Yes b. No 37. 54,000
y 38. a. S(t) t 2.4 b. $5.4 million

6.
39. a. C(x) 6x 30,000 b. R(x) 10x
c. P(x) 4x 30,000 d. ($6000); $2000; $18,000
2
40. a 6, b
21
41. P(x) 8x 20,000 42. 6000; $22
x 2
1 3
43. 117 mg 44. $400,000 45. $45,000
46. 400; 800 47. 990; 2240
48. T
2x 3 1 1 2
d. 3 140
x12x 3 2
7. a. b. c.
x 2x 3 x
120
31x 1 2 1 100
8. a. 2x 2 7; 4x 2 4x 5 b. ;
3x 4 7 3x 80
1 1 60
c. 3;
2x 1 2x 2 40
20
1
9. a. f (x) 2x 2 x 1; t(x) n
x3 2 4 6 8 10 12
b. f (x) x 2 x 4; t(x) 2x As the length of the list increases, the time taken to learn the list
increases by a very large amount.
10. 38 11. 3 12. 2 13. 21 14. 0 15. 1
9 1 49. After 512 years 50. 5000; $20
16. The limit does not exist. 17. 7 18. 2 19. 1 20. 2
3
51. a. 714,300 b. 8,330,000
21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 24. The limit does not exist.
52. 648,000; 902,000; 1,345,200; 1,762,800
25. y
53. a. $16.4 billion; $17.6 billion; $18.3 billion; $18.8 billion;
$19.3 billion
x b. y (billion dollars)
5
19
−2
18
17
16
1; 1; 1 t (year)
1 2 3 4
26. y
54. a. 59.8%; 58.9%; 59.2%; 60.7%, 61.7%
b. P%
62
61
60
x
2
59
4; 2; the limit does not exist. t (year)

1 2 3 4
c. 60.66%
55. a. pr2 b. 2t c. 4pt 2 d. 3600p ft2 45. a. (0, 0)

b. y
56. x(20 2x)2
1350
57. 100x 2 4
x
⎭ 5 if 1 x 100 x
⎪ 2
9 if 100 x 200
58. C1x 2
⎬
⎪ 12.50 if 200 x 300
⎫ 15.00 if 300 x 400
7 0.02x if x 400
47. a. (2, 7), (2, 9)
y ($) b. y 12x 17 and y 12x 15
c. y
15
(2, 9)
5 x
3
x (– 2, – 7)
1 3 5 7 –10
Hundreds of feet
The function is discontinuous at x 100, 200, and 300.
49. a. 10, 0 2 ; 11, 1312 2 b. 10, 0 2 ; 12, 83 2; 11, 125 2
c. 10, 0 2 ; 14, 3 2 ; 13, 4 2
59. 20 80 81
60. a. C (x) gives the instantaneous rate of change of the total manufac-
16p 25p
turing cost C in dollars when x units of a certain product are 51. a. cm 3/cm b. cm 3/cm
produced. 9 4
b. Positive
53. a. 16.3 million b. 14.3 million/yr c. 66.8 million
c. $20
d. 11.7 million/yr
Chapter 2 Before Moving On, page 156 55. a. 49.6%; 41.13%; 36.87%; 34.11%
17 b. 5.55%/yr; 3.32%/yr
1. a. 3 b. 2 c. 4
57. a. 157 million b. 10.4 million/yr

1 x2 1 1
2. a. x2 1 b. c.
x1 x1 x2 2 59. a. 120 30t b. 120 ft/sec c. 240 ft
1
1
1x 1 2 2
d. 61. a. 5%; 11.3%; 15.5% b. 0.63%/yr; 0.525%/yr
63. a. 0.9 thousand metric tons/yr; 20.3 thousand metric tons/yr

3. 108x 2 4x 3 4. 2 5. a. 0 b. 1; no
b. Yes
6. 1; y x
65. a. 15 pts/yr; 12.6 pts/yr; 0 pts/yr b. 10 pts/yr
67. a. 10.0001 2 1 54 2 x 1/4 b. $0.00125/radio

CHAPTER 3
69. a. 20 a 1 b
Exercises 3.1, page 164 1
b. 50 mph; 30 mph; 33.43 mph
1t
3
1. 0 3. 5x 4 5. 2.1x 1.1 7. 6x 9. 2pr 11. c. 8.28; 0; 5.86; at 6:30 a.m., the average velocity is decreasing at
x 2/3
3 the rate of 8.28 mph/hr; at 7 a.m., it is unchanged; and at 8 a.m.,
13. 15. 84x13 17. 10x 3 19. 3x 2 4x it is increasing at the rate of 5.86 mph.
2 1x
3 71. 32 turtles/yr; 428 turtles/yr; 3260 turtles
21. 0.06x 0.4 23. 2x 4 2
25. 16x 3 7.5x 3/2
x 73. a. 12%; 23.9% b. 0.8%/yr; 1.1%/yr
3 8 16 9 2 5 75. a. The total population, including the population of the developed
27. 29. 31. 2
x2 x3 t5 t4 t2 2 1x countries and that of the underdeveloped/emerging countries
b. 0.92t 3.727; 13 million people/yr
4 1
33. 35. a. 20 b. 4 c. 20 37. 3
x3 x 4/3 77. True
39. 11 41. m 5; y 5x 4 43. m 2; y 2x 2

Using Technology Exercises 3.1, page 170 31. 8 33. 9 35. 2(3x 2 x 3); 10
1. 1 3. 0.4226 5. 0.1613 3x 4 2x 2 1 1

; 39. 60; y 60x 102
1x 4 2x 2 1 2 2
37.
2
7. a.
41. 12 ; y 12 x 32 43. 8 45. y 7x 5
47. 1 13 , 50
27 2 ; 11, 2 2 49. 1 43 , 770
27 2; 12, 30 2
51. y 12 x 1; y 2x 32
b. 3.4295 ppm/40 yr; 105.4332 ppm/40 yr
53. 0.125, 0.5, 2, 50; the cost of removing all of the pollutant is prohibi-
9. a. f (t) 0.611t 3 9.702t 2 32.544t 473.5 tively high.
b.
55. 5000/min; 1600/min; 7000; 4000
180
1t 6 2 2
57. a. b. 3.7; 2.2; 1.8; 1.1
c. y Yes
60
c. At the beginning of 2000, the assets of the hedge funds were
increasing at the rate of $53.781 billion/yr, and at the beginning 50
of 2003, they were increasing at the rate of $139.488 billion/yr. 40
30
20
1. 2x(2x) (x 2 1)(2), or 6x 2 2 10
t
3. (t 1)(2) (2t 1)(1), or 4t 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
5. (3x 1)(2x) (x 2 2)(3), or 9x 2 2x 6 d. 50 words/min
7. (x 3 1)(1) (x 1)(3x 2), or 4x 3 3x 2 1 59. Dropping at the rate of 0.0375 ppm/yr; dropping at the rate of
0.006 ppm/yr
9. (w 3 w 2 w 1)(2w) (w 2 2)(3w 2 2w 1), or
5w 4 4w 3 9w 2 6w 2 61. False 63. False
25x 2 10x 1x 1 Using Technology Exercises 3.2, page 181

11. (5x 2 1)(x1/2) (2x 1/2 1)(10x), or
1x 1. 0.8750 3. 0.0774
1x 2 5x 2 2 1x 2 2 2 1x 2 2 2 12x 5 2 3x 10x 4
4 3
5. 0.5000 7. 87,322/yr
13. , or
x2 x x2
1 2x 1 1x 1 2 12 2 3
1. 8(2x 1)3 3. 10x(x 2 2)4
1x 2 2 2 12x 1 2 2 12x 1 2 2
15. 17. , or
4
2x s 2 2s 4 5. 3(2x x 2)2(2 2x), or 6x 2(1 x)(2 x)2
12x 1 2 3
7.
19.
1x 1 2 1s 1 2
2 2
21. 2
2x
1 12 2 3 x 1 4x 1x1/2 1 2 4
1/2 3
2 3/2
3x 2 4x3/2 1 9. 3x 2x 2 4
311 x 2 2 2/3
x 11. 13.
2 13x 2
1x 2 1 2 2 2 1x1x 2 1 2 2
23. , or
6 1 3116x 3 1 2
2x 3 2x 2 2x 2x 3 x 2 4x 2 x 2 2x 2 15. 19.
12x 3 2 12t 3 2 214x 4 x 2 5/2
4
17. 3/2
1x 2 x 1 2 2 1x 2 x 1 2 2
25. , or
21. 2(3x 2 2x 1)3(6x 2) 4(3x 1)(3x 2 2x 1)3

1x 2 2 13x 2 2x 1 2 1x 3 x 2 x 1 2
1x 2 2 2
27. , or
23. 3(x 2 1)2(2x) 2(x 3 1)(3x 2), or 6x(2x 2 x 1)
2x 5x 4x 3
3 2
25. 3(t 1 t 2)2(t 2 2t 3)
1x 2 2 2
1x 2 4 2 1x 2 4 2 12x 8 2 1x 2 8x 4 2 14x 3 2
1 1
27.
2 1x 1 2 1x 1
1x 2 4 2 2 1x 2 4 2 2
29. , or
2x 24x 16x 3 32x 128

5 4 29. 2x 2(4)(3 4x)3(4) (3 4x)4(4x), or (12x)(4x 1)(3 4x)3
1x 2 4 2 2 1x 2 4 2 2
31. 8(x 1)2(2x 1)3 2(x 1)(2x 1)4, or
6(x 1)(2x 1)(2x 1)3
x 3 2 1x 2 2 11 2 1x 3 2 11 2 151x 3 2 2 75.
33. 3 a b c d 1t 25 2 12 1 12 t 2 2t 25 2 1/2 1t 2 2 1 12 t 2 2t 25 2 1/2 11 2
1x 2 2 2 1x 2 2 4
, or
x2 300 c d,
1t 25 2 2
12t 1 2 11 2 t12 2
a b c d , or
1/2 1/2
3 t 3t 3450t
12t 1 2 2 212t 1 2 5/2
35. or ; 2.9 beats/min2, 0.7 beats/min2,
2 2t 1 1t 25 2 212 t 2 2t 25 2
1 u 1 1/2 13u 2 2 11 2 1u 1 2 13 2
a b c d , or
0.2 beats/min2, 179 beats/min
13u 2 2 2
37.
2 3u 2
77. 160p ft2/sec 79. 27 mph/decade; 19 mph
1

2 1u 1 13u 2 2 3/2
81.
13t 2 80t 550 2 114t 140 2 17t 2 140t 700 2 16t 80 2
11.42 2 c d,
1x 1 2 12x 2 x 14 2 1x 1 2 12x 2
2 4 2 2 3
12x2 13x 1 2 2
13t 2 80t 5502 2
1x 2 1 2 8 1x 2 1 2 5 1.421140t 3500t 21,000 2
39. , or 2
13t 2 80t 550 2 2

or ; 31,312 jobs/yr
2x1x 2 1 2 3 13x 2 1 2 2 3 91x 2 1 2 413x 2 1 2 4
1x 2 1 2 8
41. , or
83. 400 wristwatches/(dollar price increase)
2x13x 2 13 2 13x 2 1 2 2 85. True 87. True

1x 2 1 2 5
12x 1 2 1/2
3 1x 1 2 12x 1 2 12x 2 4
2
1. 0.5774 3. 0.9390 5. 4.9498
1x 2 1 2 2
43. , or
7. 10,146,200/decade; 7,810,520/decade
3x 2 2x 1

12x 11x 2 1 2 2 Exercises 3.4, page 204
1t 2 1 2 1/2 1 12 2 1t 1 2 1/2 11 2 1t 1 2 1/2 1 12 2 1t 2 1 2 1/2 12t 2 1. a. C(x) is always increasing because as the number of units x pro-
45. , or duced increases, the amount of money that must be spent on pro-
t 1
2
duction also increases.
t 2 2t 1
b. 4000
2 1t 11t 2 1 2 3/2
3. a. $1.80; $1.60 b. $1.80; $1.60
47. 4(3x 1)3(3)(x 2 x 1)3 (3x 1)4(3)(x 2 x 1)2(2x 1), or
3(3x 1)3(x 2 x 1)2(10x 2 5x 3) 200,000 200,000
5. a. 100 b.
x x2
49. 4
3 u1/3; 6x; 8x13x 2 1 2 1/3 (x) approaches $100 if the production level is very high.
c. C
2 216x 2 1 2 2000 2000

51. ; 6x 2 1; 2 0.0001x; 2 0.0001
312x 3 x 1 2 5/3
5/3 7.
3u x x
13x 2 1 2 1x 3 x 1 2 9. a. 8000 200x b. 200, 0, 200 c. $40

1
u1/2 21 u3/2; 3x 2 1;
21x 3 x 2 3/2
53. 2
11. a. 0.04x 2 600x 300,000
55. 12 57. 6 59. No 61. y 33x 57 b. 0.08x 600 c. 200; 40
d. The profit increases as production increases, peaking at 7500
63. y 43
5x 54
5 units; beyond this level, profit falls.
65. 0.333 million/wk; 0.305 million/wk; 16 million; 22.7 million P(x)

2
6.87775
(millions of dollars)
15 t 2 0.795
67. ; 0.53%/yr; 64.9% 1.5
1
69. a. $8.7 billion/yr b. $92.3 billion
.5
71. a. 0.027(0.2t 2 4t 64)1/3(0.1t 1) b. 0.0091 ppm/yr
x (thousands)
73. a. 0.03[3t 2(t 7)4 t 3(4)(t 7)3], or 0.21t 2(t 3)(t 7)3 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
–.5
b. 90.72; 0; 90.72; at 8 a.m. the level of nitrogen dioxide is
increasing; at 10 a.m. the level stops increasing; at 11 a.m. the
level is decreasing.
13. a. 600x 0.05x 2; 0.000002x 3 0.02x 2 200x 80,000
b. 0.000006x 2 0.06x 400; 600 0.1x;
0.000006x 2 0.04x 200
c. 304; 400; 96
d. C 2p 2
Hundreds of thousands
33. ; for p 13, demand is inelastic; for p 13, demand is
30 9 p2
unitary; and for p 13, demand is elastic.
of dollars
20
35. True
10
x
1 3 5 7 1. 8x 2; 8 3. 6x 2 6x; 6(2x 1)
Units of a thousand
5. 4t 3 6t 2 12t 3; 12(t 2 t 1)
R 7. 10x(x 2 2)4; 10(x 2 2)3(9x 2 2)
Hundreds of thousands
30
9. 6t(2t 2 1)(6t 2 1); 6(60t 4 24t 2 1)
20
of dollars
11. 14x(2x 2 2)5/2; 28(2x 2 2)3/2(6x 2 1)

10 13. (x 2 1)(5x 2 1); 4x(5x 2 3)
x 1 4 2 4
4 8 12 ; ;
12x 1 2 2 12x 1 2 3 1s 1 2 2 1s 1 2 3
15. 17.
Units of a thousand
3 9 6
19. ; 21. 72x 24 23.
214 3u 2 1/2 414 3u 2 3/2
P
x4
30
Tens of thousands
25. 81
13s 2 2 5/2 27. 192(2x 3) 29. 128 ft/sec; 32 ft/sec2
of dollars
8
20
31. a. and b.
10
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x N(t) 0 2.7 4.8 6.3 7.2 7.5 7.2 6.3
1 3 5 7
Units of a thousand N (t) 0.6 0 0.6 1.2
80,000 33. 8.1 million; 0.204 million/yr; 0.03 million/yr2. At the beginning of
15. 0.000002x 2 0.03x 400 1998, there were 8.1 million people receiving disability benefits; the
x
number was increasing at the rate of 0.2 million/yr; the rate of the
80,000
a. 0.000004x 0.03 rate of change of the number of people was decreasing at the rate of
x2 0.03 million people/yr2.
b. 0.0132; 0.0092; the marginal average cost is negative (average
cost is decreasing) when 5000 units are produced and positive 35. a. 14 t 3 3t 2 8t b. 0 ft/sec; 0 ft/sec; 0 ft/sec
(average cost is increasing) when 10,000 units are produced. c. 43 t 2 6t 8 d. 8 ft/sec2; 4 ft/sec2; 8 ft/sec2
c. y ($) e. 0 ft; 16 ft; 0 ft
180
37. 0.01%/yr 2. The rate of the rate of change of the percent of
140 Americans aged 55 and over decreases at the rate of 0.01%/yr2.
100 39. False 41. True 43. True 45. f (x) x n1/2
x Using Technology Exercises 3.5, page 215

5 10
Units of a thousand 1. 18 3. 15.2762 5. 0.6255 7. 0.1973
50x 50 0.5x 2 9. 68.46214; at the beginning of 1988, the rate of the rate of the rate
10.01x 1 2
17. a. b. at which banks were failing was 68 banks/yr/yr/yr.
0.01x 1 2 2 2
c. $44,380; when the level of production is 2000 units, the reve- Exercises 3.6, page 223
nue increases at the rate of $44,380 per additional 1000 units pro-
duced. 1 y
1. a. 12 b. 12 3. a. b.
19. $1.21 billion/billion dollars 21. $0.288 billion/billion dollars x2 x
23. 5
3; elastic 25. 1; unitary 27. 0.104; inelastic 4 y
5. a. 2x 1 2
b. 3x 2
x x
29. a. Inelastic; elastic b. When p 8.66
c. Increase d. Increase 1x 2 y x x
b. 2y 2 9.
11 x 2 2 2
7. a. 11.
31. a. Inelastic b. Increase x y 2y
y y 1y 4. Marginal cost; marginal revenue; marginal profit; marginal aver-

13. 1 15. 17. 19. 2 1x y 1 age cost
x x 1x
f ¿1 p2
y3 2 1xy y 6x 3y 1 5. a. p
f 1 p2
b. Elastic; unitary; inelastic
21. 23. 25.
x 3
x 2 1xy 3x 1
f 1t 2 f ¿ 1t 2 f 1t 2t¿ 1t 2
212x y 3/2 2
dy dy
2x 2 2xy y 2
t 1t 2 t 1t 2
6. Both sides; 7. y; ;a 8. ;
27. 29. 31. y 2 dx dt
3x 1y 4y x 2 2xy 2y 2
2y1y x 2
9. a. x2 x1 b. f (x x) f (x) 10. x; x; x; f (x) dx
2y
33. y 32 x 52
12y x 2 3
35. 37.
x2 Chapter 3 Review Exercises, page 239
pr a r 2h b
dV dh dr 1. 15x 4 8x 3 6x 2 2. 24x 5 8x 3 6x
39. a. b. 3.6p cu in./sec
dt dt dt
6 3 1 6
3. 4. 4t 9t 2 12 t 3/2 5.
41. Dropping at the rate of 111 tires/wk x4 x2 t 3/2 t 5/2
43. Increasing at the rate of 44 headphones/wk 2 2 6 4 1

6. 2x 7. 1 8. 4s
x2 t2 t3 s2 s 3/2
45. Dropping at the rate of 3.7¢/carton/wk 47. 0.37; inelastic
3 12x 1 2 11 2 1x 1 2 12 2 3
49. 160p ft2/sec 51. 188.5 ft2/sec 53. 21.1 ft/sec 9. 2x , or
12x 1 2 2 12x 1 2 2
10.
x 5/2
55. 7.69 ft/sec 59. 196.8 ft/sec 61. 9 ft/sec
12t 2 1 2 12t 2 t 2 14t 2 2t
12t 2 1 2 2 12t 2 1 2 2
1 11. , or
63. 19.2 ft/sec 65. 7 L/sec 67. False 69. True
Exercises 3.7, page 233 1t 1/2 1 2 12 t 1/2 t 1/2 1 12 t 1/2 2 1

1t 1/2 1 2 2 2 1t 1 1t 1 2 2
12. , or
dx 6x 1
1. 4x dx 3. (3x 2 1) dx 5. 7. dx
2 1x 1 2 1x 1x 1/2 1 2 1 12 x 1/2 2 1x 1/2 1 2 1 12 x 1/2 2 1
1x 1/2 1 2 2 1x1 1x 1 2 2
13. or
x 2
2
x 2x 1
2
6x 1
1x 2 1 2 2
9. dx 11. dx 13. dx
x2 2 23x2 x 12t 2 1 2 11 2 t14t 2 1 2t 2
12t 1 2 12t 2 1 2 2
14. 2 2
, or
15. a. 2x dx b. 0.04 c. 0.0404
dx 1x 2 1 2 14x 3 2x 2 1x 4 x 2 2 12x 2 2x1x 4 2x 2 1 2

17. a. b. 0.05 c. 0.05263
1x 2 1 2 2 1x 2 1 2 2
2 15. , or
x
19. 3.167 21. 7.0357 23. 1.983 25. 0.298 16. 3(4x 1)(2x 2 x)2 17. 8(3x 3 2)7(9x 2), or 72x 2(3x 3 2)7
27. 2.50375 29. 8.64 cm3 31. 18.85 ft3 51 1x 2 2 4

18. 51x 1/2 2 2 4 #
1 1/2
x , or
33. It will drop by 40%. 35. 274 sec 37. 283,937 2 2 1x
12t 2 1 2 1/2 14t 2 , or

39. Decrease of $1.33 41. $64,800 1 2t
19.
2 22t 2 1
43. Decrease of 11 crimes/yr
20. 1
3 11 2t 3 2 2/3 16t 2 2 , or 2t 2 11 2t 3 2 2/3
45. a. 100,000 a 1 b dr
r 119
b. $220.50; $440.99; $661.48 413t 1 2
12 21. 413t 2 2t 5 2 3 13t 1 2 , or
13t 2 2t 5 2 3
47. True
22. 32 12x 3 3x 2 1 2 5/2 16x 2 6x 2 , or
Using Technology Exercises 3.7, page 237 9x1x 1 2 12x 3 3x 2 1 2 5/2
21x 2 1 2 1x 2 1 2
1. 7.5787 3. 0.03122 5. 0.01988
23. 2 a x b a 1 2 b , or
1 1
7. $48.35/mo; $64.47/mo; $80.59/mo 9. 625 x x x3
Chapter 3 Concept Review, page 238 12x 2 1 2 2 11 2 11 x 2 212x 2 1 2 14x 2 6x 2 8x 1

, or
12x 1 2 12x 2 1 2 3
24. 2 4
1. a. 0 b. nx n1 c. cf (x) d. f (x) t (x)
25. (t 2 t)4(4t) 2t 2 # 4(t 2 t)3(2t 1), or 4t 2(5t 3)(t 2 t)3
t1x 2 f ¿ 1x 2 f 1x 2 t¿ 1x 2
2. a. f (x)t (x) t(x) f (x)
3 t1x 2 4 2
b.
26. (2x 1)3 # 2(x 2 x)(2x 1) (x 2 x)2 3(2x 1)2(2), or
2(2x 1)2(x 2 x)(7x 2 7x 1)
3. a. t [ f (x)] f (x) b. n[ f (x)]n1f (x)
27. x 1/2 # 31x 2 1 2 2 12x 2 1x 2 1 2 3 #

1 1/2 56. a. $33.2 billion b. $7.7 billion/yr
x , or
2
113x 2 1 2 1x 2 1 2 2 57. a. 51.5% b. 1.95%/yr 58. a. 20,430 b. 225 cameras/yr
2 1x 59. a. $3.1 billion; $10 billion b. $0.68 billion/yr; $2.08 billion/yr
1x 3 2 2 1/2 11 2 x # 21 1x 3 2 2 1/2 # 3x 2 4x 3
60. a. 15%; 31.99% b. 0.51%/yr; 1.04%/yr
21x 3 2 2 3/2
28. , or
x3 2
61. a. 4445 b. 494 people/yr
14x 3 2 12 13x 2 2 1/2 13 2 13x 2 2 1/2 14 2
14x 3 2 2
29. , or 62. a. 1,024,000 b. 133,000 copies/wk
12x 25 63. 200 subscribers/wk

2 13x 214x 3 2 2
64. 14.346(1 t)1.45; 2.92¢/min/yr; 19.45¢/min
1t 1 2 3 12 12t 1 2 1/2
12 2 12t 1 2 1/2 # 31t 1 2 2 11 2
65. 75 yr; 0.07 yr/yr
1t 1 2 6
30. , or
5t 2
2500 2500
12t 11t 1 2 4 66. a. $2.20; $2.20 b.
x
2.2; 2
x
c. lim a 2.2 b 2.2
2500
1 3
31. 2(12x 2 9x 2) 32. xS x
4x 3/2 4x 5/2
1t 2 4 2 2 12t 2 14 t 2 221t 2 4 2 12t 2 2t1t 2 12 2

67. $0.0079/1000 radios
1t 2 4 2 4 1t 2 4 2 3
33. , or
68. A decrease of $15/1000 units
34. 2(15x 4 12x 2 6x 1) 69. a. $39.07 b. $39
70. a. 0.02x 2 600x b. 0.04x 600

35. 212x 2 1 2 1/2 2x a b 12x 2 1 2 3/2 14x 2 , or
1 2
2 12x 2 1 2 3/2 c. 200; the sale of the 10,001st phone will bring a revenue of $200.
36. (t 2 1)(14t) (7t 2 1)(2)(t 2 1)(2t), or 6t (t 2 1)(7t 2 3) 71. a. 2000x 0.04x 2; 0.000002x 3 0.02x 2 1000x 120,000;
120,000
2x 2x 2 y 2x x11 2y 2 2 0.000002x 2 0.02x 1000
x
39. 40.
y12x 2 1 2
37. 38.
y x y2 1 b. 0.000006x 2 0.04x 1000; 2000 0.08x; 0.000006x 2
120,000
x 2y 4y 6xy 1 21x 4 1 2 0.04x 1000; 0.0000004x 0.02
41. 42. 43. dx x2
2x y 3x 4x 2
2
x3 c. 934; 1760; 826
d. 0.0048; 0.010125; at a production level of 5000, the average
3x 2 cost is decreasing by 0.48¢/unit; at a production level of 8000, the
44.
21x 1 2 3/2
3
dx
average cost is increasing by 1.0125¢/unit.
2x 150,000 150,000
45. a. dx b. 0.1333 c. 0.1335; differ by 0.0002 72. a. 80 b.
221x 2 2 2 x x2
c. If the production level is very high, then the unit-cost approaches
46. 2.9926 $80/desk.
47. a. (2, 25) and (1, 14) b. y 4x 17; y 4x 10 73. 1.2; 1.2; the GDP is increasing at the rate of $1.2 billion/yr; the
48. a. 12, 3 2 and 11, 136 2

rate of the rate of change of the GDP is decreasing at a rate of
25
b. y 2x 13
3; y 2x 1
6 $1.2 billion/yr/yr.
1ft/sec 2 ; 76
27 1ft/sec 2
13 4 17 2
49. y x 13 50. y 112x 80 74. 3
3 3
Chapter 3 Before Moving On, page 242
; 1; 12 2 1 12 , 2
48
51.
12x 1 2 4
1 10 4x 2 1 2x 2 2x 1
1. 6x 2 3.
1x 2 x 1 2 2
2/3 5/3
2.
x 3x 22x 12
52. a. 13 ; inelastic b. 1; unitary c. 3; elastic
1 3 15 y 2 2xy 3x 2
4. ;
21x 1 2 41x 1 2 81x 1 2
25 ; 5.
53. ; for p 156.25, demand is elastic; for p 156.25, 3/2 5/2 7/2
2xy x 2
2125 1p2
demand is unitary; and for p 156.25, demand is inelastic. 2x 2 5
6. a. dx b. 0.0433
2x 2 5
54. a. Inelastic b. Increase 55. a. Elastic b. Decrease
CHAPTER 4 73. The percent of the U.S. population age 65 and over afflicted by the
disease increases with age.
75. Rising on (0, 33) and descending on (33, T) for some positive num-
1. Decreasing on (, 0) and increasing on (0, ) ber T.
3. Increasing on (, 1) (1, ) and decreasing on (1, 1) 77. f is decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, 4). The average speed
5. Decreasing on (, 0) (2, ) and increasing on (0, 2) decreases from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m. and then picks up from 7 a.m. to
10 a.m.
7. Decreasing on (, 1) (1, ) and increasing on (1, 1)
79. a. Increasing on (0, 6) b. Sales will be increasing.
9. Increasing on (20.2, 20.6) (21.7, 21.8), constant on (19.6, 20.2)
(20.6, 21.1), and decreasing on (21.1, 21.7) (21.8, 22.7) 83. Spending was increasing from 2001 to 2006.
11. a. Positive b. Positive c. Zero d. Zero 85. Increasing on (0, 1) and decreasing on (1, 4)
e. Negative f. Negative g. Positive 87. Increasing on (0, 4.5) and decreasing on (4.5, 11); the pollution is
13. Increasing on (, ) increasing from 7 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. and decreasing from 11:30 a.m.
to 6 p.m.
15. Decreasing on 1, 32 2 and increasing on 1 32 , 2
89. a. 0.0021t 2 0.0061t 0.1
17. Decreasing on 1, 13/3 2 1 13/3, 2 and increasing on b. Decreasing on (0, 1.5) and increasing on (1.5, 15). The gap
1 13/3, 13/3 2 (shortage of nurses) was decreasing from 2000 to mid-2001 and
19. Increasing on 1, 2 2 10, 2 and decreasing on (2, 0) is expected to be increasing from mid-2001 to 2015.
c. (1.5, 0.096). The gap was smallest ( 96,000) in mid-2001.
21. Increasing on (, 3) (3, )
91. True 93. True 95. False 99. a 4; b 24
23. Decreasing on (, 0) (0, 3) and increasing on (3, )
101. a. 2x if x 0 b. No
25. Decreasing on (, 2) (2, )
27. Decreasing on (, 1) (1, ) Using Technology Exercises 4.1, page 263
29. Increasing on (, 0) (0, ) 31. Increasing on (1, ) 1. a. f is decreasing on (, 0.2934) and increasing on
33. Increasing on (4, 0); decreasing on (0, 4) (0.2934, ).
b. Relative minimum: f (0.2934) 2.5435
35. Increasing on (, 0) (0, )
3. a. f is increasing on (, 1.6144) (0.2390, ) and decreasing
37. Relative maximum: f (0) 1; relative minima: f (1) 0 and on (1.6144, 0.2390).
f (1) 0 b. Relative maximum: f (1.6144) 26.7991; relative minimum:
39. Relative maximum: f (1) 2; relative minimum: f (1) 2 f (0.2390) 1.6733
41. Relative maximum: f (1) 3; relative minimum: f (2) 2 5. a. f is decreasing on (, 1) (0.33, ) and increasing on
(1, 0.33).
43. Relative minimum: f (0) 2 45. a 47. d b. Relative maximum: f (0.33) 1.11; relative minimum:
f (1) 0.63
49. Relative minimum: f (2) 4
51. Relative maximum: f (3) 15 53. None 7. a. f is decreasing on (1, 0.71) and increasing on (0.71, 1).
b. Relative minimum: f (0.71) 1.41
55. Relative maximum: t(0) 4; relative minimum: t(2) 0
9. a.
57. Relative maximum: f (0) 0; relative minima: f 11 2 12 and
f 11 2 12
59. Relative minimum: F(3) 5; relative maximum: F11 2 173
61. Relative minimum: t(3) 19 63. None
65. Relative maximum: f (3) 4; relative minimum: f (3) 8 b. Increasing on (0, 3.6676) and decreasing on (3.6676, 6)
67. Relative maximum: f 11 2 12 ; relative minimum: f 11 2 12 11. Increasing on (0, 4.5) and decreasing on (4.5, 11); 11:30 a.m.; 164
PSI
69. Relative minimum: f (1) 0
71. y Exercises 4.2, page 274
1. Concave downward on (, 0) and concave upward on (0, );

inflection point: (0, 0)
100 3. Concave downward on (, 0) (0, )
5. Concave upward on (, 0) (1, ) and concave downward on

(0, 1); inflection points: (0, 0) and (1, 1)
7. Concave downward on (, 2) (2, 2) (2, )

t
2 9. a. Concave upward on (0, 2) (4, 6) (7, 9) (9, 12) and con-
cave downward on (2, 4) (6, 7)
Rising in the time interval (0, 2); falling in the time interval (2, 5);
b. (2, 52 ), (4, 2), (6, 2), and (7, 3)
when t 5 sec
11. a 13. b 75. y

15. a. D¿1 1t 2 0, D¿2 1t 2 0, D–1 1t 2 0, and D–2 1t 2 0 on 10, 12 2
b. With or without the proposed promotional campaign, the deposits
1
will increase; with the promotion, the deposits will increase at an
increasing rate; without the promotion, the deposits will increase
at a decreasing rate.
17. At the time t 0, corresponding to its t-coordinate, the restoration x

process is working at its peak. 2 2
2 2
23. Concave upward on (, )
25. Concave downward on (, 0); concave upward on (0, ) 77. a. N is increasing on (0, 12).
b. N (t) 0 on (0, 6) and N (t) 0 on (6, 12)
27. Concave upward on (, 0) (3, ); concave downward on (0, 3) c. The rate of growth of the number of help-wanted advertisements
was decreasing over the first 6 mo of the year and increasing over
29. Concave downward on (, 0) (0, )
the last 6 mo.
31. Concave downward on (, 4)
79. f (t) increases at an increasing rate until the water level reaches the
33. Concave downward on (, 2); concave upward on (2, ) middle of the vase at which time (corresponding to the inflection
point) f (t) is increasing at the fastest rate. After that, f (t) increases at
35. Concave upward on 1, 16/3 2 1 16/3, 2 ; concave down- a decreasing rate until the vase is filled.
ward on 1 16/3, 16/3 2
81. b. The rate of increase of the average state cigarette tax was decreas-
37. Concave downward on (, 1); concave upward on (1, ) ing from 2001 to 2008.
39. Concave upward on (, 0) (0, ) 83. b. The rate was increasing. 85. 10 a.m.
41. Concave upward on (, 2); concave downward on (2, ) 87. The rate of business spending on technology was increasing from
2000 through 2005.
43. (0, 2) 45. (1, 15) 47. 10, 1 2 and 1 23 , 11
27 2
89. a. Concave upward on (0, 150); concave downward on (150, 400);
49. (0, 0) 51. (1, 2) 53. 1 13/3, 3/2 2 and 1 13/3, 3/2 2 (150, 28,550)
b. $140,000
55. Relative maximum: f (1) 5 57. None
93. (1.9, 784.9); the rate of annual pharmacy spending slowed down near
59. Relative maximum: f 11 2 223 , relative minimum: f 15 2 130
3
the end of 2000.
61. Relative maximum: t(3) 6; relative minimum: t(3) 6 95. a. 74.925t 2 99.62t 41.25; 149.85t 99.62
c. (0.66, 12.91); the rate was increasing least rapidly around August
63. None 65. Relative minimum: f (2) 12 1999.
67. Relative maximum: t 11 2 12 ; relative minimum: t 11 2 12 97. a. 506,000; 125,480
b. The number of measles deaths was dropping from 1999 through
69. Relative maximum: f (0) 0; relative minimum: f 1 43 2 256
27 2005.
c. May 2002; approximately 41 deaths/yr
71. y
4 103. True 105. True
3 Using Technology Exercises 4.2, page 283

2
1. a. f is concave upward on (, 0) (1.1667, ) and concave
1 downward on (0, 1.1667).
x b. (1.1667, 1.1153); (0, 2)
1 2 3 4
3. a. f is concave downward on (, 0) and concave upward on (0, ).
b. (0, 2)
73. y 5. a. f is concave downward on (, 0) and concave upward on (0, ).
4 b. (0, 0)
7. a. f is concave downward on (, 2.4495) (0, 2.4495) and con-

cave upward on (2.4495, 0) (2.4495, ).
b. (2.4495, 0.3402); (2.4495, 0.3402)
x
–4 4 9. a.
b. (3.9024, 77.0919)
11. a. 37. y
60
40
20
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–20
b. May 1993 (t 7.36)
–40
Exercises 4.3, page 291 –60
1. Horizontal asymptote: y 0
39. y
3. Horizontal asymptote: y 0; vertical asymptote: x 0
20
5. Horizontal asymptote: y 0; vertical asymptotes: x 1 and x 1
7. Horizontal asymptote: y 3; vertical asymptote: x 0 10
9. Horizontal asymptotes: y 1 and y 1

x
11. Horizontal asymptote: y 0; vertical asymptote: x 0 –4 –2 2 4
13. Horizontal asymptote: y 0; vertical asymptote: x 0 –10

17. None
41. y
19. Horizontal asymptote: y 1; vertical asymptotes: t 3 and t 3
60
40
23. Horizontal asymptote: y 2; vertical asymptote: t 2
20
x
27. None 29. f is the derivative function of the function t. –4 –2 2 4
–20
31. v
– 40
Terminal velocity
43. y
30
20
t
10
33. y x
20 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
15
10
5 45. y
x
−2 2 4
−5 6
−10
−15
t
−20 –4 4
35. y
47. y
2
2
x
−4 −2 2 4
−2
−4 x
−6 8
−8
−10
49. y
61. a. x 100 b. No
20
63. a. y 0
10 b. As time passes, the concentration of the drug decreases and
x approaches zero.
–4 –2 2 4 6 8
65. y
–10
110
–20
100
90
51. y
80
10
70
5 60
t
x 2 4 6 8
–10 –5 5 10
–5 67. y
–10
53. y
30
0.8
0.6 t
2 4
0.4
0.2 69. T
t
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 100
80
55. y 60
40
20 20
10 x
1 2 3 4 5
t
–5 –2.5 2.5 5 7.5 10
–10 y
71.
–20 80
–30 60
40
57. y 20
2 x
20 40 60 80 100
t Using Technology Exercises 4.3, page 297

–3 –2 2 3
1. 3.
–2
59. y
8
6
5. 0.9733; 2.3165, 4.6569 7. 1.5142
4
9.
2
x
–20 –10 10 20
Exercises 4.4, page 305 Using Technology Exercises 4.4, page 312
1. None 3. Absolute minimum value: 0 1. Absolute maximum value: 145.8985; absolute minimum value:
4.3834
5. Absolute maximum value: 3; absolute minimum value: 2
3. Absolute maximum value: 16; absolute minimum value: 0.1257
16
5. Absolute maximum value: 2.8889; absolute minimum value: 0
9. Absolute minimum value: 418
7. a.
11. No absolute extrema 13. Absolute maximum value: 1
19. Absolute maximum value: 19; absolute minimum value: 1 b. 21.51%
21. Absolute maximum value: 16; absolute minimum value: 1 9. b. 1145
23. Absolute maximum value: 3; absolute minimum value: 53 Exercises 4.5, page 319
25. Absolute maximum value: 373 ; absolute minimum value: 5 1. 25 ft 25 ft
27. Absolute maximum value 1.04; absolute minimum value: 1.5 3. 750 yd 1500 yd; 1,125,000 yd2
29. No absolute extrema 5. 10 12 ft 40 12 ft

16 16 4
31. Absolute maximum value: 1; absolute minimum value: 0 7. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
33. Absolute maximum value: 0; absolute minimum value: 3 9. 5.04 in. 5.04 in. 5.04 in.
35. Absolute maximum value: 12/4 0.35; absolute minimum 11. 18 in. 18 in. 36 in.; 11,664 in.3
value: 13 36 46,656 3
13. r in.; l 36 in.; in.
37. Absolute maximum value: 12/2; absolute minimum value: 12/2 p p
3 3 3
39. 144 ft 41. 17.72% 15. 2
3 1 9 ft 1 9 ft 2
5 1 9 ft
43. f (6) 3.60, f (0.5) 1.13; the number of nonfarm, full-time, self- 17. 250; $62,500; $250
employed women over the time interval from 1963 to 1993 reached
its highest level, 3.6 million, in 1993. 19. 85; $28,900; $340 21. 60 miles/hr
45. $3600 47. 6000 49. 3333 23. w 13.86 in.; h 19.60 in.
10,000 25. x 2250 ft 27. x 2.68

51. a. 0.0025x 80 b. 2000 c. 2000 d. Same
x
29. 440 ft; 140 ft; 184,874 sq ft 31. 45, 44,445
53. 533
55. a. 2 days after the organic waste was dumped into the pond
1. a. f (x1) f (x2) b. f (x1) f (x2)
b. 3.5 days after the organic waste was dumped into the pond
2. a. Increasing b. f (x) 0 c. Constant
65. $52.79/sq ft
3. a. f (x) f (c) b. f (x) f (c)
67. a. 2000; $105.8 billion b. 1995; $7.6 billion
E2 4. a. Domain; 0; exist b. Critical number
71. R r; watts 75. False 77. False
4r c. Relative extremum
81. c. y
5. a. f (x) b. 0 c. Concavity
d. Relative maximum; relative extremum
40
6. ; 7. 0; 0 8. b; b
20
x 9. a. f (x) f (c); absolute maximum value
–1 1 b. f (x) f (c); open interval
–20
10. Continuous; absolute; absolute
– 40
Chapter 4 Review Exercises, page 324 12. y

x
1. a. f is increasing on (, 1) (1, ) b. No relative extrema −7.5 −5 −2.5 2.5 5 7.5
−20
c. Concave down on (, 1); concave up on (1, )
d. 11, 173 2 −40
−60
2. a. f is increasing on (, 2) (2, ) b. No relative extrema
−80
c. Concave down on (, 2); concave up on (2, ) d. (2, 0)
−100
3. a. f is increasing on (1, 0) (1, ) and decreasing on −120
(, 1) (0, 1)
b. Relative maximum value: 0; relative minimum value: 1
13 13 13. y
c. Concave up on a, b a , b ; concave down
3 3
13 13
on a , b
3 3
4
13 5 13 5
d. a , b; a , b
3 9 3 9
4. a. f is increasing on (, 2) (2, ) and decreasing on x

(2, 0) (0, 2) 1
b. Relative maximum value: 4; relative minimum value: 4
c. Concave down on (, 0); concave up on (0, ) d. None
14. y
5. a. f is increasing on (, 0) (2, ); decreasing on (0, 1) (1, 2) 150
b. Relative maximum value: 0; relative minimum value: 4 100
c. Concave up on (1, ); concave down on (, 1) d. None 50
x
6. a. f is increasing on (1, ) b. No relative extrema −10 −5 5 10
c. Concave down on (1, ) d. None −50
−100
7. a. f is decreasing on (, 1) (1, ) b. No relative extrema
−150
c. Concave down on (, 1); concave up on (1, ) d. (1, 0)
8. a. f is increasing on (1, ) b. No relative extrema

c. Concave down on 11, 43 2 ; concave up on 1 43 , 2
15. y
4 4 13
d. a , b 4
3 9
9. a. f is increasing on (, 1) (1, )

b. No relative extrema
c. Concave down on (1, ); concave up on (, 1)
d. None x
2
10. a. f is decreasing on (, 0) and increasing on (0, )
b. Relative minimum value: 1 16. y
c. Concave down on a , b a , b ; concave up
1 1
1
13 13
0.5
on a b
1 1
,
13 13 x
−7.5 −5 −2.5 2.5 5 7.5
d. a , b; a , b
1 3 1 3
−0.5
13 4 13 4
−1
11. y
17. y
3
3
x
1 x
5,
– 54) 2
( 2
18. y c. y
20 60
10 58
x 56
−7.5 −5 −2.5 2.5 5 7.5
−10 54
−20 52
51
t
19. Vertical asymptote: x 32 ; horizontal asymptote: y 0 2 4 6 8 10
d. The rate of decline in the environmental quality of the wildlife
was increasing the first 1.8 yr. After that time the rate of decline
21. Vertical asymptotes: x 2, x 4, horizontal asymptote: y 0 decreased.
22. Horizontal asymptote: y 1; vertical asymptote: x 1 42. 168 43. 3000
23. Absolute minimum value: 258 4000

44. a. 0.001x 100 b. 2000
x
24. Absolute minimum value: 0
45. 10 a.m.
46. a. Decreasing on (0, 12.7); increasing on (12.7, 30)
26. Absolute maximum value: 53 ; absolute minimum value: 1 b. (12.7, 7.9)
c. The percent of women 65 years and older in the workforce was
27. Absolute maximum value: 16; absolute minimum value: 32 decreasing from 1970 to Sept. 1982 and increasing from Sept.
1982 to 2000. It reached a minimum value of 7.9% in Sept. 1982.
28. Absolute maximum value: 12 ; absolute minimum value: 0
48. 74.07 in.3 49. Radius: 2 ft; height: 8 ft
8
50. 1 ft 2 ft 2 ft 51. 20,000 cases
30. Absolute maximum value: 215
9 ; absolute minimum value: 7
52. If a 0, f is decreasing on 1, 2ab 2 and increasing on 12ab , 2;
31. Absolute maximum value: 1
2; absolute minimum value: 12 if a 0, f is increasing on 1, 2ab 2 and decreasing on 12ab , 2.
32. No absolute extrema 33. $4000 53. a 4; b 11 54. c 32
34. c. Online travel spending is expected to increase at an increasing 56. a. f (x) 3x 2 if x 0 b. No

rate over that period of time.
35. a. R is increasing on (0, 6). Chapter 4 Before Moving On, page 327
b. The revenue is always increasing from 1997 through 2003.
1. Decreasing on (, 0) (2, ); increasing on (0, 1) (1, 2)
36. a. Decreasing on (0, 21.4); increasing on (21.4, 30)
2. Rel. min: (1, 10)
b. The percentage of men 65 yr and older in the workforce was
decreasing from 1970 until mid-1991 and increasing from mid- 3. Concave downward on 1, 14 2 ; concave upward on 1 14 , 2;
1 14 , 83
96 2
1991 through 2000.
37. a. Concave downward on (0, 0.67) and concave upward on (0.67, 4). y
4.
b. (0.67,138.1); the rate of increase of shipments is slowest at t 10
0.67; that is a little after mid-2001.
8
38. a. 16.25t 24.625; sales were increasing. 6
b. 16.25; the rate of sales was increasing from 2002 to 2005.
4
39. (100, 4600); sales increase rapidly until $100,000 is spent on adver-
2
tising; after that, any additional expenditure results in increased sales
but at a slower rate of increase. x
–4 –2 2 4 6
40. (266.67, 11,874.08); the rate of increase is lowest when 267 calcula- –2
tors are produced. –4
41. a. I¿ 1t 2
200t
1t 2 10 2 2 5. Abs. min. value: 5; abs. max. value: 80
200110 3t 2 2
b. I–1t 2 ; concave up on 1 110/3, 2 ; concave 1ft 2
1
6. r h
1t 2 10 2 3 3
1 p
down on 10, 110/32
N(t) (billions)
CHAPTER 5 b.
1. a. 16 b. 27 3. a. 3 b. 15 4
5. a. 3 b. 8 7. a. 25 b. 4 1.8 2
2 t (yr)
9. a. 4x 3 b. 5xy 2 1x 11. a. 2
b. 31 b 2 1 2 3 4 5
a
45. 34,210,000
64x 6
13. a. 8x 9y 6 b. 16x 4y 4z 6 15. a. b. (x y)(x y)
y4 47. a. 0.08 g/cm3 b. 0.12 g/cm3 c. 0.2 g/cm3
d. x(t) (g/cm3)
5 0.2
17. 2 19. 3 21. 3 23. 4 25. 1 or 2
27. y 29. y 0.15
y = 2x 0.1
y = 2–x 0.05
t (sec)
50 100 150 200
x x
1 2 3 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 49. False 51. True
y y
31. 33.
1. 3.
y = 4 0.5x 30
20
10
y = e 0.5x
x x
–1 1 2 3
5. 7.
35. y
y = 0.5e –x
9.
x
37. f (x) 100 1 65 2 x 39. 54.56
41. a. 26.3%; 24.67%; 21.71%; 19.72%

b. R(t) 11. a.
25
20
15
10
5 b. 0.08 g/cm3 c. 0.12 g/cm3 d. 0.2 g/cm3
t 13. a.
5 10 15
43. a.
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Web Addresses
(billions) 0.45 0.80 1.41 2.49 4.39 7.76
b. 20 sec c. 35.1 sec
Exercises 5.2, page 343 9. $6885.64 11. $8693.70 13. $16,705.40
1. log 2 64 6 3. log3 19 2 5. log1/3 13 1 15. 13.59%/yr 17. 12.1%/yr 19. 14.87%/yr
7. log32 8 35 9. log10 0.001 3 11. 1.0792 21. 2.2 yr 23. 7.7 yr 25. 6.08%/yr 27. 2.06 yr
3 1xy 29. $254,084.69 31. $2.844 million 33. $23,329.48

13. 1.2042 15. 1.6813 17. ln a2b3 19. ln 3
1 z 35. $731,250 37. 91¢ 39. 12.75% 41. $40,000
21. log x 4 log(x 1) 23. 1

2 log1x 1 2 log1x 1 2 2
43. a. $33,885.14 b. $33,565.38
25. ln x x 2 27. 23 ln x 12 ln11 x 2 2 45. a. $16,262.79 b. $12,047.77 c. $6611.96
29. y 49. Bank B 51. 9.531%
y = log 3 x 1. $5872.78 3. 8.95%/yr 5. $29,743.30

2
1 Exercises 5.4, page 366
x 1. 3e 3x 3. et 5. e x 1 7. x 2e x(x 3)
1 5
–1 2e x 1x 1 2 1
9. 11. 3(e x ex) 13. 15. 6e 3x1
x2 ew
31. y
3e 1/x e 1x
17. 2xex 21. 25e x(e x 1)24
2
4 19. 23.
x2 2 1x
3 y = ln 2x 2e x
25. e 3x2(3x 2) 29. 2(8e4x 9e 3x )
1e 1 2 2
27.
2 x
1 31. 6e 3x(3x 2) 33. y 2x 2

x
5 35. f is increasing on (, 0) and decreasing on (0, ).
–1
37. Concave downward on (, 0); concave upward on (0, )
33. y 39. (1, e2) 41. y e 1/2 1 12x 2 2; y e 1/2 1 12x 2 2
y = 2x 43. Absolute maximum value: 1; absolute minimum value: e1
5 45. Absolute minimum value: 1; absolute maximum value: 2e3/2

y = log 2 x
47. y
x
5
4
35. 5.1986 37. 0.0912 39. 8.0472 41. 4.9041

t
2
43. 2 ln a b
A
45. 2 2.8854 ln x 47. 105.7 mm
B
49. y
49. a. 103I0 b. 100,000 times greater
2
c. 10,000,000 times greater x
1 2 3 4
51. 27.40 yr 53. 6.44 yr 55. a. 9.12 sec b. 20.27 sec – 20
57. False 59. True 61. a. ln 2 – 40
– 60
– 80
1. $4974.47 3. $223,403.11
5. a. 10.25%/yr b. 9.31%/yr 51. 0.1694, 0.1549, 0.1415; the percentage of the total population
relocating was decreasing at the rate of 0.17%/yr in 1970, 0.15%/yr
7. a. $29,227.61 b. $29,137.83 in 1980, and 0.14%/yr in 1990.
53. a. 70,000; 353,716 b. 37,800/decade; 191,000/decade 31ln x 2 2 3x 2 1x ln x 1 2e x

23. 25. 27.
55. a. $4.6 trillion; $3.62 trillion x x3 1 x
e 2t 321t 1 2 ln1t 1 2 1 4
b. $184 billion/yr; $145 billion/yr
1 2 ln x 1
29. 31. 33.
57. a. $6065/day; $3679/day; $2231/day; $1353/day t1 x3 x ln x
b. 2 days
1 212 x 2 2
35. 39. 3 2 ln x
1x 2 2 2 2
59. b. 4505/yr; 273 cases/yr 2
37.
x
61. a. 181/100,000 41. (x 1)(5x 7)(x 2)2
b. 0/100,000 people; 27/100,000 people; 38/100,000 people;
32/100,000 people 43. (x 1)(x 1)2(x 3)3(9x 2 14x 7)
c. Around 1970 d. 52/100,000
12x 2 1 2 4 138x 2 40x 1 2
63. 10,000; $367,879
21x 1 2 3/2
45. 47. 3x ln 3
65. a. 1.68¢/case b. $40.36/case

49. (x 2 1)x1[2x 2 (x 2 1) ln(x 2 1)] 51. (ln x 1)y
67. a. 45.6 kg b. 4.2 kg 69. 7.72 yr; $160,207.69
53. y x 1
71. 212 hours after drinking; 0.2115%
55. f is decreasing on (, 0) and increasing on (0, ).
73. a. 70°F b. 14.7°F c. 30°F
57. Concave up: (, 1) (1, ); concave down: (1, 0) (0, 1)
ln1 ab 2 2 ln1 ab 2
75. a. sec b. sec 59. (1, ln 2) and (1, ln 2) 61. y 4x 3
ab ab
63. Absolute minimum value: 1; absolute maximum value: 3 ln 3
79. a. 0.05 g/cm3/sec b. 0.01 g/cm3/sec c. 20 sec
d. 0.90 g/cm3 65. 0.0580%/kg; 0.0133%/kg
81. False 83. True 67. a. 78.82 million b. 3.95 million/yr
Using Technology Exercises 5.4, page 370 69. a. $38,400 b. 22.3%
71. b. W is concave downward on (1, 6).

1. 5.4366 3. 12.3929 5. 0.1861
73. b. y%
7. a. 50 c. 100
80
60
40
20
9. a.
n
20 40 60 80 100
c. 100
V 1x0 p 2
77.
x0 p k
b. 4.2720 billion/half century
79. y
11. a. 153,024; 235,181 b. 634; 18,401 20
13. a. 69.63% b. 5.094%/decade 15

10
5 1 8 1 2
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 5
x x1 x 2x x
214x 3 2
x
1 2 4 6 8 10
15. x (1 2 ln x)
x1x 1 2
11. 13.
4x 2 6x 3
1
211 ln x 2 1ln 10 2 x
81. b.
3 1
17. 19. 21.
u2 2x 1ln x
3 1x 1 2 1ln 310 4 2 1 4 10x
x2
1x 1 2 2
83.
85. 2x c 1ln 3 23x d

2 1 3. a.
1ln 2 2 1x 2 1 2
87. True

b. 666 million, 926.8 million c. 38.3 million/yr
1. a. 0.05 b. 400
c. 5. a.
t 0 10 20 100 1000
Q 400 660 1087 59,365 2.07 1024
3. a. Q(t) 100e 0.035t b. 266 min c. Q(t) 1000e 0.035t
5. a. 54.93 yr b. 14.25 billion 7. 8.7 lb/in.2; 0.0004 lb/in.2/ft b. 325 million c. 76.84 million/30 yr
9. Q(t) 100e0.049t; 70.7 g; 3.451 g/day 11. 13,412 yr ago 7. a.
13. Q(t)
100
b. 0 c. 0.237 g/cm3
d. 0.760 g/cm3 e. 0
t 9. a.
10 20
a. 60 words/min b. 107 words/min c. 136 words/min
15. a. $5.806 trillion; $8.575 trillion

b. $0.45 trillion/yr; $0.67 trillion/yr
b. 36.6%; 84.2% c. 7.9%/yr; 1%/yr
17. D(t) d. The end of 1984
2000
11. a. f 1t 2
544.65
1 1.65e0.1846t
1000 b.
t
50
a. 573 computers; 1177 computers; 1548 computers; 1925

computers c. 24.5 million/yr; 25.1 million/yr
b. 2000 computers c. 46 computers/mo
19. a. 122.3 cm b. 14 cm/yr c. 200 cm
1. Power; 0; 1; exponential
2. a. 1, 2 ; 10, 2 b. 10, 1 2 ; 1, 2

21. a. 86.1% b. 10.44%/yr c. 1970
3. a. 10, 2 ; 1, 2 ; 11, 0 2

23. 76.4 million 25. 1080; 280/hr 27. 15 1b
b. 1; 1
b
ln a
29. a. min b. 0 g/cm3 31. b. 5599 yr 4. a. x b. x
ba
5. Accumulated amount; principal; nominal interest rate; number of
ln B conversion periods; term
33. b. Q increases most rapidly at t .
k
6. 11 mr 2 m 1 7. Pe rt
35. 0.14
f ¿ 1x 2
f 1x 2
Using Technology Exercises 5.6, page 391 8. a. e f (x)f (x) b.
1. a.
9. a. Initially; growth b. Decay c. Time; one-half
10. a. Horizontal asymptote; C

b. Horizontal asymptote; A, carrying capacity
b. 12.146%/yr c. 9.474%/yr/yr
Chapter 5 Review Exercises, page 394 41. y
1. a. and b. y 0.5
y = xe –2x
y = 2–x x
()
= 12 x 1 2 3
42. y
2. log2/3 1 278 2 3 3. log16 0.125 34 4. 15
2 5. x 2
6. x y z 7. x 2y z 8. y 2z 10
9. y
y = log 2 (x + 3)
2
x
3
x
1
43. Absolute maximum value:
e
10. y
y = log3 (x + 1) 44. Absolute maximum value: ln22 ; absolute minimum value: 0
2
45. 12%/yr 46. $20,136.31 47. $80,000 48. 9.58 yr
1
x 49. a. Q(t) 2000e0.01831t b. 161,992 50. 0.0004332
2 4 6 8 10
−1 51. D(t)
4000
−2
2000
11. a. $11,274.86 b. $11,274.97 12. 6.12%/yr
13. 6.8 yr 14. 7.77%/yr t

50
et 1 4t
15. (2x 1)e 2x 16. 1te t 1 17.
2 1t 2 1te 2t a. 1175, 2540, 3289 b. 4000
e 1x x 1 2
x 2
21e 2 2
2x
2 52. 200 g; 21.2 g/yr
20. 4xe 2x 1
11 e 2x 2 2
18. 19.
21 x 2
53. 1.8; 0.11; 0.23; 0.13; the rate of change of the amount of oil
21. (1 2x 2)ex 22. 3e 2x(1 e 2x)1/2 23. (x 1)2e x
2
used is 1.8 barrels per $1000 of output per decade in 1965; it is
decreasing at the rate of 0.11 barrels per $1000 of output per decade
2
2xe x ln x 1 in 1966, and so on.
24. ln t 1
1ln x 2 2
25. 2
26.
e 1
x
54. a. $9/unit b. $8/week c. $18/unit
x x ln x 1 4e 4x
28. (x 2)e x 55. 970
x1x 1 2 2
27. 29.
e 4x 3
56. a. 12.5/1000 live births; 9.3/1000 live births; 6.9/1000 live births
1r 3 r 2 r 1 2 e r 1 e x 11 x ln x 2 b. y
11 r 2 2 2 x11 e x 2 2
30. 31.
12
12x 2 2x 2 # ln x 1 2 e x
2
9 1
33.
x11 ln x 2 2 13x 1 2 2
32. 34.
x
6
35. 0 36. 2 37. 6x (x 2 2)2(3x 3 2x 1)
14x 3 5x 2 2 2 1x 2 2 2 t
39. y (2x 3)e2
1x 1 2 2
38. 10 20
1 57. 5000; $36,787.90

40. y
e
58. a. 0 g/cm3 b. 0.0361 g/cm3 c. 0.08 g/cm3 1

41. 1
3 x 3 2x C 43. 1
3 s3 s2 s C
d. x (t) x
x 2 x ln 0 x 0
0.08 t e1 1
45. e t C 47. 1
C
e1 2
x
0.06
49. ln 0 x 0
4 1
0.04 C 51. x 2 x 1
1x x
0.02
57. x ln 0 x 0
1
t 53. x 3 2x 2 x 5 55. x 2
20 40 60 80 100 x
59. 1x 61. e x 12 x 2 2 63. Branch A

65. s1t 2 4 3/2
3 t 67. $3370 69. 5000 units; $34,000
e 1x
1. 0.9589 2. $4130.37 3. 4. 1 ln 2 71. a. 0.0029t 2 0.159t 1.6 b. $4.16 trillion
2 1x
4x 2 ln 3x 4x 1 73. a. 0.125t 1.05t 2.45t 1.5

3 2
b. 24.375 million
5. e 2x a 2
b 6. 8.7 min
x 75. a. 1.493t 3 34.9t 2 279.5t 2917 b. $9168
77. a. 3.133t 6.7t 14.07t 36.7

3 2
b. 103,201
CHAPTER 6
Exercises 6.1, page 406 79. a. y 4.096t 3 75.2797t 2 695.23t 3142 b. $4264.11
5. b. y 2x C 81. 21,960 83. t 96t 120t ; 63,000 ft

3 2
y
85. a. 0.75t 4 5.9815t 3 14.3611t 2 26.632t 108
b. $321.25 million
5 87. a. 9.3e0.02t b. 7030 c. 6619
89. 1
2 k1R 2 r 2 2 91. 9 79 ft/sec2; 396 ft 93. 0.924 ft/sec2
x
–5 5 2t 2
95. a. b. in.; 23 in. 97. True 99. True
t4 5
–5
1. 15 14x 3 2 5 C 3. 13 1x 3 2x 2 3 C
7. b. y 13 x 3 C
7. 23 1t 3 2 2 3/2 C
1
5. C
212x 3 2 2
y C=5 C=0 2
C = 10 C = –5
20 1x 1 2 10 C 11. 15 ln 0 1 x 5 0 C
30 9. 1 2
20
10 13. ln1x 2 2 2 C 15. 1
2 ln10.3x 2 0.4x 2 2 C
ln 0 3x 2 1 0 C
x
–4 2 4 17. 1
6 19. 12 e 2x C 21. e 2x C
–10
23. 12 e x C
2
– 20 25. e x ex C 27. ln(1 e x ) C
33. 18 1e 2x 1 2 4 C
1
29. 2e 1x C 31. C
61e 3x x 3 2 2
1
9. 6x C 11. 1
4 x4 C 13. 3
C
3x
4 2 35. 1
2 1ln 5x 2 2 C 37. ln 0 ln x 0 C 39. 2
3 1ln x 2 3/2 C
15. 3
x 5/3 C 17. C 19. C
e x 12 ln1x 2 2 2 C
5
x 1/4 x 41. 1 2
pt 3/2 C 23. 3x x 2 C 1 1x 1 2 3 31 1x 1 2 2 81 1x 1 2 4 ln 0 1x 1 0 C
2
21. 3 43. 2
3
25.
1 3 1 2 1
x x 2C 27. 4e x C 16x 1 2 1x 1 2 6
3 2 2x 45. C
42
2
29. x 12 x 2 e x C 31. x 4 xC 47. 5 4 1x x 4 ln11 1x2 C
x
33. 2
x7/2 45 x5/2 12 x 2 C 35. 2
x3/2 6 1x C 49. 252
1
11 √2 7 128√ 2 7√ 1 2 C
7 3
51. 12 3 12x 1 2 5 5 4 53. e x 1

2
1 55. 17,341,000
37. 1
9 u 3 13 u 2 13 u C 39. 2 3
3t 32 t 2 2t C
20,000 250 Exercises 6.5, page 448

57. 21,000 ; 6858 59.
11 0.2t 216 x 2
1. 10 3. 19
15 5. 32154 7. 13 1 9. 2415
61. 301 12t 4 2 2; 14,400 p ft 2
11. 32
15 13. 18152 15. 1
2 1e4 1 2 17. 12 e 2 56 19. 0
11 eat 2
65.8794
0.3; 56.22 in. 1ln 19 ln 3 2
r
63. 65. a 67. True 21. 2 ln 4 23. 1
25. 2e 4 2e 2 ln 2
1 2.449e0.3277t 3
Exercises 6.3, page 428 27. 1

2 1e4 e8 1 2 29. 6 31. 1
2 33. 21 1e 1e 2 35. 5
1. 4.27 37. 17
3 39. 1 41. 13
6 43. 1
4 1e 4 1 2
3. a. 6 y 45. 120.3 billion metric tons

6 y = 3x
5 47. $2.24 million 49. $40,339.50 51. $3.24 billion/yr
4
53. a. 160.7 billion gal/yr b. 150.1 billion gal/yr/yr
3
2 55. 9.8% 57. 16,863 59. $14.78 61. 80.7%
1
x 69. Property 5 71. 0 73. a. 1 b. 5 c. 13
0.5 1 1.5 2
75. True 77. False 79. True
b. 4.5 c. 5.25 d. Yes
y Using Technology Exercises 6.5, page 452

5. a. 4
4
y = 4 – 2x 1. 7.71667 3. 17.56487 5. 10,140 7. 60.45 mg/day
3
2 2
1. 108 3. 3 5. 223 7. 121 9. 3 11. 313
1
13. 27 15. 2(e2 e1) 17. 1223 19. 313 21. 434
x
0.5 1 1.5 2 23. 12 ln 4 25. e 2 e ln 2 27. 212 29. 713 31. 3
2
b. 4.8 c. 4.4 d. Yes

33. e 3 4 1e 35. 20 56 37. 1
12 39. 71
6 41. 18
7. a. 18.5 b. 18.64 c. 18.66 d. 18.7
43. S is the additional revenue that Odyssey Travel could realize by
9. a. 25 b. 21.12 c. 19.88 d. 19.9 switching to the new agency; S 0b 3t1x 2 f 1x 2 4 dx
11. a. 0.0625 b. 0.16 c. 0.2025 d. 0.2 45. Shortfall 2010

2050
3 f 1t 2 t1t 2 4 dt
13. 4.64 15. 0.95 17. 9400 sq ft 47. a. A2 A1 b. The distance car 2 is ahead of car 1 after t sec
Exercises 6.4, page 438 49. 30 ft/sec faster 51. 21,850 53. True 55. False
1. 6 3. 8 5. 12 7. 9 9. ln 2 11. 1713 13. 1814 Using Technology Exercises 6.6, page 464
15. (e 2 1) 17. 6 19. 14 21. 1823 23. 4

25. 45 1. a. 3. a.
3
7 256 2
27. 12 29. ln 2 31. 56 33. 15 35. 3 37. 223
39. 1912 41. a. $4100 b. $900 43. a. $2800 b. $219.20
45. a. 0.86t0.96 0.04 b. $4.84 billion 47. 10,13313 ft
49. a. 0.2833t 3 1.936t 2 5t 5.6 b. 12.8% c. 5.2% b. 1074.2857 b. 0.9961
23 5. a. 7. a.
51. 695.5 million 53. 149.14 million 55. 15
57. False 59. False
1. 6.1787 3. 0.7873 5. 0.5888 7. 2.7044

b. 5.4603 b. 25.8549
9. 3.9973 11. 46%; 24% 13. 333,209 15. 903,213
9. a. 11. a. Chapter 6 Review Exercises, page 479
1. 1
4 x 4 23 x 3 12 x 2 C 2. 1
12 x 4 23 x 3 8x C
1
3. 1
5 x 5 12 x 4 C 4. 3
4 x 4/3 23 x 3/2 4x C
x
5. 1
2 x 4 25 x 5/2 C 6. 2
7 x 7/2 13 x 3 23 x 3/2 x C
b. 10.5144 b. 3.5799
13. 207.43 7. 1
3 x 3 12 x 2 2 ln 0 x 0 5x C 8. 13 12x 1 2 3/2 C
1x 3 2 2 11
Exercises 6.7, page 474 9. 38 13x 2 2x 1 2 4/3 C 10. C
33
1. $11,667 3. $6667 5. $11,667
11. 1
2 ln1x 2 2x 5 2 C 12. e2x C
7. Consumers’ surplus: $13,333; producers’ surplus: $11,667
1ln x 2 6 C
2
x1 1
9. $824,200 11. $148,239 13. $43,788 13. 1
ex C 14. C 15. 1
2
e x x 6
15. $47,916 17. $142,423 19. $24,780 111x 2 1 2 1x 2 1 2 11

16. (ln x)2 C 17. C
21. a. y b. 0.175; 0.816 264
1 18. 2
15 13x 2 2 1x 1 2 3/2 C 19. 2
3 1x 4 2 1x 2 C
y = f (x) 20. 21x 2 2 1x 1 C 21. 1

2 22. 6 23. 523
24. 242 25. 80 26. 132

5 27. 1
2 ln 5 28. 1
15
x
1 1 e1
30. 1 1
211 e 2
29. 4 31. 32. 2
e2
y
34. f 1x 2 2x 2 1
23. a. b. 0.104; 0.504
33. f (x) x 3 2x 2 x 1
1
35. f (x) x ex 1 36. f 1x 2 12 1ln x 2 2 2
y = f (x)
37. 4.28 38. $6740
39. a. 0.015x 2 60x; b. p 0.015x 60

x
1
40. V(t) 1900(t 10)2 10,000; $40,400
Using Technology Exercises 6.7, page 476 41. a. 0.05t 3 1.8t 2 14.4t 24 b. 56°F
1. Consumers’ surplus: $18,000,000; producers’ surplus: $11,700,000 42. a. 0.01t 3 0.109t 2 0.032t 0.1 b. 1.076 billion
3. Consumers’ surplus: $33,120; producers’ surplus: $2880 43. 3.375 ppm 44. 3000t 50,000(1 e0.04t ); 16,939
5. Investment A 45. N1t 2 15,000 11 0.4t 85,000; 112,659
Chapter 6 Concept Review, page 478 240

46. 26,027 47. 30
5x
1. a. F (x) f (x) b. F(x) C
48. $3100 49. 37.7 million
2. a. c f 1x 2 dx b. f 1x 2 dx t 1x 2 dx
50. a. S(t) 205.89 89.89e 0.176t b. $161.43 billion
3. a. Unknown b. Function 4. t (x) dx; f (u) du
51. 15 52. 21 1e 4 1 2
5. a. a f 1x 2 dx
b
b. Minus
2 9
b. a f ¿ 1x 2 dx
b 53. 54.
6. a. F(b) F(a); antiderivative 3 2
b 55. (e 2 3) 56. 3
10 57. 1
2
f 1x 2 dx 3 f 1x 2 t1x 2 4 dx
1 b
7. a. b. Area; area 8.
ba a
a
58. 234,500 barrels 59. 1
3 60. 26°F
D1x 2 S1x 2
x x
9. a. 0
dx p x b. p x 0
dx 61. 49.7 ft/sec 62. 67,600/yr 63. $270,000
R1t 2ert R1t 2ert

T T
10. a. e rT
0
dt b. 0
dt 64. Consumers’ surplus: $2083; producers’ surplus: $3333
1e 1 2 12. L 2 0 3 x f 1x 2 4 dx
mP rT 1
11. A
r
c ln 11 3e x 2 d C
65. $197,652 66. $174,420 67. $505,696 1 1
21.
9 1 3e x
68. a. y
23. 6 3 e 11/22x ln 11 e 11/22x 2 4 C
1.0
0.8 25. 1
9 12 3 ln x 2 ln 0 2 3 ln x 0 2 C
0.6
13 ln x 1 2 C
0.4 x3
27. e 2 29.
0.2 9
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 31. x 3 1 ln x 2 3 3 1ln x 2 2 6 ln x 6 4 C 33. $2329
b. 0.1017; 0.3733 c. 0.315
35. 27,136 37. 44; 49 39. 26,157 41. $418,444
69. 90,888
1. 2.7037; 2.6667; 223 3. 0.2656; 0.2500; 14
1. 1
x x
4 2 3/2
2 ln 0 x 0 4 1x C 2. e x 1
x 1 2
2 3 2 5. 0.6970; 0.6933; 0.6931 7. 0.5090; 0.5004; 21
3. 2x 2 1 C 4. 13 12 12 1 2 5. 9
2 9. 5.2650; 5.3046; 163 11. 0.6336; 0.6321; 0.6321
13. 0.3837; 0.3863; 0.3863 15. 1.1170; 1.1114

CHAPTER 7
17. 1.3973; 1.4052 19. 0.8806; 0.8818 21. 3.7757; 3.7625
e 2x 12x 1 2 C 3. 41x 4 2 e x/4 C

1 23. a. 3.6 b. 0.0324 25. a. 0.013 b. 0.00043
1. 4
e 2x 21x 1 2e x 13 x 3 C
27. a. 0.0078125 b. 0.0002848 29. 52.84 mi
5. 1
2 7. xe x C
21x 2 2
31. 21.65 mpg 33. 17.1 million barrels 35. 1922.4 ft 3/sec
9. C 11. 2
3 x1x 5 2 3/2
15 1x
4
52 5/2
C
1x 1 37. a. $51,558 b. $51,708 39. 474.77 million barrels
41. 50%
12 ln 2x 1 2 C 14 ln x 1 2 C
x2 x4 43. 6.42 L/min 45. False 47. True
13. 15.
4 16
x 3/2 13 ln 1x 1 2 C 19. 1ln x 1 2 C
2 1
17. 9 1. 2
3. 1 5. 2 7. 2
9. 1
e4 11. 1 13. a. 2
b 3/2
x 3 3 2 3
21. x(ln x 1) C 23. (x 2 2x 2)ex C 15. 1 17. 2 19. Divergent 21. 18 23. 1 25. 1
x 2 321ln x 2 2 2 ln x 1 4 C 31. 1
1
25. 1
4 27. 2 ln 2 1 27. 2 29. Divergent 33. Divergent 35. 0
31. 14 13e 4 1 2 33. 12 xe 2x 14 e 2x 134

1
29. 4 ln 4 3 37. 0 39. Divergent 41. 2 43. $18,750
35. 5 ln 5 4 37. 1485 ft 39. 2.04 mg/mL 10,000r 4000

45. dollars 47. True 49. False
r2
41. 20e 0.1t
(t 10) 200 43. $131,324 45. 101,606
51. b. $83,333
47. 1c2 c1 2 c d c2 moles/L
r1 1
49. True
r2 r1 ln r1 ln r2 Exercises 7.5, page 526
Exercises 7.2, page 496 2p 153p 15p
1. 3. 5. 3p 7.
3 5 2
1. 29 3 2 3x 2 ln 0 2 3x 0 4 C
1e 1 2
4p 16p p 2
9. 11. 13.
32 3 11 2x 2 2 411 2x 2 2 ln 0 1 2x 0 4 C
3 3 15 2
3.
2p 136p 64 12p
15. 17. 19.
5. 2 c a 2x 2 b ln a x x2 b d C
x 9 9 81 9 15 15 3
x2
1e 2 e 2 2
8 4 B4 128 B4 p 2 p
21. 23.
2 6
11 4x 1 64 12p
7. ln a b C
x 6517p
9. 1
2 ln 3 11. C 25. 27.
11 4x 1 9 29 x 2 240 3
81 12 1 2 p 4p 3
12x 2 4 2 2x 2 4 2 ln 0 x 2x 2 4 0 C
x 29. 31. r
13. 3 3
8
33. 50,000p cu ft
2 24 x 2
15. 24 x 2 2 ln ` ` C
x
17. 1
4 12x 1 2e 2x C 19. ln 0 ln 11 x 2 0 C
Chapter 7 Concept Review, page 528 9. t(1, 1, 1) e; t(1, 0, 1) 1; t(1, 1, 1) e
1. Product: u√ √ du; u; easy to integrate 2. x 2 1; 2x dx; (27) 11. All real values of x and y
M1b a 2 3 13. All real values of u and √ except those satisfying the equation u √
3 f 1x0 2 2 f 1x1 2 . . . 2 f 1xn1 2 f 1xn 2 4 ;
¢x
3.
2 12n2 15. All real values of r and s satisfying rs 0
3 f 1x0 2 4 f 1x1 2 2f 1x2 2 4 f 1x3 2 2 f 1x4 2

¢x
4. 17. All real values of x and y satisfying x y 5
3
M1b a 2 5 y y
. . . 4f 1xn1 2 f 1xn 2 4 ; even;
19. 21.
180n4 2
5. lim f 1x 2 dx; lim f 1x 2 dx;
b
a
b
a
c

f 1x 2 dx f 1x 2 dx
c

aS bS
x
6. region; x a; x b; V p ba 3 f 1x 2 4 2 dx x
–2 z=2
Chapter 7 Review Exercises, page 529 –1 z=1
z=0
1. 2 (1 x)ex C 2. 1
16 14x 1 2e 4x C
z = –1
3. x(ln 5x 1) C 4. 4 ln 8 ln 2 3 5. 1
4 11 3e 2 2 z = –2
11 3e 4 2 7. 2 1x 1ln x 2 2 2
1 23. y
6. 4
8. 13 xe 3x 19 e 3x 19
2
c3 2x 6 ln 0 3 2x 0 d C
1 9
9.
8 3 2x x
3
10. 2
3 1x 3 2 12x 3 C 11. 1
32 e 4x 18x 2 4x 1 2 C
x 1 2x 2 4
12. C 13. C
25 2x 2 25 4 x
25. 2x 2 y 2 5 27. 9p ft 3 29. a. 24.69 b. 81 kg
14. 1
2 x 4 14 ln 2x 1 2 C 15. 1
2 16. 1
3
31. a. 15 x 2 14 y 2 15 xy 200x 160y
1
17. Divergent 18. 1 19. 10 20. 3 b. The set of all points (x, y) satisfying 200 15 x 101 y 0,
160 101 x 14 y 0, x 0, y 0
21. 0.8421; 0.8404 22. 1.491; 1.464 23. 2.2379; 2.1791
33. a. 0.005x 2 0.003y 2 0.002xy 20x 15y
24. 8.1310; 8.041 25. a. 0.002604 b. 0.000033 26. $1,157,641 b. The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) for which
20 0.005x 0.001y 0
27. 48,761 28. $41,100 29. 274,000 ft2; 278,667 ft2
15 0.001x 0.003y 0, x 0, y 0
2p 3p
30. 7850 sq ft 31. $111,111 32. 3 33. 10
35. a. The set of all ordered pairs (P, T ), where P and T are positive
Chapter 7 Before Moving On, page 530 numbers
b. 11.10 L
28 2x 2
1. 1
3 x 3 ln x 19 x 3 C 2. C 3. 6.3367 37. $7200 billion 39. 103
8x
1 41. a. $1798.65; $2201.29 b. $2509.32
4. 3.00358 5. 6. b. 2␲
2e 2
43. 40.28 times gravity
CHAPTER 8 kT
45. The level curves of V have equation C (C, a positive constant).
Exercises 8.1, page 538 P
The level curves are a family of straight lines T a b P lying in
C
1. f (0, 0) 4; f (1, 0) 2; f (0, 1) 1; f (1, 2) 4; k
f (2, 1) 3 the first quadrant since k, T, and P are positive. Every point on the
level curve V C gives the same volume C.
3. f (1, 2) 7; f (2, 1) 9; f (1, 2) 1; f (2, 1) 1
5. t 11, 2 2 4 3 12; t 12, 1 2 8 12; t 10, 4 2 2; t 14, 9 2 56

47. False 49. False 51. False

7. h(1, e) 1; h(e, 1) 1; h(e, e) 0
1. a. 4; 4
b. f x(2, 1) 4 says that the slope of the tangent line to the curve of 57. False 59. True
intersection of the surface z x2 2y2 and the plane y 1 at
the point (2, 1, 6) is 4. f y(2, 1) 4 says that the slope of the tan- Using Technology Exercises 8.2, page 553
gent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z x2 2y2
1. 1.3124; 0.4038 3. 1.8889; 0.7778 5. 0.3863; 0.8497
and the plane x 2 at the point (2, 1, 6) is 4.
c. f x(2, 1) 4 says that the rate of change of f (x, y) with respect to x Exercises 8.3, page 561
with y held fixed with a value of 1 is 4 units/unit change in x.
f y(2, 1) 4 says that the rate of change of f (x, y) with respect to y 1. (0, 0); relative maximum value: f (0, 0) 1
with x held fixed with a value of 2 is 4 units/unit change in y.
4y 2 3. (1, 2); saddle point: f (1, 2) 4
2√ 2u
7. 3 ; 2 ;
1u √ 2 2 1u √ 2 2
3. 2; 3 5. 4x; 4 9.
x x 5. (8, 6); relative minimum value: f (8, 6) 41
11. 3(2s t)(s 2 st t 2)2; 3(2t s)(s 2 st t 2)2 7. (1, 2) and (2, 2); saddle point: f (1, 2) 1; relative minimum value:
f (2, 2) 2
4y
9. 113 , 113 2 and (1, 5); saddle point: f 131 , 113 2 319
4x
31x 2 y 2 2 1/3 31x 2 y 2 2 1/3
13. ; 15. ye xy1; xe xy1 27 ; relative minimum
value: f (1, 5) 13
y x eu 11. (0, 0) and (1, 1); saddle point: f (0, 0) 2; relative minimum value:
17. ln y ; ln x 19. e u ln √;
x y √ f (1, 1) 3
21. yz y 2 2xz; xz 2xy z 2; xy 2yz x 2 13. (2, 1); relative minimum value: f (2, 1) 6
15. (0, 0); saddle point: f (0, 0) 1
23. ste rst; rte rst; rse rst 25. fx(1, 2) 8; fy(1, 2) 5
17. (0, 0); relative minimum value: f (0, 0) 1
27. fx(2, 1) 1; fy (2, 1) 3 29. fx(1, 2) 21 ; fy(1, 2) 14
31. fx (1, 1) e; fy (1, 1) e 21. 200 finished units and 100 unfinished units; $10,500
33. fx(1, 0, 2) 0; fy (1, 0, 2) 8; fz (1, 0, 2) 0 23. Price of land ($200/ft2) is highest at 1 12 , 1 2
35. fxx 2y; fxy 2x 3y 2 fyx; fyy 6xy 25. (0, 1) gives desired location. 27. 10 10 5; 500 in.3
29. 30 40 10; $7200 31. False 33. False 35. True
37. fxx 2; fxy fyx 2; fyy 4
y2 xy
39. fxx ; fx y fy x
1x 2 y 2 2 3/2 1x 2 y 2 2 3/2
;
1. a. y 2.3x 1.5
x2 b. y
fyy
1x 2 y 2 2 3/2 12
10
1 yx 8
41. fx x e x/y; fx y e x/y fy x; 6
y2 y3 4
a 2 b e x /y
x x 2
fyy x
y3 y 1 2 3 4
43. a. fx 7.5; fy 40 b. Yes 3. a. y 0.77x 5.74
b. y
45. px 10—at (0, 1), the price of land is changing at the rate of
$10/ft2/mile change to the right; py 0—at (0, 1), the price of land is 6
5
constant/mile change upward. 4
3
47. Complementary commodities 2
1
49. $30/unit change in finished desks; $25/unit change in unfinished x
desks. The weekly revenue increases by $30/unit for each additional 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
finished desk produced (beyond 300) when the level of production of 5. a. y 1.2x 2
unfinished desks remains fixed at 250; the revenue decreases by b. y
$25/unit when each additional unfinished desk (beyond 250) is pro-
duced and the level of production of finished desks remains fixed at
300.
51. a. 20°F b. 0.3°F 5

53. 0.039 L/degree; 0.015 L/mm of mercury. The volume increases by
0.039 L when the temperature increases by 1 degree (beyond 300 K)
and the pressure is fixed at 800 mm of mercury. The volume de- x
creases by 0.015 L when the pressure increases by 1 mm of mercury 5
(beyond 800 mm) and the temperature is fixed at 300 K.
2 13 2 13
7. a. y 0.34x 0.9 13. Max.: ; min.: 15. Min. of 187 at 1 97 , 67 , 37 2
b. y 9 9
In units of a thousand
17. 140 finished and 60 unfinished units

1.0
4 3 18 18
19. 10 12 ft 40 12 ft 21. r in.; h 2 3 in.
3Bp Bp
3 2 3 3
23. 23 2 9 3 29 2 9
0.2
x 25. 1500 units on labor and 250 units of capital
1 2 3 4 5 6
In units of a thousand 27. False
c. 1276 applications
29. True
9. a. y 2.8x 440
y Exercises 8.6, page 590
b.
440 1. 2x dx 2 dy 3. (4x 3y 4) dx 3x dy
430 x y
5. dx dy
2x y 2 2
2x y 2
2
420
5y 5x
7. dx
1x y 2 2 1x y 2 2
x dy
2 4
Years 9. (10x 4 3ye3x ) dx e3x dy
c. 420
11. a 2xe y b dx 1x 2e y ln x 2 dy
y
11. a. y 2.8x 17.6 b. $40,000,000 x
13. a. y 22.7x 124.2 b. $260.4 billion 13. y 2z 3 dx 2xyz 3 dy 3xy 2z 2 dz

1 x x
15. a. y 25.6x 74 b. 330 million dx dy
1 y z2 2 1 y z2 2
15. dz
yz
17. a. y 0.436x 3.58 b. $436 million/yr
17. ( yz e yz) dx xz(1 e yz) dy xy(1 e yz) dz
19. a. y 0.305x 0.19 b. $0.305 billion/yr c. $3.24 billion 19. 0.04 21. 0.01 23. 0.10 25. 0.18
21. a. y 0.4x 4.42 b. $0.4 billion/yr 27. 0.06 29. 0.1401 31. An increase of $19,250/mo
23. a. y 3.17x 82.1 b. $113,800 33. An increase of $5000/mo 35. $1.25 37. 38.4p cu cm
25. a. y 0.087x 15.90 b. 19.38 yr c. 18.5 yr 39. 1080 cu in. 41. 3.3256 Pa 43. 0.55 ohm
27. a. y 0.23x 1.16 b. 2.8 billion bushels Exercises 8.7, page 597
29. False 31. True 1. 7

2 3. 0 5. 412 7. (e 2 1)(1 e2) 9. 1
Using Technology Exercises 8.4, page 574 11. 2

3 13. 188
3 15. 84
5 17. 223 19. 1 21. 1
2 (3 e)
1. y 2.3596x 3.8639 3. y 1.1948x 3.5525 23. 1

4 (e 4 1) 25. 2
3 (e 1) 27. False
5. a. y 1.03x 2.33 b. $10.57 billion Exercises 8.8, page 604

7. a. y 13.321x 72.571 b. 192 million tons 1. 42 3. 20 5. 64
3 7. 1
3 9. 4 11. 313
9. a. y 1.95x 12.19 b. $29.74 billion 13. 2(e2 1) 15. 2

35 17. 54 19. 1
3 21. 1
Exercises 8.5, page 583 23. 43,329 25. 312,439 27. $194/sq ft 29. True
1. Min. of 3
4 at 1 34 , 14 2 3. Max. of 74 at 12, 27 2 Chapter 8 Concept Review, page 606
1. xy; ordered pair; real number; f(x, y)

5. Min. of 4 at ( 12, 12/2) and ( 12, 12/2)
7. Max. of 34 at 1 32 , 1 2
2. Independent; dependent; value
3. z f (x, y); f ; surface

9. Max. of 2 13 at 1 13/3, 162 and 1 13/3, 162
4. f (x, y) c; level curve; level curves; c
11. Max. of 8 at 12 12, 2 122 and 12 12, 2122 ; min. of 8 at
12 12, 2122 and 12 12, 2122 5. Constant; x 6. Slope; (a, b, f (a, b)); x; b
7. ; (a, b); ; domain 11. z e xy y
8. Domain; fx(a, b) 0 and f y(a, b) 0; exist; candidate z=3

9. Scatter; minimizing; least-squares; normal
z=1 x
10. t(x, y) 0; f (x, y) lt(x, y); Fx 0; Fy 0; Fl 0; extrema
0f 0f
11. Independent, dx x, dy y, dx dy
0x 0y
13. Iterated; 3 01 12x y 2 2 dx dy

5
12. Volume; solid
1 x
Chapter 8 Review Exercises, page 607 12. f x 2xy 3 3y 2 ; fy 3x 2y 2 6xy 2
y y
e2 2e y x
1. 0, 0, 12 ; no 2. e, , ; no 13. f x 1y ; fy 1x
1 ln 2 1 ln 2 2 1x 2 1y
3. 2, (e 1), (e 1) √2 2 u√
14. fu ; f√
4. The set of all ordered pairs (u, √) such that u √ 2 2u√ 2u 2
2u√ 2 2u
3y 3x
5. The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that y x 15. f x ; fy
1 y 2x 2 2 1 y 2x 2 2
6. The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x 1 and y 0
y1 y 2 x 2 2 x1x 2 y 2 2
16. tx ; ty
7. The set of all triplets (x, y, z) such that z 0 and x 1, y 1, and 1x y 2
2 2 2
1x 2 y 2 2 2
z1
17. hx 10y (2xy 3y 2)4; hy 10(x 3y)(2xy 3y 2)4
8. 2x 3y z y
ey xe y
18. f x ; fy
21xe 1 2
y 1/2
21xe 1 2 1/2
y
2
19. f x 2x11 x 2 y 2 2 e x y ; f y 2y11 x 2 y 2 2 e x y
2 2 2 2
x 16y 3
4x
20. f x ; fy
1 2x 4y 2 4
1 2x 2 4y 4
−2
2x 2x 2
21. fx ; fy
x2 y2 y1x 2 y 2 2
22. fxx 6x 4y; fxy 4x fyx; fyy 2

9. z y x 2 y
23. fxx 12x 2 4y 2; fxy 8xy fyx ; fyy 4x 2 12y 2
4 24. fxx 12(2x 2 3y 2)(10x 2 3y 2);
fxy 144xy(2x 2 3y 2) fyx;
fyy 18(2x 2 3y 2)(2x 2 15y 2)
2y1x y 2 2
x
2 2y 2
25. txx ; txy tyx ;
1x y 2 2 3
1x y 2 2 3
2x13y 2 x 2
tyy
1x y2 2 3
10. z 2x y 2 2 y
26. txx 2(1 2x 2)e x y ; txy 4xye x y tyx;
2 2 2 2
4
tyy 2(1 2y 2)e x y
2 2
3
2
1 1
1 27. hss 2 ; hst hts 0; htt 2
s t
x
1 2 3 4 28. fx(1, 1, 0) 3; fy(1, 1, 0) 3; fz(1, 1, 0) 2
30. (8, 2); saddle point at f (8, 2) 8
31. (0, 0) and 1 32 , 94 2 ; saddle point at f (0, 0) 0; relative minimum value:

f 1 32 , 94 2 27
16
32. 113 , 133 2 , (3, 11); saddle point at f 113 , 133 2 1445
27 2 ; relative mini- CHAPTER 9
mum value: f 13, 11 2 35
33. (0, 0); relative minimum value: f (0, 0) 1 1 ex 1
13. y 12x 2 2x 15. y 17. y xe x
x x 2
34. (1, 1); relative minimum value: f (1, 1) ln 2
kQ; Q10 2 Q0 k 1C A2
dQ dA
35. f 1 12
11 , 11 2 11
20 32 19. 21.
dt dt
36. f 1 221 , 22
21
2 179
44 23.
dC
kC; C10 2 C0 29. True 31. False
dt
37. Relative maximum value: f (5, 5) 26; relative minimum value:
f (5, 5) 24 33. False
12 12 Exercises 9.2, page 623

38. Relative maximum value: f a , b e 12; relative
2 2 1. 1
y 3 12 x 2 x C 3. 1
y3 ex C 5. y Ce2x
3 3
12 12
minimum value: f a , b e 12 2
2 2 7. y 9. y 43 Ce6x
x 2 2C
227
39. 45 dx 240 dy 40. 2 dx 41. 0.04 42.
54 11. y 3 13 x 3 x C 13. y 1/2 x 1/2 C
1e 2 1 2 2 13 2 ln 2 2 15. y Ce 2 1ln x2
1 2
43. 48 44. 1
45. 2
46. 1 17. y 22x 2 2
2 63 4
21. y 23 13 e 13/22 x
2
34 19. y 2 ex 23. y 2x 2 1
47. 3 48. 1045 49. 3
25. y e 1x12e
x
27. y ln(x 3 e)
100 m
50. k
c C
29. y 2x 3 8 31. Q(t) Q0ekt 33. A de k t
I 180 k
m
I 120 35. S(t) D (D S0)ekt 37. True 39. True
I 100
10 I 90 41. False
8
4
2 1. y y0ekt 3. Q(t) 4.5e0.02t; 8.5 billion 5. 1
2 in.
x
7. Q1t 2
2 4 6 8 10 50
; 5.56 g 9. 3.6 min 11. 23
4t 1
51. a. R(x, y) 0.02x 2 0.2xy 0.05y 2 80x 60y 13. 310.8 million 15. 395
b. The set of all points satisfying 0.02x 0.1y 80,
t 2
17. a. a 2H b
0.1x 0.05y 60, x 0, y 0 B A 2H
t b. c. 9.6 min
c. 15,300; the revenue realized from the sale of 100 16-speed and A B2 BB t
300 10-speed electric blenders is $15,300.
19. a. Leln1L/P02e
ct
b. L
52. Complementary 53. $490
L 10 t
23. a. L (L x0)ekt b. L (L 0.4) a b
54. a. y 8.2x 361.2 b. 7 hr 31 min L 0.4
55. a. y 0.059x 19.45 c.

b. 21.8 yr; same c. 21.2 yr
56. a. y 14.1x 114.4

b. 14.1 million/yr c. 184.9 million
57. The company should spend $11,000 on advertising and employ 14

agents in order to maximize its revenue.
d. Between 5 and 9 years old
58. 337.5 yd 900 yd 59. 75 units on labor; 25 units on capital
25. x(t) 40(1 e(3/20)t ); 38 lb; 40 lb
1. All real values of x and y satisfying x 0, x 1, y 0, y 2
1. a. y 11 2 369
128 2.8828 b. y 11 2 70,993
23,328 3.043
2. fx 2xy ye xy; fxx 2y y 2e xy; fxy 2x (xy 1)e xy fyx;
fy x 2 xe xy; fyy x 2e xy 3. a. y 12 2 51
16 3.1875 b. y 12 2 793
243 3.2634
3. Rel. min.: (1, 1, 7) 4. y 2.04x 2.88 5. f 1 12 , 12 2 52
6. a. (4x y) dx x dy b. 0.09 7. 1
8
5. a. y(0.5) 0.8324 b. y(0.5) 0.8207 CHAPTER 10

7. a. y(1.5) 1.7831 b. y(1.5) 1.7920 Exercises 10.1, page 654
9. a. y(1) 1.3390 b. y(1) 1.3654 13. k 31 15. k 18 17. k 163 19. k 2

1 5 7
11. x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 21. a. 2 b. 8 c. 8 d. 0
yn 1 1 1.02 1.0608 1.1245 1.2144 11 1 27
23. a. 16 b. 2 c. 32 d. 0
25. a. 1
2 b. 1
2 12 12 1 2 c. 0 d. 1
2
13. x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
yn 2 1.8 1.72 1.736 1.8288 1.9830 27. a. 1 b. .14 29. a. .375 b. .75 c. .5 d. .875
35. k 2 37. k 12e2 39. a. 1

4 b. 1
96
15. x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
41. a. 1
56 12 12 1 2 b. .2575
yn 1 1.1 1.211 1.3361 1.4787 1.6426
43. a. .63 b. .30 c. .30 45. a. .10 b. .30
47. .9355 49. .4815; .7407 51. 1
5 53. .041
1. a. differential equation b. satisfies
55. False
2. a. general b. particular
3. a. highest; unknown b. f (x)g(y); not separable; separable
c. separate; variable 1.
4. a. kQ b. Q0e kt c. restricted
5. approximate; actual; polygonal

1
4. y 5. y (9x 8)1/3 6. 1
3 y 3 14 x 4 x C
x2 1 3. a. x 0 1 2 3 4
2 P(X x) 0.2 0.7 0.3 .12 .23
7. y 4 Ce2t 8. y Ce(1/2)(ln x) 9. y
2
2x 3 2x 1
x 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 P(X x) .13 .17 .10 .05 .07 .02
10. y 1 3e(1/3)x 11. y 3ex /2 12. y
3 3
1x 2 1 2 2
b.
13. a. y(1) 0.3849 b. y(1) 0.4361
14. a. y(1) 0.2219 b. y(1) 0.2628
15. a. y(1) 1.3258 b. y(1) 1.4570
16. a. y(1) 1.9083 b. y(1) 2.1722
17. x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Exercises 10.2, page 670
yn 1 1 1.08 1.2528 1.5535 2.0506
1. m 92 ; Var1X 2 34 ; s 0.8660
18. x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 3. m 154 ; Var1X 2 15

16 ; s 0.9682
yn 1 1.2 1.496 1.9756 2.8282 4.5560 5. m 3; Var1X 2 0.8; s 0.8944

19. a. S 50,000(0.8) t
b. $16,384 20. R CS k
7. m 2.3765; Var1X 2 2.3522; s 1.5337
1e 1 2; $342,549.50 35 ; Var1X 2 0.7151; s 0.846

9. m 93
P rt
21. A 22. S D (D S0) ekt
r
11. m 32 ; Var1X 2 34 ; s 12 23 13. m 4; Var1X2 16; s 4
23. 7:30 P.M. 24. 105 words/min 25. a. 183
15. 100 days 17. 313 min; 25
18 19. 1.5 ft; 209 21. 2500 lb/wk
26. x 120(1 e0.1t ); 120 lb
b a 1b a 2
2
23. ; 25. a 3.3; b 5.7
Chapter 9 Before Moving On, page 643 2 12
1 1
29. m 5 31. m 2.52
1. b. y 2x 2 2. y 3. 5000e0.1386t; 6.3 years 27. a. 4 b. 6:30 a.m.
xe x1
33. m 1
2 35. True
4. 1.7639
Using Technology Exercises 10.2, page 672 23. a. .0228 b. .0228 c. .4772 d. .7258
1. a. 25. a. .0038 b. .0918 c. .4082 d. .2514
27. .6247 29. 0.62% 31. A: 80; B: 73; C: 62; D: 54
1. a. experiment b. outcomes, sample points

c. sample space d. 0, 1
b. m 4 and s 1.40
2. a. random b. finite discrete c. 0, 1, 1
3. a. X gives the minimum age requirement for a regular driver’s
b. nonnegative, 1, a f 1x 2 dx
b
license. 3. a. continuous
4. nonnegative, 1, f 1x, y 2 dA
b. x 15 16 17 18 19 21 R
P(X x) .02 .30 .08 .56 .02 .02 5. a. 1x1 x2 p xn 2 /n b. central tendency, X
c. x1 p1 x2 p2 p xn pn, X, probabilities
d. a x f 1x 2 dx, probability density, [a, b]
c. b
6. a. dispersion
b. p1 1x1 m2 2 p2 1x2 m2 2 p pn 1xn m 2 2
c. 2Var1X 2
7. a 1x m 2 2 f 1x 2 dx, 1Var1X 2
b
d. m 17.34 and s 1.11

8. a. x m b. x m c. above, the x-axis d. 1
5. a. Let X denote the random variable that gives the weight of a carton e. standard deviation, 2, 3
of sugar.
b. x 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5.00 5.01
1 1 3
P(X x) 3 4 4 1 1 5 5. 243 6. 6 7. 2 8. 1.5
30 30 30 30 30 30
4 1 1 1 3
9. a. 7 b. 0 c. 3 10. a. 2 b. 2 c. 4
x 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06
P(X x) 3 3 4 1 1 11. a. .52 b. .65 c. 0 12. a. 9
10 b. 1
4 c. 1
2
30 30 30 30 30
c. m 5.00; Var(X) 0.0009; s 0.03 13. m 92 ; Var1X 2 2.083; s 1.44
Exercises 10.3, page 682 21 ; Var1X 2 1.1882; s 1.0900

14. m 50
1. .9265 3. .0401 5. .8657 15. m 0; Var1X 2 157 ; s 0.6831
7. a. b. 0.9147 16. m 43 ; Var1X 2 29 ; s 0.4714 17. .9875

3 5
18. .8925 19. .3049 20. .8294 22. a. 16 b. 6
23. a. .6915 b. .8944 c. .4681

1.37
24. a. .9525 b. .9525 c. .9050
9. a. b. .2578 25. a. .2231 b. .3935 c. 4 days
26. a. .5507 b. .3012 c. .2210

–0.65
6 13
1. 7 2. .2387 3. 3, 5.42, 2.33
11. a. b. .8944
4. a. .9938 b. .8944 c. .9876
CHAPTER 11
–1.25
1. P1 1x 2 1 x; P2 1x 2 1 x 12 x 2; P3 1x 2 1 x 12 x 2 16 x 3
13. a. b. .2266
3. P1 1x 2 1 x; P2 1x 2 1 x x 2; P3 1x 2 1 x x 2 x 3
5. P1(x) 1 (x 1); P2(x) 1 (x 1) (x 1)2;

0.68 2.02
P3(x) 1 (x 1) (x 1)2 (x 1)3
7. P1 1x 2 1 12 x; P2 1x 2 1 12 x 18 x 2;
15. a. 1.23 b. 0.81 17. a. 1.9 b. 1.9
19. a. .9772 b. .9192 c. .7333 P3 1x 2 1 12 x 18 x 2 161 x 3
21. a. .2206 b. .2206 c. .2960

9. P1 1x 2 x; P2 1x 2 x 12 x 2; P3 1x 2 x 12 x 2 13 x 3 29. y
11. P2(x) 16 32(x 2) 24(x 2) 2

3
13. P4 1x 2 1x 1 2 12 1x 1 2 2 13 1x 1 2 3 14 1x 1 2 4 2
15. P4 1x 2 e e 1x 1 2 e 1x 1 2 e 1x 1 2
1
2
2 1
6
3 1
24 e1x 1 2 4
1
17. P3 1x 2 1 x x
1
3
1
9
2 5
81 x 3
n
19. P3 1x 2 13 29 x 274 x 2 818 x 3
1 2 3 4 5
21. Pn 1x 2 1 x x 2 x 3 p (1)nx n; 0.9091; 0.909090. . . 31. Converges; 12 33. Converges; 0 35. Converges; 1
23. P4 1x 2 1 x x
1
2
1
8
2 1
48 x 3 1
384
4
x ; 0.90484 37. Diverges 39. Converges; 2 41. Converges; 0
25. P2 1x 2 4 1x 16 2
1
8
1
512 1x 16 2 ; 3.9496875
2
12
43. Converges;
27. P3 1x 2 x x x ; 0.109; 0.108
1 2 1 3
2
2 3
45. a. a1 0.015, a10 0.140, a100 0.77939, a1000 0.999999727
29. 2.01494375; 0.00000042 b. 1
31. 1.248; 0.0048828125; 1.25 33. 0.095; 0.00033 47. b. an 100(1.005)n
35. a. 0.04167 b. 0.625 c. 0.04167 d. 0.007121 c. a24 112.72. The accumulated amount at the end of 2 yr is
$112.72.
37. 0.47995 39. 48% 41. 2600 43. False 45. True
49. True 51. False
1. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 3. 0, 13 , 24 , 35 , 46 5. 1, 1, 46 , 248 , 120
16
1. lim SN does not exist; divergent

NS
e 2 e 3 e4 e5
7. e, , , , 9. 1, 11 25 45 71
9 , 19 , 33 , 51 11. an 3n 2 1 1 1
8 27 64 125 3. SN ; 5. Converges; 32 7. Diverges
N2 2
11 2 n1
2
a b
1 22n1 1 n1
13. an 15. an 17. an 9. Converges; 53 11. Converges; 13 13. Converges; 5.52
n3 5n1 2n1 2
n e n1 p
19. an 21. an 15. Converges; 17. Converges; 13
1n 1 2 1n 2 2 1n 1 2 ! p3
23. y 19. Converges; 2 34 21. Converges; 712 23. Diverges
e 2pe p
3 2
1 404
1p e 2 1e 2 p2
2 25. 27. 3 29. 333
1 1 1 3 21x 1 2
31. 1 x 1; 33. x ;
1x 2 2 3 2x
n P 1 S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. $303 billion 37. 6
41. 43. b. ln hr
11
er 1 k SC
25. y 45. False 47. True

2
11. Diverges 13. Diverges 15. Converges
1
17. Converges 19. Converges 21. Converges
n 23. Converges 25. Converges 27. Converges
1 2 3 4 5 6
29. Diverges 31. Diverges 33. Converges 35. Diverges
27. y
37. Diverges 39. Converges 41. Converges
80 43. Diverges 45. Converges 47. Diverges 49. p 1
60
51. a 1 55. True 57. False 59. False
40
n 1. R 1; (0, 2) 3. R 1; (1, 1) 5. R 4; (4, 4)
1 2 3 4
7. R ; (, ) 9. R 0; x 2 11. R 1; (4, 2)
13. R ; (, ) 15. R 1

2; 112 , 12 2 17. R 0; x 1
11 2 1x 1 2 ; R 1; 10, 2 2
5. a. partial sums b. geometric, 1, 1
19. R 3; (0, 6) 21. n n
n0 6. a. 0, diverges b. cA B
1x 2 2 n
11 2 ; R 3; 11, 5 2

n ,p
23. n 1
3n1 7. a. convergent, divergent b. p 1, p 1
n0
n1

25. 11 2
n0
n1
1x 2 2 n; R 1; 11, 3 2 8. converges, an bn

27. 1 1x 1 2

11 2
1 # 3 # 5 p 12n 3 2
1x 1 2 ;
9. a. a 1x a 2 n
b. x a, x, (a R, a R), outside

1 n1 n n0
n
2 n! 2n
1n2
1a 2
n2
b. lim RN 1x 2 0, the Taylor series

f
10. a.
R 1; (0, 2) n! NS

x ; R ; 1, 2
2n n
29.
n0 n!
1. f (x) 1 (x 1) (x 1)2 (x 1)3 (x 1)4

1 # 3 # 5 p 12n 1 2
31. 112 n
x ; R 1; (1, 1)
n
35. True 1x 1 2 2 1x 1 2 3 1x 1 2 4
2. f 1x 2 e 1 c 1 1x 1 2 d
n! 2n
n0

2! 3! 4!
3. f 1x 2 x 2 12 x 4 4. f (x) 1 2x 3x 2 4x 3 5x 4
1. 112 n1 1x 2 2 n; 11, 3 2 3. 11 2 n 3n xn; 113 , 13 2
n0 n0 5. f 1x 2 2 121 1x 8 2 288
1
1x 8 2 2; 1.983

xn ; 143 , 43 2 ; 11, 1 2
n
x
3
6. f 1x 2 1 x2
5. 7. 2n x4 x6
4n1 ; 0.7429
n0 n0 2 6

112 ; 1, 2 11 2 ; 1, 2

n xn n x2n2 7. 2.9992591; 8 1011 8. 0.909; 0.0001; 0.9090909. . .
9. 11.
n0 n! n0 n!
9. 0.37 10. 0.199 11. Converges; 13 12. Converges; 0

; 1, 2
x2n
13.
n0 12n 2!
13. Converges; 2
3 14. Diverges
15. Converges; 1
1 1
16. Converges; 1 17. 2 18. 19. 3
20.
112 n1 ; 112 , 12 4 11 2 n1 ; 11, 1 2
2nxn x2n
e1
5
15. 17. 12 1
n n
n1 n1 21. 67 22. 21 23. 141
99 24. 3139
999 25. Diverges

19. 1ln 2 2 1x 2 2 11 2 a b 1x 2 2 n1 ; 10, 4 4
n1 1
26. Diverges 27. Converges 28. Converges
n1 n2n
29. Converges 30. Converges 31. Converges 32. Converges
21. 1 x x 2 p (1)nx n p
11 2 n1 n
33. R 1; (1, 1) 34. R 1; (1, 1) 35. R 1; (0, 2)
23. f 1x 2 x
1 2 1 3 p
x x x p
36. R ; a 2 , 2 b
1 1 1
2 3 n
e e e
25. 0.4812 27. 0.7475 29. 3.34 31. 15.85% 37. f (x) 1 2x 4x 2 8x 3 2nx n ; 112 , 12 2
Exercises 11.7, page 753 11 2 n

38. f 1x 2 1x 1 2 1x 1 2 2 p 1x 1 2 n
1 1 1
e e 2!e n!e
1. 1.732051 3. 2.645751 5. 2.410142 7. 0.7709 p ; 1, 2
11 2 n12n
9. 1.1219; 2.5745 11. 2.30278 13. 1.11634
39. f 1x 2 2x 2x 2 83 x 3 p x n p ; 112 , 12 4
15. 1.61803 17. 0.5671 19. b. 0.19356 21. b. 1.87939 n
11 2 n2nxn2
40. f 1x 2 x 2 2x 3 2x 4 p
23. 2.9365 25. 1.2785 27. 0.4263 29. 294 units/day
p ; (, )
n!
31. 8:39 P.M. 33. 26.82%/yr 35. 0.01 37. 10%/yr

11 2
xn xn
39. 11,671 units; $21.17/unit 41. 2.546 41. (, ) 42. ln ƒ x ƒ
n1 n!n
C n
43.
n1 n!n
C
Chapter 11 Concept Review, page 756 44. 2.28943 45. 0.7549 46. (0.35173, 0.70346)
1n2
1a 2 47. 2.65 sec 48. $323,433.33
1. a. f 1a 2 f ¿ 1a 2 1x a 2 p 1x a 2 n
f
n! 49. a. $115 billion b. $90 billion 50. 31.08%
1n2
1a 2
b. f 1a 2 , f ¿ 1a 2,
f
n! Chapter 11 Before Moving On, page 758
1c 2 1. P1 1x 2 x, P2 1x 2 x x 2, and P3 1x 2 x x 2
1n12 x3
1x a 2 n1
f
1n 1 2!
2. a. I, a, x, 2
2 25 1
2. a. b. 2 3. a. b.
3. a. function, integers, f (n), nth term b. large, converge 3 12 3

A
4. cA, A B, AB, , B 0
B
4. a. convergent b. divergent 5. 1x 2 2 ; 1
n0
n
y
CHAPTER 12 29.

0.5
5p 3p x
1. radians 3. radians
2 2
– 0.5 2
3
2
2
5. a. III b. III c. II d. I –1
5p 8p 7p
7. radians 9. radians 11. radians
12 9 2 41. sin u 135 , cos u 12
13 , tan u 12 , csc u 5 , sec u 12 , cot u 5
5 13 13 12
15. 270° p14n 1 2 p14n 3 2

1n 0, 1, 2, p2; 1n 0, 1, 2, p2
13. 120° 17. 220°
43. b.
y y 12 12
19. 21.
45. False 47. True
= 225° Exercises 12.3, page 781

x x
7 1. 3 sin 3x 3. 2p sin px 5. 2x cos(x 2 1)
= 3 rad
7. 4x sec2 2x 2 9. x cos x sin x 11. 6(cos 3x sin 2x)
x cos2x 2 1
13. 2x(cos 2x x sin 2x) 15.
23. 150°, 210° 25. 315°, 45° 27. True 29. True 2x 2 1
1 1 1
Exercises 12.2, page 771 17. e x sec x (1 tan x) 19. cos sin
x x x
13 13 x sin x sec 2 x x cos x sin x
1. 0 3. 1 5. 7. 9. 2.6131
11 cos x 2
2 3 21. 23. 25.
2
2 1tan x x2
p p p p p
11. sin 1, cos 0, tan is undefined, csc 1, 27. 2 tan x sec2 x 29. csc2 x # ecot x 31. y 2x
2 2 2 2 2
p p
sec is undefined, cot 0
33. Increasing on a 0, b a , 2p b ; decreasing on a , b
2 2 p 5p p 5p
4 4 4 4
5p 13 5p 1 5p 5p 2 13
13. sin , cos , tan 13, csc , 35. f (x) sin x cos x
3 2 3 2 3 3 3
5p 5p 13 y
sec 2, cot
3 3 3
1
7p 11p 5p 11p p 2p 0.5
15. , 17. , 19. p 21. ,
6 6 6 6 3 3 x
3 7
– 0.5 4 4
23. 25.
y y –1
3 3 37. f (x) 2 sin x sin 2x

2 2 y
1 1 2
x 1
x
2
3
2
2
3
2 x
–1
–1 2 2 3
2
–1 2 2
–2 –2 –2
–3 –3
39. a. f 1x 2 sin x x
x3 x5 x7 p

3! 5! 7!
27. y
11 2 n
x2n1
p
1 12n 1 2 !
0.5 41. Zero wolves/mo; 1571 caribou/mo 43. 0.05
x

3
2 45. Warmest day is July 25; coldest day is January 23.
–0.5 2 2
–1 47. Sixth week
49. Maximum when t 1, 5, 9, 13, . . . ; minimum when t 3, 7, 11,

15, . . .
51. 70.7 ft/sec 53. 60° 55. 1.4987 radians 57. True 17. a.
59. False
1. 1.2038 3. 0.7762 5. 0.2368 7. 0.8415; 0.2172

b. 1.2484
9. 1.1271; 0.2013
19. a.
11. a.
b. 1.0983
b. $0.90 c. $37.86
21. 7.6 ft
13. a.
p 180
1. a. radian b. 2p, 360 2. a. 180 x b. p x
y 1 1 x
3. x, y, , , , 4. a. cos2 u b. 1 c. 1 d. cos 2u
x y x y
15. 0.006 ft
5. a. cos 2u b. c. sin A cos A d. sin2 A
6. a. 3 cos f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2 b. 3sin f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2
1. 13 cos 3x C 3. 3 cos x 4 sin x C c. 3 sec2 f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2 d. 3csc f 1x 2 4 3cot f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2
e. 3 sec f 1x 2 4 3 tan f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2 f. 3 csc2 f 1x 2 4 f ¿ 1x 2
5. 1
2 tan 2x C 7. 1
2 sin x 2 C 9. p1 csc px C
7. a. cos x C b. sin x C c. tan x C
11. 2 13. 12 ln 12 15. 1
4 sin4x C d. cot x C e. sec x C f. csc x C
17. 1
p ln 0 sec px tan px 0 C 19. 1
3 ln11 122 Chapter 12 Review Exercises, page 794
21. 23 1cos x 2 3/2
C 23. 19 11 2 sin 3x 2 3/2 C
1. 2p
3 radians 2. 5p
2 radians 3. 5p
4 radians 4. 330°
25. 1
4 tan x C
4
27. 14 1cot x 1 2 C
4
29. 2
5. 450° 6. 315° 7. p
or 5p 8. 150° or 330°
x 3 sin1ln x 2 cos1ln x 2 4 C
3 3
31. 1
2 33. 2 12
9. 3 cos 3x 10. sin x
11. 2 cos x 6 sin 2x
1p 2 4 2
2
35. 1
2 ln 2 37. 1
2 39. $85
sec 1x tan 1x
2
12. 13. ex(3 sec2 3x tan 3x)
a 1 cos b 1x
1.2 pt
41. $120,000 43. 45. 162 fruit flies
p 2
14. 4(1 csc 2x)(csc 2x cot 2x) 15. 4 cos 2x or 4(cos2 x sin2 x)
47. 0.9045 49. True 51. True
sin x
16.
Using Technology Exercises 12.4, page 792 11 cos x 2 2
1. 0.5419 3. 0.7544 5. 0.2231 7. 0.6587 1cot x 1 2 sec 2 x 11 tan x 2 csc 2 x

sec2 x
11 cot x 2 2
17.
9. 0.2032 11. 0.9045
18. 2 tan x 19. cos(sin x) cos x 20. esin x(sin x cos2 x)
13. a.
21. y 4x 1 p
22. y
1
0.8
b. 2.2687 0.6
15. a. 0.4
0.2
x
3

4 2 4
a. Q on 1 p2 , p2 and R on 10, p2 2 b. Relative minimum: f 1 p2 2 0
c. Concave up on 1 4 , 4 2 and concave down on
p 3p
10, p4 2 and 1 3p
b. 1.8239
4 , p2
d. 1 p4 , 12 2 and 1 3p
4 , 22
1
ANSWERS TO APPENDIX ODD -NUMBERED EXERCISES 853
23. 3
2 sin 23 x C 24. 1
2 x 18 sin 4x C 25. 12 csc x 2 C 3
15. 1 x1
y y x3 1
26. x sin x cos x C 27. 1
3 sin 3 x C 28. cos e x C
29. csc x C 30. 1

2 ln 2 31. 1 32. 2
33. 2 12 y œ
3
x 1
34. Fox population Q at the rate of 6.5 foxes/mo and the rabbit popula-
tion R at the rate of 113.4 rabbits/mo x
1
35. December 1; September 1 36. 78.5%
1. y
17. 29 x 2 1x 0 2
2
y
1
x 3

1 2
2 y œ 9 x2
3
4 x
3
p2 12
3. (3 cos 3x 2 sin 3x)e2x 4. 5.
8 12
APPENDIX A 19. a. 12 12 11 8h; f 1 represents the time at which the balloon is
Exercises, page 800 at height h.
b. Between 15 and 20 sec
7. Yes 9. No 11. No
13. 13 1x 2 2
y y 3x 2 APPENDIX B
2 Exercises, page 804
y 1–3 (x 2)
1 1 1
1 1. 2 3. 12 5. 1 7. 1 9. 2 11. 2 13. 3
x 15. 17. 0 19. 0 21. 9

4 23. 25. 12
2 1 1 2
1
1 27. 2 29. 0 31. e 33. False 35. False
2
This page intentionally left blank
INDEX
Abscissa, 25 Composite function, 70, 182, 413 inelastic, 202

Absolute extrema, 298, 554 Compound interest, 346–350. See also unitary, 202
Absolute maximum value, 298, 554 Interest Dependent variable, 51, 535
Absolute minimum value, 298, 554 Concavity, 264–266 Depreciation, 33, 61, 88
Absolute value, 21 intervals, 265 Derivative
Angle, 760 test for, 265 definition of, 137
coterminal, 762 Constant of integration, 400 first partial, 542
degree measure, 761 Constrained extrema, 576 higher-order, 208–210
initial ray, 760 Constrained optimization, 575–583 of an implicit function, 216
radian measure, 761 Consumers’ surplus, 464 instantaneous rate of change, 137
standard position, 760 Continuity, 119–122 notation, 137, 158
terminal ray, 760 on an interval, 120 partial, 541–546
Annuity, 470 at a number, 119 as a rate of change, 136–137, 141–142
Antiderivative, 398 of polynomial and rational functions, 121 second, 208
Antidifferentiation, 400 Continuous compound interest, 352 second-order partial, 548
Area Continuous function Derivative rules, 158–162, 171–174
between curves, 453–458 definition of, 119 chain, 183
problem, 422 properties of, 121 constant, 158
under a curve, 421–425, 431–432, Continuous random variable, 661, 668 constant multiple of a function, 160
444–445 Contour map, 535 for exponential functions, 361, 363
Asymptotes, 106, 284–288 Convergence general power rule, 184
horizontal, 106, 286 geometric series, 713 for logarithmic functions, 372–373
vertical, 285 of an improper integral, 513 power rule, 159
Average, 658 interval of, 731 product rule, 171
Average cost function, 110, 196 power series, 731 quotient rule, 172
Average rate of change, 136 radius of, 732 sum rule, 160
Average value of a sequence, 704 Deviations, 665
of an exponential density function, 662 of a series, 710, 731–733 Difference quotient, 136
of a function of one variable, 445–446 Convergent integral, 513 Differentiable function, 143
of a function of two variables, 601–603 Coordinate, 3, 25 Differential equations, 404, 612-616
Axes, 25 Cosine, 765 approximate solutions of, 635–639
derivative of, 775 first-order, 619
Base, 5, 330 graph of, 768 general solution, 614
Boyle’s law, 61 integral of, 786 initial value problem, 621
Cost function, 68, 194–197 order, 619
Capital value of a perpetuity, 716 Cotangent, 765, 777 particular solution, 615
Carbon-14 dating, 384 Critical number, 251 separable, 619
Cartesian coordinate system, 25, 534 Critical point, 606 solution of, 614–615
abscissa, 25 Curve sketching, 283–290 Differentials, 227–232, 585–589
axes, 25 Discontinuous function, 120
ordered pair, 25 Decay constant, 381 Discrete probability function, 646
ordinate, 25 Decreasing function, 244–245 Distance formula, 26
quadrants, 26 Definite integral, 425 Divergence
three-dimensional, 534 as area, 421–425 of a geometric series, 713
Chain rule, 182-188 geometric interpretation, 426–427 of an improper integral, 513
for exponential functions, 363 as a limit of a sum, 425 of a power series, 731
for logarithmic functions, 373 limits of integration, 425 of a sequence, 704
for powers of functions, 184–186 properties of, 442 Divergent integral, 513
Change of variable, 443–444 Degree, 761 Domain
Closed interval, 4 Degree of a polynomial, 11 of a function of one variable, 50
Cobb-Douglas production function, Demand of a function of two variables, 532
545–546 curve, 81 Double integral, 592-597
Common logarithm, 338 elastic, 202
Comparison test, 726 equation, 81 e, 332
Complementary commodities, 546 function, 81 Effective rate of interest, 349
856 INDEX
Elastic demand, 202 profit, 69, 199 Integral

Elasticity of demand, 200–203 quadratic, 77 change of variable, 412, 443–444
Equation of a circle, 27 range, 50 of a constant, 400
Equilibrium rational, 80 of a constant multiple of a function,
price, 82 Functions of several variables, 531–537 401
quantity, 82 absolute maximum, 554 definite, 425
Error analysis, 506–507 absolute maximum value, 554 double, 589–595, 592–597
Error bound for polynomial approximation, absolute minimum, 554 of the exponential function, 402
696 absolute minimum value, 554 improper, 511–516
Euler’s method, 637 constrained relative extrema, 576 indefinite, 400
Event, 646 critical points, 556 notation, 400
Expected value, 658–662 dependent variable, 532 power rule for, 401
Experiment, 646 domain, 532 properties of, 442
Exponent, 5–6 independent variable, 532 sum rule for, 402
Exponential decay, 381 maxima and minima, 554 tables, 491–492
Exponential density function, 651, 662 partial derivative of, 541–542 Integrand, 400
Exponential function, 330 saddle point, 555 Integration. See also Integral
applications of, 380–385 second derivative test, 557 constant of, 400
base e, 332 Fundamental theorem of calculus, 430–431, limits of, 425, 443–444
derivative of, 361, 363 436–437 by parts, 484–488
graph of, 332 Future value, 351, 468 rules, 400–403
indefinite integral of, 402 by substitution, 411–415
properties of, 332 Geometric series, 712-713 Intercepts, 40
Exponential growth, 380–381 Gompertz growth curve, 390, 618, 633, 634 Interest
Graph compound, 346–347
Factoring polynomials, 9–11 of an equation, 56 continuous compound, 352
Finite interval, 4 of a function, 53, 534 conversion period, 347
First derivative test, 252 Growth constant, 380 rate
First partial derivative, 542 effective, 349
Fixed costs, 68 Half-life, 382 nominal, 346
Function, 53 Half-open interval, 4 true, 348
algebraic operations on, 68 Harmonic series, 724 simple, 346
average value of, 445–446, 601–603 Higher-order derivative, 208–211 Intermediate value theorem, 123
composite, 70 Histogram, 646 Interval,
continuous, 119 Horizontal asymptote, 106, 286 closed, 4
cost, 68 Horizontal line test, 799 finite, 4
decreasing, 244 half-open, 4
demand, 81 Implicit differentiation, 216–219 infinite, 4
dependent variable, 51, 532 Improper integral, 511–516 open, 4
differentiable, 143 convergent, 513 Interval of convergence, 731
discontinuous, 120 divergent, 513 Inventory control, 317–318
discrete probability, 646 Income stream, 467–470 Inverse functions, 342, 796–800
domain, 50, 532 Increasing function, 244–245 graphs, 798
explicit representation, 215 Increment, 227–228, 586 guidelines for finding, 799
exponential, 330 Indefinite integral, 400 horizontal line test, 799
graph of, 53 of a constant, 400 one-to-one function, 799
implicit representation, 216 of a constant multiple of a function, 401 Isotherms, 537
increasing, 244 of the exponential function, 402 Iterated integral, 593
independent variable, 51, 532 power rule, 401
inverse, 342 sum rule, 402 Joint probability density function,
linear, 76 Independent variable, 51, 536 651–653
logarithmic, 341 Indeterminate form, 103, 801–804
marginal average cost, 196 Inelastic demand, 202 Lagrange multipliers, 577
marginal cost, 195 Inequalities, 20–21 Laws of exponents, 6, 331
marginal profit, 199 Infinite interval, 4 Laws of logarithms, 339
marginal revenue, 198 Infinite sequence, 701–706 Learning curves, 383–384
piecewise defined, 54 Infinite series, 709–717 Least common denominator, 17
polynomial, 76 Inflection point, 267 Least-squares principle, 564
power, 80 Initial value problem, 404, 621 Level curves, 535–536
probability density, 648, 651 Instantaneous rate of change, 137 l’Hôpital’s rule, 802
INDEX 857
Limits, 97–110, 118–119 nth root, 5 Quadrant, 26

of a function, 100 Natural logarithm, 338 Quadratic formula, 12
at infinity, 107 Net change, 433 Quadratic function, 77
of integration, 412, 425, 443–444 Newton’s method, 747–750 Quotient rule, 172
left-hand, 118 Nominal interest rate, 346
properties of, 102 Normal curve, 673 Radian, 761
right-hand, 118 Normal distribution, 673 Radicals, 5
of a sequence, 704 Normal equations, 566 Radioactive decay, 382-383
Line of complete equality, 472 Normal probability density function, 673 Radius of convergence, 732
Linear equation Number line, 3 Random variable, 646
general form, 40 Numerical integration, 497–507 continuous, 647, 661, 668
intercept form, 43 error analysis, 506–507 expected value, 658–666
intercepts, 37 Simpson’s rule, 501–505 finite discrete, 646
parallel lines, 35 Trapezoidal rule, 498–501 standard deviation of, 666
perpendicular lines, 37 Range, 50
point-slope form, 36, 40 One-sided limits, 118 Rate of change, 136–137
slope-intercept form, 38, 40 Open interval, 4 average, 136
vertical lines, 36, 40 Optimization, 298–305, 312-318 derivative as, 142
Linear regression, 564 Ordered pair, 25, 53 instantaneous, 137
Logarithmic differentiation, 374–376 Ordered triple, 534 Rational expression, 15
Logarithmic functions, 340–342 Ordinate, 25 Rational function, 80
derivative of, 372–373 Origin, 3 Rationalization, 7, 19
graph of, 341 Outcome, 646 Real number line, 3
properties of, 341 Regression line, 564
Logarithms, 338–343 p-series, 724 Related rates, 219–223
common, 338 Parabola, 54, 77 Relative maximum, 249, 554
laws of, 339 Parallel lines, 35 test for, 252, 557
natural, 338 Partial derivative Relative minimum, 249, 554
Logistic curve, 385–386 first-order, 542 test for, 252, 557
Logistic growth function, 385–386 second-order, 548 Remainder theorem, 696
Lorentz curves, 472-473 Partial sums, 710 Restricted growth model, 612, 626–628
Lower limit of integration, 425 Perpendicular lines, 37 Revenue function, 69, 198
Perpetuity, 716 Riemann sum, 425, 592
Maclaurin series, 731 Point-slope form, 36 Roots of an equation, 12, 747
Marginal Poiseuille’s law, 61, 410, 538, 783
analysis, 194–200 Polynomial, 8 Saddle point, 555
average cost function, 196 factoring, 9 Sample space, 646
cost function, 194 function, 76 Scatter diagram, 564
productivity, 545 Power function, 80 Scatter plot, 78, 564
productivity of money, 582 Power rule Secant, 765, 777, 789
profit function, 199 for differentiation, 159 Secant line, 135
revenue function, 198 for integration, 401 Second derivative test, 272, 557
Market equilibrium, 81 Power series, 730–732 Second-order partial derivative, 547–549
Mathematical model, 75–79 Predator-prey population model, 769 Separation of variables, 619
Maxima and minima Present value, 351 Sequence, 701–705
absolute, 298, 554 Principle of least squares, 564 convergent, 701–705
constrained, 576 Probability, 646–653 divergent, 704
relative, 249, 554 density function, 648, 651 general terms, 701
Method of bisection, 125 of an event, 646 graphs of, 702-703
Method of integration by substitution, experiment, 646 infinite, 701
412-415, 442-443 normal distribution, 673 limit, 704
Method of Lagrange multipliers, 577 outcome, 646 limit properties, 705
Method of least squares, 564–566 random variable, 646 Series, 709–715
normal equations, 566 sample space, 646 comparison test, 726
principle, 564 Producers’ surplus, 466 convergent, 710
scatter diagram, 566 Product rule, 171 divergent, 710
Minima. See Maxima and minima Production function, 545 geometric, 712
Mixture problems, 613 Profit function, 69, 199 infinite, 709–715
Multiplier effect, 716 Properties of inequalities, 20 integral test, 722
858 INDEX
Series (continued) Supply integrals of, 786

interval of convergence, 731 curve, 81 periods of, 767
Maclaurin, 731 equation, 81 Trigonometric identities, 770
partial sums, 710 function, 81
power, 730–732 Unit circle, 761
properties of, 715 Table of integrals, 491–492 Unitary demand, 202
sum, 715 Tangent, 765 Unrestricted growth models, 612, 625–626
Taylor, 731–737 derivative of, 776 Upper limit of integration, 425
test for divergence, 721 graph of, 768
Simplifying an algebraic expression, 8 line, 97, 135 Variable costs, 68
Simpson’s rule, 501–505 Taylor polynomial, 690–698 Variance, 665
Sine, 765 approximation, 692-694 Velocity
derivative of, 774 error bound, 696–698 average, 98, 136
graph of, 768 Taylor series, 730–735 instantaneous, 98, 137
integral of, 786 Telescoping series, 711 Vertical asymptote, 285
Slope, 33–35 Three-dimensional coordinate system, 534 Vertical-line test, 56
of a tangent line, 135 Total differential, 606 Volume of a solid, 599–600
Slope-intercept form, 33 Trace, 535 Volume of a solid of revolution, 520–525
Standard deviation, 685 Trapezoidal rule, 500–501 Volume of a solid under a surface, 599
Standard normal curve, 675 Trend line, 564
Standard normal random variable, 675 Triangle inequality, 22 Weber-Fechner law, 630
Standard viewing window, 63 Trigonometric functions, 765–770
Stimulus response, 613 derivatives of, 773–777 Zero of a function, 123
Substitute commodities, 546 graphs of, 768
How-To Technology Index
Page
1. Graph a function 63
2. Evaluate a function 64
3. Find the point(s) of intersection of two graphs 92
4. Construct mathematical models 93
5. Find the limit of a function 115
6. Find the point(s) of discontinuity of a function 131
7. Graph a piecewise-defined function 131
8. Graph a function and its tangent line 150
9. Find the derivative of a function at a given point 150
10. Find the rate of change of a function at a given value 169
11. Find the derivative of a composite function 193
12. Find the second derivative of a function at a given point 214
13. Find the differential of a function 236
14. Use the first derivative to analyze a function 261
15. Find the inflection point(s) of a function 282
16. Find the x-intercept(s) on the graph of a function 296
17. Find the absolute extrema of a function 311
18. Find the accumulated amount of an investment 359
19. Find the effective rate of interest 359
20. Find the present value of an investment 360
21. Analyze mathematical models 390
22. Evaluate a definite integral 440
23. Evaluate a definite integral for a piecewise-defined function 451
24. Find the area between two curves 463
25. Find the partial derivative of a function at a given point 553
26. Find an equation of a least-squares line 573
27. Graph a histogram 656
28. Find the mean and standard deviation 672
29. Analyze trigonometric functions 784
30. Evaluate integrals of trigonometric functions 791
Basic Rules of Differentiation
1c 2 ⫽ 0, 1u 2 ⫽ nu n⫺1
d d n du
1. c a constant 2.
dx dx dx
1u ⫾ √2 ⫽ 1cu 2 ⫽ c , c a constant
d du d√ d du
3. ⫾ 4.
dx dx dx dx dx
du d√
√ ⫺u
1u√2 ⫽ u ⫹ √ a b ⫽
d d√ du d u dx dx
5. 6.
dx dx dx dx √ √2
1e 2 ⫽ e u 1ln u 2 ⫽ #
d u du d 1 du
7. 8.
dx dx dx u dx
1sin u 2 ⫽ cos u 1cos u 2 ⫽ ⫺sin u

d du d du
9. 10.
dx dx dx dx
1tan u 2 ⫽ sec2 u 1sec u 2 ⫽ sec u tan u

d du d du
11. 12.
dx dx dx dx
1csc u 2 ⫽ ⫺csc u cot u 1cot u 2 ⫽ ⫺csc2 u

d du d du
13. 14.
dx dx dx dx
Basic Rules of Integration
1. 冮 du ⫽ u ⫹ C 2. 冮 kf 1u 2 du ⫽ k 冮 f 1u 2 du, k a constant
冮 3 f 1u 2 ⫾ t1u 2 4 du ⫽ 冮 f 1u 2 du ⫾ 冮 t1u 2 du
u n⫹1
3. 4. 冮 u n du ⫽ n ⫹ 1 ⫹ C, n ⫽ ⫺1
⫽ ln 0 u 0 ⫹ C
du
5. 冮 e u du ⫽ e u ⫹ C 6. 冮 u
7. 冮 sin u du ⫽ ⫺cos u ⫹ C 8. 冮 cos u du ⫽ sin u ⫹ C
9. 冮 sec2 u du ⫽ tan u ⫹ C 10. 冮 csc2 u du ⫽ ⫺cot u ⫹ C
11. 冮 sec u tan u du ⫽ sec u ⫹ C 12. 冮 csc u cot u du ⫽ ⫺csc u ⫹ C
13. 冮 tan u du ⫽ ⫺ln ƒ cos u ƒ ⫹C 14. 冮 cot u du ⫽ ln ƒ sin u ƒ ⫹C
15. 冮 sec u du ⫽ ln ƒ sec u ⫹ tan u ƒ ⫹C 16. 冮 csc u du ⫽ ln ƒ csc u ⫺ cot u ƒ ⫹C
17. 冮 u d√ ⫽ u√ ⫺ 冮 √ du
List of Applications
Custodial accounts, 475 Hotel rates, 62
BUSINESS Demand for agricultural commodities, 235
Demand for butter, 547, 670
Households with microwaves, 392
Housing prices, 357
AND ECONOMICS Demand for Bluetooth wireless headsets, 82 Housing starts, 74, 191, 220
Demand for CD players, 609 Illegal ivory trade, 88
401(k) investors, 312 Demand for computer software, 530 Income distribution of a country, 473, 482, 497
Accumulated value of an income stream, 497 Demand for computers, 388 Income streams, 468, 497, 517, 519
Accumulation years of baby boomers, 193 Demand for digital camcorder tapes, 481 Incomes of American families, 371
Advertising, 86, 147, 230, 234, 279, 325, 541, 567 Demand for DVD players, 395 Indian gaming industry, 93
Ailing financial institutions, 128, 144 Demand for electricity, 312, 574 Inflation, 210
Air travel, 391 Demand for perfume, 368, 500 Information security software sales, 570
Aircraft structural integrity, 256 Demand for personal computers, 191, 575 Installment contract sales, 482
Airplane arrival times, 663 Demand for RNs, 277 Instant messaging accounts, 86, 166
Alternative energy sources, 462 Demand for wine, 368 Internal rate of return, 751, 754
Alternative minimum tax, 279, 335 Demand for wristwatches, 179, 192, 308, 746, 754 Internet advertising, 439
Amusement park attendance, 193, 496 Depletion of Social Security funds, 79, 96 Internet gaming sales, 390
Annual retail sales, 152 Depreciation, 88, 365, 378, 449 Internet users in China, 337
Annuities, 358, 392, 475 Designing a cruise ship pool, 581 Inventory control and planning, 128, 317, 322, 326
Approximating changes in revenue, 588 Determining the optimal site, 562 Investment analysis, 358, 469
Assembly time of workers, 276, 384, 435 Digital camera sales, 166 Investment groups, 754
Authentication technology, 572 Digital TV sales, 95, 278 Investment options, 357
Auto financing, 446 Digital TV services, 44 Investment returns, 235, 356, 357, 395
Auto replacement parts market, 88 Digital versus film cameras, 87 IRAs, 470, 575
Average age of cars in U.S., 298 Disability benefits, 212 Keogh accounts, 235, 482
Average daily TV-viewing time, 609 Disposable annual incomes, 85 Land prices, 551, 562, 605
Average single-family property tax, 86 Driving costs, 80, 114, 151 Life span of car batteries, 656
Banking, 55, 144, 366, 575 Driving range of an automobile, 24 Life span of light bulbs, 650, 661
Black Monday, 284 Drug spending, 280 Loan amortization, 371, 534
Blackberry subscribers, 86 DVD sales, 174, 480, 572 Loan consolidation, 357
Book design, 91, 320 Effect of advertising on bank deposits, 276 Loans at Japanese banks, 367
Box office receipts, 113, 179, 294 Effect of advertising on hotel revenue, 279 Locating a TV relay station, 560
Broadband Internet households, 60 Effect of advertising on profit, 147, 234 Lorentz curves, 472, 475, 497
Budget deficit and surplus, 67, 249 Effect of advertising on revenue, 73, 461 Magazine circulation, 405
Business cycles, 779, 782, 790 Effect of advertising on sales, 86, 167, 230, 270, 325, 388, Mail-order phone sales, 655
Business spending on technology, 279 462 Management decisions, 279, 469
Cable TV subscription, 240, 409, 419, 449, 656 Effect of housing starts on jobs, 191 Manufacturing capacity, 263, 305
Calling cards, 571 Effect of inflation on salaries, 358 Marginal average cost function, 196, 197, 204, 205, 241
Canadian oil-sands production, 439 Effect of inventory and floor space on profit, 590 Marginal cost function, 195, 204, 241, 438, 480, 481
Capital value, 519, 716, 719 Effect of luxury tax on consumption, 191 Marginal productivity of labor and capital, 546, 549, 550
Cargo volume, 263 Effect of mortgage rates on housing starts, 74, 234 Marginal profit, 199, 204, 205, 438
Cash reserves at Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 280 Effect of price increase on quantity demanded, 234, 237 Marginal propensity to consume, 206
CDs, 489, 510 Effect of production on profit, 590 Marginal propensity to save, 206
Cell phone revenue, 325 Effect of speed on operating cost of a truck, 230 Marginal revenue, 199, 205, 206, 368, 438, 480
Cell phone subscription, 240 Effect of a tax cut on spending, 716, 718, 719, 758 Market equilibrium, 82, 90, 94, 155, 466
Charter-flight revenue, 84, 92 Effect of TV advertising on car sales, 462 Market for drugs, 76, 572, 575
Chip sales, 87 Efficiency studies, 167, 279, 439 Market share, 146, 406
City planning, 117, 179 Elasticity of demand, 201, 203, 206, 207, 224 Markup on a car, 24
Coal production, 448, 489 Energy conservation, 453, 457 Mass transit subsidies, 570
Cobb-Douglas production function, 550, 582, 588, 609 Energy consumption and productivity, 128, 357 Maximizing crop yield, 320
COLAs, 60 Energy efficiency of appliances, 367 Maximizing oil production, 369
Commissions, 128 Establishing a trust fund, 519, 758 Maximizing profit, 301, 307, 325, 326, 563, 566, 572, 583,
Commodity prices, 128, 156, 369, 389, 395, 450, 489 Expressway tollbooths, 655 588
Common stock transactions, 21, 357 Factory worker wages, 682, 683, 746 Maximizing revenue, 308, 368, 395, 609
Commuter airlines, 488 Federal budget deficit, 67, 249 Maximizing sales, 588
Compact disc sales, 489 Federal debt, 388, 392 Median house price, 447
Comparison of bank rates, 358 Female self-employed workforce, 307 Metal fabrication, 319
Complementary commodities, 547, 551 Financing a college education, 358 Minimizing construction costs, 319, 326, 584
Computer game sales, 391, 530 Financing a home, 235, 236 Minimizing container costs, 316, 319, 320, 584
Computer resale value, 480 Forecasting commodity prices, 235 Minimizing costs of laying cable, 321
Computer sales projections, 417 Forecasting profits, 234, 279 Minimizing cruise ship costs, 321
Computer security incidents, 283 Forecasting sales, 155 Minimizing heating and cooling costs, 563
Conservation of oil, 457 Franchises, 475, 482, 489, 497 Minimizing packaging costs, 319, 320
Construction jobs, 74, 181, 191 Fuel capacity of a space shuttle, 524 Minimizing production costs, 308, 588
Consumer decisions, 31 Fuel consumption of domestic cars, 509, 655, 708 Minimizing shipping costs, 31
Consumer demand, 166, 179, 191, 241, 388 Fuel economy of cars, 170, 244 Minimizing travel time, 322
Consumer price index, 167, 271, 395 Gas station sales, 57, 670 Mobile enterprise IM accounts, 96
Consumers’ surplus, 466, 473, 474, 477, 482, 496, 530, 746 Gasoline prices, 289 Mortgage payments, 237
Consumption function, 60 Gender gap, 60 Mortgage rates, 495
Consumption of bottled water, 94 Gift cards, 86 MP3 player reliability, 746
Consumption of electricity, 357, 436 Google’s revenue, 280 Multimedia sales, 283
Consumption of petroleum, 507 Gross domestic product, 147, 164, 212, 234, 240, 241, 274, Multiplier effect, 716
Corn used in U.S. ethanol production, 576 294, 308 Navigation systems, 48
Cost of laying cable, 28, 31 Growth of HMOs, 171, 489 Net investment flow, 448
Cost of producing DVDs, 241, 293 Growth of managed services, 258 Net sales, 570
Cost of producing guitars, 408 Growth of service industries, 510, 695, 699 New construction jobs, 181
Cost of producing loudspeakers, 320, 563 Growth of Web sites, 335 Newsmagazine shows, 419
Cost of producing solar cell panels, 415 Health club membership, 155, 186 Nielsen television polls, 132, 145
Cost of producing surfboards, 147 Health-care costs, 168, 186, 408, 409 Office rents, 309
Cost of removing toxic waste, 178, 293, 294 Hedge funds, 62, 171 Office vacancy rate, 96, 449
Cost of wireless phone calls, 240 Hiring lobbyists, 66, 96, 280 Oil production, 449, 461, 481, 487
Creation of new jobs, 191 HMO membership, 171 Oil production shortfall, 461
Credit card debt, 88, 408 Home mortgages, 371, 495, 534, 539, 754 Oil spills, 224, 225, 505, 534
Crop yield, 145, 371 Home-shopping industry, 133 Online ad sales, 409
Cruise ship bookings, 192 Hotel occupancy rate, 74, 156, 191, 794 Online banking, 366, 391, 571
(continued)
List of Applications (continued)
Online buyers, 166, 378 Social Security beneficiaries, 134 Female life expectancy, 188, 419, 609
Online hotel reservations, 325 Social Security contributions, 44 Fighting crime, 73
Online retail sales, 357, 481 Social Security wage base, 572 Foreign-born medical residents, 308
Online sales of used autos, 572 Solvency of the Social Security system, 79, 96 Gender gap, 60
Online spending, 575 Spending on Medicare, 71, 167 Global epidemic, 441
Online travel, 575 Starbucks’ annual sales, 575 Global supply of plutonium, 73
Online video viewers, 87 Starbucks’ store count, 570 Growth of HMOs, 171
Operating rates of factories, mines, and utilities, 305 State cigarette taxes, 278 Health-care spending, 71, 95, 168
Operations management consulting spending, 576 Stock prices, 781, 788, 790 Immigration, 87, 386
Optimal charter flight fare, 320 Substitute commodities, 551, 555, 605 Income distributions, 472
Optimal market price, 365 Surveillance cameras, 66, 280 Increase in juvenile offenders, 371
Optimal selling price, 368 Tax deferred annuities, 357 Intervals between phone calls, 655
Optimal speed of a truck, 321 Tax planning, 357 Lay teachers at Roman Catholic school, 388
Optimal subway fare, 315 Telecommunication industry revenue, 95 Learning curves, 122, 128, 179, 234, 387, 420, 618, 633,
Optimizing travel time, 31 Television pilots, 657 642
Outpatient service companies, 410 Testing new products, 213 Logistic curves, 385, 390
Outsourcing of jobs, 87, 190, 279 Time on the market, 283 Male life expectancy, 241, 572
Packaging, 52, 91, 156, 314, 316, 319, 326, 562, 563, 666, TIVO owners, 95 Marijuana arrests, 441
680 Training personnel, 633 Married households with children, 166
PC shipments, 325, 605 Truck leasing, 61 Married households, 335
Pensions, 357, 358 Trust funds, 519, 758 Mass transit, 315, 570
Perpetual net income stream, 519 TV mobile phones, 419 Medical school applicants, 259
Perpetuities, 519, 530, 716 TV set-top boxes, 439 Membership in credit unions, 481
Personal consumption expenditure, 206 TV-viewing patterns, 145, 190 Motorcycle deaths, 73
Present value of a franchise, 482 Use of diesel engines, 312 Narrowing gender gap, 44
Present value of an income stream, 469, 517 Value of an investment, 39, 72 Nuclear plant utilization, 44
Price earnings ratio, 591 U.S. daily oil consumption, 509 Oil spills, 156, 191, 224, 419, 505, 530
Price of replacement automobile parts, 88 U.S. drug sales, 571 Over-100 population, 367
Prime interest rate, 128 U.S. health-care information technology spending, 62 Overcrowding of prisons, 73, 260
Producers’ surplus, 473, 474, 476, 482, 496, 510, 529 U.S. nutritional supplements market, 155 Ozone pollution, 408
Product design, 320 U.S. online banking households, 571 Percentage of females in the labor force, 371
Product reliability, 655, 656, 683, 746 U.S. outdoor advertising, 576 Percentage of population relocating, 366
Production costs, 72, 204, 308, 434 U.S. sales of organic milk, 410 Politics, 61
Production of steam coal, 489 U.S. strategic petroleum reserves, 510 Population density, 600, 602, 603, 605, 632
Productivity fueled by oil, 395 Venture-capital investment, 309 Population distribution, 368
Productivity of a country, 554 Wages, 143 Population growth in Clark County, 96, 280, 433
Profit from sale of pagers, 73 Waiting times, 655, 657, 658 Population growth in the 21st century, 389, 391
Profit of a vineyard, 91, 320 Web conferencing, 94 Population growth, 114, 155, 167, 179, 181, 240, 409, 419,
Projected demand for electricity, 436 Web hosting, 259 441, 462, 482
Projected Provident funds, 259 Wilson lot size formula, 540 Population of Americans 55 and older, 182
Projected U.S. gasoline usage, 449 Worker efficiency, 61, 86, 167, 279, 294, 326 Prison population, 73, 260
Projection TV sales, 480 World production of coal, 448 Quality of environment, 258, 326
Property taxes, 86 Worldwide consulting spending, 575 Recycling programs, 497
Purchasing power, 357 Worldwide production of vehicles, 193 Rising median age, 62
Quality control, 24, 408, 706 Yahoo in Europe, 378 Safe drivers, 66
Racetrack design, 322 Yield of an apple orchard, 91 SAT scores, 570
Rate of bank failures, 215 Scholarship funds, 716
Rate of change of DVD sales, 174 Senior citizens, 440
Rate of change of housing starts, 220 Senior workforce, 307, 326
Rate of net investment, 617 Single female-headed households with children, 439
Rate of return on investment, 357, 489
Real estate, 353, 357, 358, 429, 508
SOCIAL SCIENCES Socially responsible funds, 190
Solar power, 86
Real estate investment groups, 754 Age of drivers in crash fatalities, 259 Spending on fiber-optic links, 259
Reliability of computer chips, 388 Aging drivers, 86 Spending on Medicare, 167
Reliability of microprocessors, 530, 655, 708 Aging population, 168, 190, 213, 613 Spread of a rumor, 277, 633, 643
Reliability of robots, 655 Air pollution, 25, 190, 259, 263, 280, 297, 308, 480, 510 Student enrollment, 419
Resale value, 387, 642 Air purification, 213, 439, 461 Thurstone learning models, 155, 191
Restaurant revenue, 72, 779, 782, 790 Airport traffic, 527 Time intervals between phone calls, 530
Retirement planning, 358, 359, 482 Alcohol-related traffic accidents, 489 Tracking with GPS, 334
Revenue growth of a home theater business, 357 Alternative energy sources, 462 Traffic flow analysis, 294
Revenue of a charter yacht, 320 Arson for profit, 539 Traffic studies, 66, 191, 307
Revenue of a travel agency, 148, 590 Automobile pollution, 70 TV-viewing patterns, 132, 145, 419, 605
Revenue of Moody’s Corporation, 575 Bursts of knowledge, 122 U.S. Census, 481
Revenue of Polo Ralph Lauren, 86 Civil service exams, 683 U.S. nursing shortage, 260
Reverse annuity mortgage, 475 Closing the gender gap in education, 60 U.S. population growth, 264
Rising water rates, 86 College admissions, 44, 570 U.S. senior citizens, 440
Sales growth and decay, 44 Commuter trends, 480 University admission’s eligibility, 680
Sales of a best selling-novel, 240 Continuing education enrollment, 190 Vacation trends, 699
Sales of a sporting good store, 39 Cost of removing toxic waste, 24, 113, 178 Voter registration, 496
Sales of camera phones, 325 Crime, 212, 235, 254, 308 Waiting times, 655, 658
Sales of digital cameras, 166, 240 Cube rule, 61 Waste disposal, 450
Sales of digital signal processors, 240 Curbing population growth, 167 Waste generation, 575
Sales of digital TVs, 155 Demographics, 389 Working mothers, 190, 213
Sales of drugs, 571 Dependency ratio, 281 Working-age population, 89
Sales of DVD players versus VCRs, 89 Disability benefits, 212 World population growth, 264, 309, 367, 371, 387
Sales of functional food products, 259 Disability rates, 335
Sales of GPS equipment, 44, 575 Dissemination of information, 389
Sales of mobile processors, 279 Distribution of families by size, 657
Sales of prerecorded music, 60 Distribution of incomes, 15, 361, 472, 473
Sales of video games, 497
Sales promotions, 367
Driving age requirement, 673 LIFE SCIENCES
Effect of budget cuts on crime rate, 278
Sales tax, 60 Effect of immigration on population growth, 633 Absorption of drugs, 335, 337, 345, 369, 378, 389, 392, 395,
Satellite radio subscriptions, 408 Effect of smoking bans, 278 452
Satellite TV subscribers, 41 Elderly workforce, 89, 325 Administration of an IV solution, 128
Selling price of DVD recorders, 87, 190 Endowments, 517, 716, 719 Adult obesity, 240
Shopping habits, 670 Energy conservation, 457 AIDS in Massachusetts, 452
Sickouts, 312 Energy needs, 436 Allometric growth, 618, 624
Sinking funds, 471, 633 Family versus annual income, 361 Amount of rainfall, 117, 411
Anticipated rise in Alzheimer’s patients, 61, 65, 214, 258 Importance of time in treating heart attacks, 180
Arterial blood flow, 591 Index of environmental quality, 326
Arteriosclerosis, 188, 191 Infant mortality rates in Massachusetts, 87
Autistic brain, 368 Length of a hospital stay, 686 GENERAL INTEREST
Average life span, 344, 378, 497 Lengths of fish, 345, 388, 389
Average waiting times for patients, 529 Life span of a plant, 655, 670 Acceleration of a car, 212, 410
Average weights and heights of infants, 145, 420 Maximum air flow during respiration, 780, 782 Area of a Norman window, 91
Birthrate of endangered species, 72 Measles deaths, 280 Atmospheric pressure, 387
Blood alcohol level, 367, 369 Measuring cardiac output, 510 Average highway speed of a vehicle, 24, 167, 258, 307
Blood flow in an artery, 410, 440 Medical records, 682 Blowing soap bubbles, 225
Blood pressure, 344 Nicotine content of cigarettes, 96 Boston Marathon, 256
Body mass, 542 Nuclear fallout, 387 Carrier landing, 410
Brain growth and IQs, 309 Obese children in the U.S., 88 Coast guard patrol search mission, 225
Cancer survivors, 61 Obesity in America, 168, 212 Crossing the finish line, 410
Carbon monoxide in the air, 72, 170, 190, 418, 700 Outpatient visits, 575 Designing a grain silo, 321
Carbon-14 dating, 382, 383, 387 Over-100 population, 367 Designing a Norman window, 320
Cardiac output, 498, 504 Oxygen content of a pond, 116, 129, 175, 294, 308 Driving costs, 80
Child obesity, 166 Ozone pollution, 409 Effect of an earthquake on a structure, 785
Chemical reactions, 632, 634 People living together with HIV, 388 Effect of stopping on average speed, 166
Clark’s rule, 155 Photosynthesis, 114 Expected snowfall, 655, 670
Concentration of a drug in an organ, 420 Poiseuille’s law, 61, 542 Fick’s law, 618, 623
Concentration of a drug in the bloodstream, 24, 113, 178, Polio immunization, 367 Flight of a rocket, 168, 258, 279, 304, 307, 409, 749
259, 293, 294, 369, 447, 450, 489 Predator-prey model, 379, 769, 772, 777, 781, 794 Flight path of a plane, 133, 297
Concentration of glucose in the bloodstream, 389, 420 Pulse rates, 191, 461 Force generated by a centrifuge, 540
Conservation of species, 162, 167, 211 Radioactive decay, 382, 387, 389, 395, 617 Frequency of road repair, 530
Contraction of the trachea during a cough, 302 Rate of growth of a tumor, 392 International America’s cup class, 544
Cricket chirping and temperature, 88 Reaction of a frog to a drug, 87 Keeping with the traffic flow, 66
Crop yield, 145, 320, 371, 452 Reaction to a drug, 309 Lambert’s law of absorption, 617, 632
Death due to strokes, 368 Residual drug in the bloodstream, 717, 719 Launching a fighter aircraft, 411
Diffusion, 490 Risk of Down syndrome, 408 Lotteries, 475
Doomsday situation, 113 Senior citizen’s health care, 89 Magnitude of earthquakes, 344, 378
Drug dosages, 84, 85, 178 Serum cholesterol levels, 681, 744 Motion of a maglev, 97, 122, 133, 209, 398, 404
Effect of bactericide, 146, 178 Spread of contagious disease, 326 Newton’s law of cooling, 344, 391, 448, 632, 642
Effect of enzymes on chemical reactions, 294 Spread of HIV, 171 Number of daylight hours, 792
Energy expended by a fish, 129, 309 Strain of vertebrae, 377 Optimizing travel time, 31
Environment of forests, 258 Surface area of a honeycomb, 782 Period of a communications satellite, 236
Epidemic models, 368, 388, 395, 495, 628, 708, 719 Surface area of a horse, 234 Postal regulations, 62, 320, 563, 584
Eradication of polio, 367 Surface area of a single-celled organism, 60 Reaction time of a motorist, 530
Extinction situation, 371 Surface area of the human body, 410, 539, 552, 591 Rings of Neptune, 230, 237
Female life expectancy, 419 Surgeries in physicians’ offices, 283 Spam messages, 73
Fisheries, 167 Testosterone use, 155 Speedboat racing, 439
Flights of birds, 321 Time rate of growth of a tumor, 392 Stopping distance of a racing car, 166
Flow of blood in an artery, 410, 450, 591, 783 Transmission of disease, 708, 719 Storing radioactive waste, 321
Flu epidemic, 366, 394, 495 Toxic pollutants, 113 Strength of a beam, 321
Forensic science, 345 U.S. infant mortality rate, 395 Surface area of a lake, 534
Forestry, 145, 258 Unclogging arteries, 234 Surface area of the Central Park Reservoir, 509
Formaldehyde levels, 179 Velocity of blood, 61, 165, 308 Televising a rocket launch, 782
Friend’s rule, 60 Von Bertalanffy growth function, 389 Terminal velocity, 292
Gastric bypass surgeries, 409 Walking versus running, 88 Tracking a criminal suspect, 782
Genetically modified crops, 408 Water pollution, 276 Trial run of an attack submarine, 508
Global warming, 78, 278 Weber-Fechner law, 378 Turbo-charged engine performance, 462
Gompertz growth curve, 390, 618, 633, 634 Weight of whales, 44 Used car markup, 24
Groundfish population, 167 Weights of children, 368 Velocity of a car, 141, 147, 407, 449
Growth of a cancerous tumor, 59, 165, 234 Weiss’s Law, 129 Velocity of a dragster, 489
Growth of bacteria, 147, 380, 387, 395, 625, 632 Whale population, 162 VTOL aircraft, 213
Growth of a fruit fly population, 106, 388, 497, 790 Wind chill factor, 551 Watching a rocket launch, 31
Harbor cleanup, 62 Yield of an apple orchard, 91 Water flow in a river, 509
Heights of children, 377, 410 Yield of a wheat field, 627 Women’s soccer, 281
Heights of trees, 344

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ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 1 ODD -NUMBERED EXERCISES 809

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

CHAPTER 1 Exercises 1.2, page 23

7. 9 9. 1 11. 4 13. 7 15. 1

97. 2x 3 12x 2 6x 3 2 99. 7a 2(a 2 7ab 6b 2) Exercises 1.3, page 30

101. ex(1 x) 103. 1

115. (3x 4y)(3x 4y) 117. (x 2 5)(x 4 5x 2 25)

123. 4(x 1)(3x 1)(2x 2)3

125. 2x(x 2 2)2(5x 4 20x 2 17)

133. 2 and 34 135. 1

139. a. 53,886 b. 19,052 c. 4820 141. True

69. a. y (% of total capacity)

47. True 49. b. 1 12 , 32 2 t

27. y  2x 10 29. y  2 31. y  3x 2 75. a. and b.

33. y  x 1 35. y  3x 4 37. y  5 y (billion dollars)

43. y  12 x 72 ; m  12 ; b  72 45. y  12 x 3 15

47. y  6 49. y  b 51. y  23 x 23 53. k  8 10

c. y  1.82x 7.9 d. $17 billion; same

77. True 79. False 81. True

1. Ordered; abscissa (x-coordinate); ordinate (y-coordinate)

y 7. a. y y1  m(x x1); point-slope form

Chapter 1 Review Exercises, page 47

1. [2, ) 2. [1, 2] 3. 1, 4 2 15, 2

15. a. 2 b. (i) x  2; (ii) x  1 c. [0, 6] d. [2, 6]

23. 1, 2 25. 1, 0 2 10, 2

27. (, ) 29. 1, 5 4 31. 1, 1 2 11, 1 2 11, 2

55. $100 56. $400 57. Between 1 sec and 3 sec

x 67. a. 0.06x b. $12.00; $0.34 69. 160 mg

73. a. V  12,000n 120,000

(⬁, ⬁); [1, ⬁)

5 77. a. 3.6 million; 9.5 million b. 11.2 million 79. 20; 26

81. $5.6 billion; $7.8 billion

83. a. $0.6 trillion; $0.6 trillion b. $0.96 trillion; $1.2 trillion

59. 10p in. 61. 8

63. a. From 1985 to 1990 b. From 1990 on

37. f 1x 2  x 2 1 and t1x 2  1x

39. f 1x 2  x 2 1 and t1x 2 

41. f 1x 2  3x 2 2 and t1x 2 

53. The total revenue in dollars from both restaurants at time t

55. The value in dollars of Nancy’s shares of IBM at time t

57. The carbon monoxide pollution in parts per million at time t

19. f 1x 2 t1x 2  x 2 1x 3; 73. True 75. False

f 1x 2 t1x 2  x 2 1x 7; Exercises 2.3, page 85

25. 123,780,000 kWh; 175,820,000 kWh 51. a. p ($)

27. a. $3.25 billion b. $3.88 billion; $4.39 billion; $4.78 billion

31. a. 320,000 b. 3,923,200 4

35. 582,650; 1,605,590 37. $699; $130 39. b. 2003

67. 2500; $67.50 69. 11,000; $3 71. 8000; $80

79. a. P(x)  (10,000 x)(5 0.0002x) b. $60,800

81. False 83. False

Using Technology Exercises 2.3, page 94

5. (1.0219, 6.3461); (1.2414, 1.5931); (5.7805, 7.9391)

c. 506,000; 338,000; 126,000 d. Approximately 200,000

21. a. f(t)  0.000133t 4 0.00353t3 0.04487t2 0.143t 1.71

9. a. f(t)  1.85t 16.9

Exercises 2.4, page 111

d. 31.7 gallons 7. The limit does not exist.

9. x 1.9 1.99 1.999 63. lim f 1x 2  ; lim f 1x 2  65. 0; 0

67. lim f 1x 2  ; lim f 1x 2 

x 1 10 100 1000

x 0.001 0.01 0.1

73. 3 75. 3 77. lim f 1x 2  79. 0

87. a. 76.1¢/mi; 30.5¢/mi; 23¢/mi; 20.6¢/mi; 19.5¢/mi

21. y 89. False 91. True 93. True

27. y 2x 10 29. y 2 31. y 3x 2 75. a. and b.

33. y x 1 35. y 3x 4 37. y 5 y (billion dollars)

43. y 12 x 72 ; m 12 ; b 72 45. y 12 x 3 15

47. y 6 49. y b 51. y 23 x 23 53. k 8 10

c. y 1.82x 7.9 d. $17 billion; same

y 7. a. y y1 m(x x1); point-slope form

15. a. 2 b. (i) x 2; (ii) x 1 c. [0, 6] d. [2, 6]

73. a. V 12,000n 120,000

37. f 1x 2 x 2 1 and t1x 2 1x

39. f 1x 2 x 2 1 and t1x 2

41. f 1x 2 3x 2 2 and t1x 2

19. f 1x 2 t1x 2 x 2 1x 3; 73. True 75. False

f 1x 2 t1x 2 x 2 1x 7; Exercises 2.3, page 85

79. a. P(x) (10,000 x)(5 0.0002x) b. $60,800

21. a. f(t) 0.000133t 4 0.00353t3 0.04487t2 0.143t 1.71

9. a. f(t) 1.85t 16.9

9. x 1.9 1.99 1.999 63. lim f 1x 2 ; lim f 1x 2 65. 0; 0

67. lim f 1x 2 ; lim f 1x 2

73. 3 75. 3 77. lim f 1x 2 79. 0

35. 2 37. 1171 3 119 39. 3

43. x 0; condition 3 45. 1, 2 47. (, )

61. f is discontinuous at x 1, 2, . . . , 12. Exercises 2.6, page 145

67. y 9. 0 11. 2 13. 6x 15. 2x 3 17. 2; y 2x 7

5. a. P1x 2 anxn an1xn1 p a1x a0

57. y (an 0, n, a positive integer)

59. a 2, b 1 8. a. L; x b. M; negative; absolute

20 12. a. [a, b]; f (c) M b. f (x) 0; (a, b)

10 13. a. f (a) b. y f (a) m(x a)

1. a. y 9x 11 3. a. y 41 x 1 1. a. (, 9] b. 1, 1 2 11, 23 2 1 32 , 2

5. a. y b. No c. Yes 27. x 2 28. x 21 , 1 29. x 1 30. x 0

y 38. a. S(t) t 2.4 b. $5.4 million

39. 11 41. m 5; y 5x 4 43. m 2; y 2x 2

21. 2(3x 2 2x 1)3(6x 2) 4(3x 1)(3x 2 2x 1)3

27. 2.50375 29. 8.64 cm3 31. 18.85 ft3 51 1x 2 2 4

7. Horizontal asymptote: y 3; vertical asymptote: x 0 10

9. Horizontal asymptotes: y 1 and y 1

13. Horizontal asymptote: y 0; vertical asymptote: x 0 –10