neutralisation reaction occurs when NaOH(aq) is added to H,SO,(aq). equation 1 2NaQH(aq) + H,SO,(aq) + Na,SO,(aq) + 2H,0(1) {a) Define enthalpy change of neutralisation, AH, - 2 {b) In an experiment, 50.0cm? of 2.00moldm® NaOH(aq) is added to 60.0cm? of 1.00 moldm-* H,SO,(aq) in a polystyrene cup and stirred. Both solutions have a temperature of 21.4°C. before mixing. The maximum temperature of the mixture is measured. (i) Use equation 1 to calculate the amount, in mol, of H,S0,(aq) that is neutralised in the experiment, amount of H,SO, neutralised = seve mol [1] (ii) Calculate the theoretical maximum temperature of the mixture in this experiment. ‘Assume that: + enthalpy change of neutralisation, AH,.,., of NaOH(aq) and H,SO,(aq) is -57.1kJmol” {ull dissociation of H,SO,(aq) occurs the specific heat capacity of the final solution is 4.18Jg-"K~" 4.00cm® of the final solution has a mass of 1.00g there is no heat loss to the surroundings the experiment takes place at constant pressure. ‘Show your working. theoretical maximum temperature = °C [3](6) The enthalpy change of neutralisation of CH,COOH(aq) and NaOH(aq) is -58.2kImol-*. (i) Complete the equation for the reaction. CH,COOH + .......N@OH—> ty) ) Values for the enthalpy change of neutralisation, AH,..1, are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 reagents AFygut!kImol* NaOH + HCI 7.4 NaOH + CH,COOH 5.2 Suggest why the value for AH,.,. of the weak acid, CH,COOH, reacting with NaOH is different to the value obtained using the strong acid, HCL Assume that the values are determined under the same conditions.In industry, ethanol is made by reacting ethene with steam in the presence of H,PO,, reaction 1 C,Hy(g) + H,0(a) = C,H,OH(9) (a) Use the bond energy values in Table 4.1 to calculate the enthalpy change, AH, for reaction 1. Table 4.1 360 610 840 a0 360 740 460 kJmol™ [2] (d) Describe the covalent bonds present between the carbon atoms in an ethene molecule by completing Table 4.2. Table 4.2 sigma (o) pi (x) | typeof pias inven bond | how he iss ovrapneutralisation reaction occurs when NaOH(aq) is added to H,SO,(aq). equation 1 2NaQH(aq) + H,SO,(aq) -» Na,SO,(aq) * 2H,0(0) (a) Define enthalpy change of neutralisation, Asay: a (b) An experiment is carried out to calculate AH,,.. for the reaction between NaOH(aq) and H,80,(aq). 100m? of 1.00moldm? NaOH(aq) is added to 75cm? of 1.00moldm? H,S0,(aq) in a polystyrene cup and stirred. Results from the experiment are shown in Table 2.1 Table 2.4 initial temperature of NaOH(aq)/*C 20.0 initial temperature of H,SO,(aq)/*C 20.0 maximum temperature of mixture/*C 278 (i) Use equation 1 to calculate the amount, in mol, of H,SO,(aq) that is neutralised in the experiment. amount of H,SO,(aq) neutralised =... mol [1] (ii) Calculate AH,.,, Using the results in Table 2.1. Include units in your answer. ‘Assume that: + the specific heat capacity of the final solution is 4.18 Jg-1K* + 1.00cm# of the final solution has a mass of 1.00g + there is no heat loss to the surroundings * full dissociation of H,SO,(aq) occurs + the experiment takes place at constant pressure. ‘Show your working. AH peut = units BI{c) (i) Complete the equation for the reaction that occurs when a solution of Ba(OH), is added to aqueous sulfuric acid. Include state symbols. H,SO,(aq) + .....Ba(OH),(aq) >... 2] (li) Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralisation cannot be determined using the addition of dilute sulfuric acid to aqueous barium hydroxide. ty (d) Sulfur, S,, reacts with chiorine to form several different chlorides. The most common are S.Cl, and SCI, SCI, forms when sulfur reacts with an excess of chlorine. reaction 1 S,{s) + 4C1L(9) > 48,C1,() ‘AH, = -58.2kJ mor reaction 2 S.CI,() + Cl(g) S 2SCI) AH, = -40.6kJ mol (i) SCI, is a cherry-red liquid that reacts vigorously with water to form an acidic solution. Use this information to deduce the bonding and structure shown by SCI, Explain your answer. 2 (ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, aH,, of SC/,(). You may find it useful to use Hess's Law to construct an energy cycle. enthalpy change of formation of SCi,(), AH, = kJmol-" 2] (a) When G, C.H,0, is heated, thermal decomposition occurs. CH,,0(9) > C.H,(g) + CO(g) + CH(g) AH =-7.00kJmor"Calculate the bond energy of C20 using the bond energy values in Table 3.1 and the enthalpy change, AH, for the thermal decomposition of G. Show your working Table 3.4 bond bond energy/kJmol co 360 C-0 (in G) 360 CH 410 bond energy (C=O) = kJmot 2) Define enthalpy change of formation. 2] (iv) When 3.645g of Mg(s) bums in excess N.(g) to form Mg.N.(s), 23.05kJ of energy is released. Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, AH, of Mg.N,. Show your working. ‘AA, (Mg3N,) = BICalcium, magnesium and radium are Group 2 elements. Radium follows the same trends as the other members of Group 2. (a) Identity the highest energy orbital which contains electrons in a calcium atom. Sketch the shape of this orbital identity of highest energy orbital in Ca shape (1) (b) (i) Wiite the equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate, a1 (ii) Suggest which of the Group 2 nitrates, calcium, magnesium or radium, requires the highest temperature to decompose, Explain your answer. (1 (c) Predict what you would observe when aqueous radium chloride is added to aqueous sodium sulfate, Do not refer to temperature changes in your answer. 1) (d) {i) | #3Mg is an isotope of magnesium. Determine the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of Mg, number of protons number of neutrons tt (il) State the full electronic configuration of an atom of 2Mg. tu}{e) A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes, “Mg, "Mg and X. ‘The percentage abundance of the three isotopes is shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.4 isotope of Mg | massvamu, | Percentage, x 78.99 o 24.99 10:00 =Mg 25.98 11.01 (i). The relative atomic mass, A, is calculated by comparing the average mass of the isotopes of an element to the unified atomic mass unit. Define the unified atomic mass unit. a (ii) Calculate the mass of X. Use data from Table 1.1 and A, (magnesium) = 24.31 in your calculation, Show your working, mass of X= (2) (ii) State one similarity and one difference in the properties of these isotopes of magnesium. Explain your answer. Ley (f) Magnesium, Mg, bums in oxygen, O, ‘The activation energy, E,, for this reaction is +148kJ mor ())_ State one observation when magnesium burns in oxygen. Do not refer to temperature changes in your answer. ia}(ii), On Fig. 1.4 * sketch a reaction pathway diagram for the reaction that occurs when Mg burns in O; ‘* label the diagram to show the enthalpy change, AH, and the activation energy, E., for the reaction enthalpy progress of reaction Fig. 1.1 (3) Phosphorus is a reactive Period 3 element. {a) Phosphorus has several allotropes. Details of two allotropes are given. allotrope of phosphorus | formula | melting point/°C white Py 44 red P 590 i) White phosphorus and red phosphorus both have covalent bonding, ‘Suggest the types of structure shown by white phosphorus (P,) and red phosphorus (P) Explain why red phosphorus (P) has a higher metting point than white phosphorus (P.) structure of P, structure of P explanation 3)(ii) Red phosphorus (P) forms when white phosphorus (P,) is exposed to sunlight, FPAs) > Pls) AH = —17.6kJmol" white red Use this information to draw a reaction pathway diagram to show the formation of red phosphorus (P) from white phosphorus (P,) 4 enthalpy progress of reaction (1) Sulfides are compounds that contain sulfur but not oxygen, (a) Carbon disulfide, CS,, is a volatile liquid at room temperature and pressure. {i) State the meaning of volatile. Mm i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the CS, molecule. 2) ‘Suggest the bond angle in a molecule of CS, a(iv) CS, is a liquid under room conditions, while CO, is a gas. Explain what causes the difference in the physical properties between CS, and CO, (2) (b) The enthalpy change of combustion of CS.(l) is represented by the following equation. AH, CS,\() + 30,(g) —» CO,(g) + 280,(9) ()_Define enthalpy change of combustion. 2) (ii) The table shows the enthalpy changes of formation of CS,(I), CO,(g) and SO,(9). compound | jomaton,AH/IOMOr cs.) $89.7 CO,@) 304 $0.9) 297 Use the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, AH,, of CS,(1), in kimot* ‘Show your working AH, of CS,(I) = kJmot! 2){a) Table 1 gives physical data for some of the Period 3 elements. Table 1 atomic number, Z n | 2 [13 | 4 | 5 | 16 | 17 bonding present in element M c first ionisation energy/kimor*| 494 | 736 | 577 | 786 | 1060) 1000 | 1260 maximum oxidation number 47 anionic radius/nm 7 . - | 0.274 | 0.212 | 0.184 | 0.181 i) Complete the row in the table labelled ‘bonding present in element. Use C = covalent, I = ionic, M = metallic, as appropriate. fo} (ii) Explain the difference between the first ionisation energies of the elements with atomic numbers 11 and 17. 2] (iii) Explain the difference between the first ionisation energies of the elements with atomic numbers 15 and 16. 2) (iv) Complete the row in the table labelled ‘maximum oxidation number’. tl (v) Explain the variation in anionic radius for the elements with atomic numbers 14 to 17. 2(b) Use the axes to sketch a graph that shows the trend in melting points of the elements with atomic numbers 11 to 17. melting point of element Ow 8 OO ow atomic number, Z 2) {a) (i) Explain why HI has a higher boiling point than HCl and HBr. (2) (li) The bar chart shows the boiling points of HCI, HBr and HI. The boiling point of HF is not shown 300: 280 260- boiling 240 point/K 390, 200: 180 160+ T T r 1 HF Her "HBr HI Hydrogen bonds form between HF molecules. Draw a bar on the bar chart to predict the boiling point of HF. Explain your answer. fea}{b) The standard enthalpy change of formation, AH, of HI(g) is +26.5kJ mot Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation a (6) Emissions of SO, from coabfired power stations can be reduced by mixing the coal with powdered limestone, Limestone is heated to form CaO in reaction 1. This then reacts with SO, and O; to form CaSO, in reaction 2 reaction 1 CaCO,(s) + CaQ{s) + CO,s) reaction 2: CaQ(s) + SO(g) + 40,9) > CaSO,(s) (i) State the type of reaction occurring in reaction 1 (1) (ii) Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction 2. compound | AH,/kJmol-* ca{s) 635 0,0) ~297 CaSO,(s) 1434 ‘enthalpy change of reaction 2 = kJmol" 2]Nitric acid, HNO,, can be made by reacting nitrogen dioxide with water. ‘The enthalpy change for the reaction can be measured indirectly using a Hess’ cycle. anoa) + H,0() “, atiNo,in + Now) {a) Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of formation. (2) (b) Complete the Hess’ cycle using the values given in the table and hence calculate the enthalpy change, AH, for this reaction Show your working, substance | _AH,/kJmot" NOx) 340 | How 286 HNO,() =173 NO(a) 14 AH, 3NO,(9) + H.W) —“» 2HNO,) + NOW) AH, = kJmot* 13](a) Asample contains three different types of atom: ‘Ar, 2K and sCa, (State fully, in terms of the numbers of subatomic particles, what these three atoms have in ‘common. (1) State fully, in terms of the numbers of all subatomic particles, how these three atoms differ from each other. i (b) A sample of sulfur contains only two isotopes, *“S and “*S. The relative atomic mass of this ‘sample is 32.09. isotope | isotopic mass =S 32.0 Ss 340 Calculate the percentage abundance of the isotopes present in this sample. % abundance *S = % abundance *S = 13]{c), The electronic configuration of a sulfur atom is 18#2s*2p"3s*3p* {i) Identify which orbital in a sulfur atom has the lowest energy. " (ii) Sketch the shape of a p orbital. uF (lil) During the process of ionisation a sulfur atom loses an electron. S(g) > S@) +e AH = 1000kJmoi-" Identify the orbital from which this electron is removed. Explain your answer. orbital explanation ic} (d) (i) Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of electrons within the third shell of a phosphorus atom. 3s 3p (1) (ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than that of phosphorus. 2)Trihalomethanes are organic molecules in which three of the hydrogen atoms of methane are replaced by halogen atoms, for example CHF, (a) The equation shows a reaction to produce CHF, CHIL(s) + SAQF(s) + CHF,(g) + 3AgI(s) Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, \H,, for this formation of CHF,. convo | Ser ree CHIs) 182.1 CHF,(g) 692.9 AgF(s) 204.6 ‘Aglis) -618 enthalpy change of reaction, AH, kJmot [3]{b) The graph shows the relationship between pV and p at a given temperature for CHF, and an ideal gas, CHF, pv ~- ideal gas 0 200 400 600 800 1000 piatm (i) CHF, is not an ideal gas. State three basic assumptions that scientists make about the properties of ideal gases, “Bh(li) Explain why CHF, deviates from the properties of an ideal gas at pressures greater than 300atm, a] ‘Ammonia, NH, is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen by the Haber process, N,(Q) + 3H,(@) =* 2NHJg) AH = -92kJmot (@) Some bond energies are given. NEN = 944kJmol H+H = 436kJmoh* (i) Explain the meaning of the term bond energy. a (ii) Use the data to calculate a value for the N-H bond energy. You must show your working. N-H bond energy = ee nnnennsens KIMOM [2]Sulfur trioxide, SO,, is manufactured from sulfur dioxide and oxygen by the Contact process. 280g) + Og) = 280g) AN=~196.0kImol* (a) The enthalpy change of formation of SO,, AH, SO,(6), is -296.8kJ mol (i) Define the term enthalpy change of formation. (2) (ii) Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of SO,(g) ‘AH, SO,(g) = kJmot* [2] Dinitrogen tetraoxide, N,O,, and nitrogen dioxi NO, exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other. N,O,(@) = 2NO,{9) AH = +54kJmor" The energy profile for this reaction is shown. ry energy 2NO,(9) reaction pathway (a) Add labelled arrows to the energy profile to indicate ‘+ the enthalpy change of the reaction, AH, the activation energy of the forward reaction, E, (2)‘Chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes, (a) Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of reaction. 2] (b) The enthalpy change of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, AH, MgSO,, can be calculated by carrying out two separate experiments. In the first experiment 45.00g of water was weighed into a polystyrene cup and 3.01g of MgSO, was added and stirred until it was completely dissolved. The temperature of the water rose from 23.4°C to 34,7°C. (Calculate the amount of heat energy transferred to the water during this dissolving process You can assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of water, 4A8SgK" heat energy = : od (ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of MgSO, dissolved. amount = mol [1] (ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, AM of MgSO,(s). You must include a sign with your answer. Aya Of MgSO,(8) = kimot* [1]Inthe second experiment, the enthalpy change of solution for the hydrated salt, MgSO,-7H,0(8), was calculated and found to be +9.60kJ moh (iv) Use the equation below for the hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate to construct a suitable, fully labelled energy cycle that will allow you to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, AH,,. MgSQ,, MgSO,(s) + 7H,0()) > MgSO,7H,0(8) 1 (v) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, Af, MgSO,. Include a sign in your answer. Ml MQEOg = ssc nrnssnnne KOMOK [1] (c) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion. - [2](d) A1.00cm? sample of C,,Hs. was completely burnt in air. The heat produced raised the temperature of 250g of water by 34.6°C. Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment. The density of C,H, is 0.763g cnr”. (i) Use relevant data from the Data Bookletto calculate the amount of heat released in this experiment. (ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the energy produced by the combustion of 1 mol of C,¢Hse [5](d) A125cm? sample of propane gas, measured at 20°C and 101 kPa, was completely burt in ait. The heat produced raised the temperature of 200g of water by 13.6°C. ‘Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment. (i) Use the equation pV = nRT to calculate the mass of propane used. (ii) Use relevant data from the Data Book/etto calculate the amount of heat released in this experiment. (iii) Use the data above and your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the energy produced by the burning of 1 mol of propane. 5] {a) Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard enthalpy change of combustion, AH, for DME at 298 K. equation definition .. (3](b) DME may be synthesised from methanol. Relevant enthalpy changes of formation, AH?, for this reaction are given in the table below. compound | AH#/kJmol* CH,OH() 239 (CH,OCH,(g) 184 HO) 286 Use these values to calculate AH econ for the synthesis of DME, using the following ‘equation. Include a sign in your answer. 2CH,OH(I) > CH,OCH,(g) + H,0(|) AP Secon = akJmor For some chemical reactions, such as the thermal decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO,, the enthalpy change of reaction cannot be measured directly. In such cases, the use of Hess’ Law enables the enthalpy change of reaction to be calculated from the enthalpy changes of other reactions. {a) State Hess’ Law. (2)In order to determine the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate, two separate experiments were carried out. experiment 1 30.0.cm? of 2.00 mol dm hydrochloric acid (an excess) was placed in a conical flask and the temperature recorded as 21.0°C. ‘When 0.0200mol of potassium carbonate, K,CO;, was added to the acid and the mixture stirred with a thermometer, the maximum temperature recorded was 26.2°C. (b) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction. (ii) Calculate the quantity of heat produced in experiment 1, stating your units. Use relevant data from the Data Booklet and assume that all solutions have the same specific heat capacity as water. (ii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of K,CO,, Give your answer in kJ mol~' and include a sign in your answer.iv) Explain why the hydrochloric acid must be in an excess. ~- [4] experiment 2 The experiment was repeated with 0.0200 mol of potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO,, All other conditions were the same. In the second experiment, the temperature fell from 21.0°C to 17.3°C. (©) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction. Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed in experiment 2. Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of KHCO,, Give your answer in kJ mol’ and include a sign in your answer. [3] (d) When KHCO, is heated, it decomposes into K,CO,, CO, and H,¢ 2KHCO,—> K,CO, + CO, + HO Use Hess’ Law and your answers to (b)(i for this reaction. Give your answer in kJ mol" and include a sign in your answer. and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy change ie)